فهرست مطالب علی مختاری

The main objective of the present research is to assess the capacity of Islamic political philosophy (precisely Farabi's political philosophy) to address the efficiency of government through a comparative analysis of its foundational principles. Nowadays, government efficiency is considered one of the significant concerns of intellectuals and societies. The general judgment criterion for a political system depends on the extent of governmental efficiency. This research is based on the hypothesis that political philosophy, especially Islamic political philosophy, beyond the mentioned sciences, has suitable capacities for discussing the foundations of governmental efficiency. Among these, Farabi's political philosophy, one of the significant approaches of Islamic political philosophy, has a unique capacity to engage in the discourse on efficiency. The main research question is: What are the fundamental capacities of Islamic political philosophy, especially Farabi's ideas and thoughts, in confronting the concept of governmental efficiency, especially in laying the groundwork for efficiency? Understanding government efficiency in Farabi's thought requires presenting a conceptual framework or network related to efficiency in this philosopher's thought. In this research, an attempt has been made to extract these concepts and codes from the essential works of Farabi using a descriptive-analytical method. Some of the most essential elements of this conceptual network include happiness, virtue, wisdom, prophecy, love, and justice.

Considering the importance and prevalence of ependymoma tumor, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of sexual and urinary disorders in patients with ependymoma tumor before and after surgery in Isfahan city, Iran.

The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted in 1402. In this study, the files of all patients with ependymoma tumor undergoing surgery who had referred to the teaching hospitals of Isfahan, Iran in a period of 9 years were examined. The sampling method was census and included 42 patients. Data was analyzed by SPSS software.

45.2% of the patients were male and the mean age was 43±16.46 years. 75.9% of patients had spinal ependymoma tumor. Sexual disorders after surgery decreased from 37 people (88.1%) to 28 people (77.8%), and urinary disorders after surgery decreased from 24 people (57.1%) to 15 people (41.7%). However, there was no significant difference in sexual and urinary disorders in patients before and after surgery (P>0.05).

According to the obtained results, rehabilitation and psychological measures and strategies should be used to reduce urinary and sexual disorders in patients with ependymoma tumor.

The aim of this work was finding new flurescent dyes as sensitizers for chemiluminescence (CL) determination some of narcotics. In this way 6 different dyes incloding rhodamine 6G, brilliant blue, orange G, chromatrope, eosin Y and [Ru(phen)3]2+ and 14 drugs incloding pethidine hydrochloride, thebaine, dextromethorphan, acetaminophen, codeine, oxymorphone, oxycodone, morphine, pholcodine, naltrexone, buprenorphine, methadone, tramadol, diphenoxylate were investigated. In the preliminary experiments, we found that pethidine hydrochloride in CL system of [Ru(phen)3]2+- Ce(IV) and thebaine in CL system of rhodamine 6G- Ce(IV) could be determined. After optimizing the important variables, linear dynamic range for pethidine hydrochloride and thebaine were 5.6×10-7 to 1.4×10-3 mol L-1 and 1.0×10-5 to 4.0×10-4 mol L-1 and limit of detection were 7.1×10-8 mol L-1 and 4.3×10-6 mol L-1, respectively. The percent of relative standard deviation for pethidine hydrochloride and thebaine were 5.7 and 4.0%, respectively.

The dominant view among liberal and Marxist thinkers indicates that the ruling power seeks to adopt a legal order within a specific territory. Therefore, the ruling power is considered as a system of legal obligations and prohibitions that are applied withinthe law. But thinkers such as "Michel Foucault" and "Gilles Deleuze" recognize a gap in governance mechanisms. Foucault believes that since the 17thand 18thcenturies, instead of legal prohibitions, the government sought to shape its subjects in a positive way and tried to cultivate normal and obedient subjects. In the continuation of Foucault's studies, Gilles Deleuze continues that 20thcentury governments by regulatory ways, tryto lead the subjects towards their goals. In consequence, this article tries to address the question of what factor causes change in the way of governance in Foucault's and Deleuze's thought? The phenomenological examination of the opinions of these two thinkers shows that the root of innovation to governancelies in power.

ince the beginning of the twentieth century, with the rise of the AKP in Turkey, its foreign policy has undergone major changes, and efforts to dismantle its neighbors and peaceful relations with the world have become the strategic focus of Turkey's diplomatic apparatus. In this regard, reconciliation with Syria was on the agenda of foreign policy, and the two sides established extensive economic cooperation. But after the civil war in Syria, Ankara gradually began to support opponents of Bashar al-Assad's regime and its effects on Turkey's internal sphere. This study seeks to examine the domestic implications of Turkey's foreign policy in Syria using the Boomerang conceptual and conceptual model. The findings of the study show that AKP politicians intensified control and censorship in Turkish society after interfering with Turkish internal affairs, and with the elimination of the voices of dissidents and critics, they sought to expand authoritarianism. In this sense, Turkey not only failed to achieve its goals in Syria, but also faced domestic crises that systematically altered the effects of the boomerang effect on the functioning of the Turkish government and interior.

The main purpose of this article is to review the book "Consumption and Everyday Life" written by Mark Patterson, a contemporary American sociologist who is known as one of the experts in the field of consumption and sociology. This work is one of the fascinating and academic texts that has been written by researching the effects of consumerism in contemporary human life. According to the author of the work, the secret of the survival of today's capitalist system is to create a gap between production and consumption and even the transformation of human beings into consumer beings, whose identity and personality are often formed in the process of market and purchase. The present article uses Patterson's views as one of the fields of formation of sociology and believes that the views of Patterson, Bourdieu, and even Doserto can consolidate an independent field called sociology. Consumption in academic centers and scientific circles. The most important criticism that can be leveled at Patterson's views is the question of the resistance to today's consumerist order, which, ironically, was designed on the ground of consumerism. Criticizing this plan, the critic considers the approach of critical thinkers and using the capacity of "art" and "critical art" as a more desirable approach to reduce the undesirable effects of consumerism.

The government in Egypt appeared fragile during the two periods of the 2011 revolution and the post-revolutionary period, but it survived with a military coup. In 2011, the government condition became incredibly complicated in a short time. This great experience was not instructive for the religious revolutionaries, and like a hasty government, they were soon overthrown by popular protests and military coups. Contrary to expectations, the military was able to form a stable government. Inspired by the descriptive method and the combination of two institutionalism and cultural theories, this study tries to address the important question of why the government appeared fragile in the era of Mubarak and Morsi, but stable in the era of the military? The results show that the experience of economic modernization and liberalization led to the emergence and development of social and political forces. The government, on the other hand, continued to emphasize the traditional discourse of power. This deprived the government of gaining hegemony in the context of civil society and creating institutions for community participation. The inefficiency of the government in the economic field, the lack of cultural hegemony and civil institutions, and repressive attitudes led to the emergence and formation of a pragmatic society. The state in this society became rootless and quickly appeared fragile against the mass movement. The Akhavan's government also failed to eliminate the institutions of power of the previous regime and create new ones, while by imitating Mubarak's policy, it monopolized power so that it could lose the conflict in the street arena and easily collapse. The military took advantage of these opportunities to emerge as a national-historical institution,  satisfy the dominant political forces, and to form a new authority in the form of an "efficient government.

Prior to the 2011 Egyptian revolution, scholars would assess the state–society relations in Egypt in the age of globalization as ineffective, considering any change impossible. However, popular movements in the Middle East and the easy collapse of state indicated that the state–society relation was not passive. In an attempt to re-examine state–society relations, this research focuses on why and how the state–society relations in Egypt, which had been based on authoritarian hegemony, underwent rupture and crisis. Moreover, it tries to explain how the state has managed to deal with the transformation of civil society. The findings show that despite the state’s incomplete and reductionist approach to globalization, the decrease in the state control over economy, in public services and the increase in inequality crisis all have led to class divisions, unemployment, and inflation. The loss of the elements integral to state hegemony led to the emergence of discontented and insurgent political subjects, which made the state insist on its repressive, non-ideological, and undemocratic functions. Due to the weakness in reproducing its power in civil society and the failure to realize the change in the subject’s sensibility–behavior schemata, the state failed in the face of the immediate movement of people, and emerging sociopolitical forces overthrew the state with the help of new media facilities.

This study attempts to ask why moderate political forces allied with radicals in the process of 1979 revolution in Iran. Researchers have cited factors such as "society's united rebellion against the state", "the class coalition", "the weakness of political and state institutions" and "the appeal of the revolutionary leader's discourse." In this research, the authors, in the framework of Richard Snyder's theory, using the qualitative method and the technique of documentary study, examine three independent variables of the king's relationship with the (main) army, the king with the elite, and the system's relations with the major powers as the causes of coalition formation. They have paid. The results show that the patrimonial and brave behavior of the Shah deprived the army of independence, control of its equipment and facilities, dissemination of mistrust, channeling upgrades, and ultimately obedience and devotion to both the soldier and the commander. As a result, the army's surrender and devotion to the Shah, the Shah's stalemate to the elite, and the Shah's devotion to the United States, undermined moderation's desire for intra-disciplinary conflict to form a coalition between the moderates and the redicals for a greater purpose.

Throughout history, numerous movements have been formed in various societies, and after almost all of them, thinkers have emerged who have judged the failure of that movement and theorized it. Therefore, this question arises as to why, despite the influence of movements, the subject is persuaded to its failure? To find the answer, Jacques Lacan's psycho-socio-political theories, which have a post-structural background, have been used as a method. Also, the constitutional movement, as an example, has been chosen as a case study for applying Lacan theories. The possible answer to this question, based on Lacan theories, refers to the importance of the subject's desire and fantasy in human dynamism and movement. The research findings show that the subject's belief in failure is inevitable. But this belief is not related to reality but is rooted in the perpetual and ontological gap between the subject and the other.

Since Zoroastrianism was chosen by Ardashir I as the official religion of the Sassanid Empire, the Mobedes (Zoroastrian priests) were highly respected during the rule of this dynasty and the Mobedan Mobed (chief priest) became one of the most powerful figures in the Sassanid court. Nevertheless, some Sassanid kings including Khosrow Aparvez showed inclination towards other religions for political and economic reasons. Khosrow Aparvez converted to Christianity at the beginning of his rule and offered Christians key positions in his court. Christians built numerous churches in the western Sassanid provinces and enjoyed considerable influence in his government. However, this policy changed completely in the last years of his rule. . Findings showed despite the fact that Zoroastrianism was the official religion of the Sassanids and Khosrow Aparvez also believed in it, in order to get political and military advantages and to please Maurice, the Roman emperor, who had helped him to ascend throne, he pretended to be interested in Christianity at the beginning of his rule. That is why after Maurice’s decease, he changed his policy, suppressed Christians, seized their territory, and took several priests as well as the Holy Cross hostage. This paper aims at investigating Khosrow Aparvez religion and the reasons why he converted to Christianity.

This study seeks to analyze authoritarianism in Turkey from 2010 to 2020 and seeks to answer the question of what factors have led to the growth and intensification of authoritarianism in Turkey? The government that took power in Turkey in 2002 put Turkey on the path to economic growth, political tolerance, and a policy of zero tension in foreign relations during the early years. But after intervening in Syria and the global economic crisis, which was the main cause of the flow of foreign capital to the country, Turkey faced complex ethnic, security, economic and political crises. In the face of these crises, the Erdogan government ignored all the principles and rules of the game of a developmental and democratic government and suppressed civil society by pulling down the shutters of democracy. This study theorizes the nature of government in Turkey based on the nature of the peripheral state and its connection with the capitalist structure. Although the capitalist peripheral government in Turkey uses the opportunities of capitalist growth in the form of global division of labor, it also has special features in all areas in its relationship with the domestic community and the international system.

Ahmadinejad's rise to power in Iran's political structure was accompanied by a new round of economic policies. Iranian analysts have examined these policies from a variety of perspectives, while some believe that the economic orientation of this period was closely related to economic populism. Based on this, the main question of the preliminary research is that the economic policies of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's presidential period are relative to the macroeconomics of populism? The present paper attempts, from the perspective of political economy, using Durran Bush and Edwards' macroeconomic popolism) in the form of a populist approach as a political strategy and at the level of economic policy-making) while revising Ahmadinejad's economic policies, an explanation of the relationship between these policies and populist approaches to the economy as well as its consequences for the economy of Iran. The research findings show that Ahmadinejad, on the basis of populist economic policy makers, promised to support his supporters of poverty and inequality and the revival of justice, he worked with oil revenues to implement expansionary economic policies in the first two years of his presidency. Which ultimately led to the spread of liquidity, inflation, and recession, after which, since 2009, due to lower oil revenues, the ninth government turned to stabilizing policies and reduced its subsidies and economic development plans.

Tooth restoration is the most frequent operation in dentistry. During this process, chip can be removed from carious or damaged restoration part of tooth by a high-speed rotating dental bur. The dental bur used in this process is very close to a micro-milling tool. An undesired phenomenon that can occur during micro-milling operations is called regenerative chatter. This is a kind of unstable self-generative vibration. Incidence of this event may leads to limit the efficiency of dentistry through a diminution in the dental bur life-time and physical harm to the tooth or dental bur. The main object of current research is chatter stability investigation of dental bur in enamel and dentin layers. The dental bur is modeled as a nonlinear rotating clamped-free Timoshenko beam that is excited by cutting forces. In addition, the length scale parameters and real geometry of dental bur are considered here. The specific cutting force coefficients for the two main dental layers are obtained by using finite element software. The delay partial differential equations of dental bur are solved in analytical form. Finally, the effects of the tool diameter, the number of the cutter flutes, the tool length, and length scale parameter on the chatter stability in the two main layers have been investigated. To the best author's knowledge, the chatter stability for the dental bur in the two main layers is obtained for the first time in current study by using analytical procedure.

Gaddafi's dictatorial governorship in Libya was the one that was ousted in the wake of the revolutionary upheavals of the 2010s, with the mobilization of society and the participation of international institutions and forces. In explaining the collapse of this political regime, internal factors (backward political structure, suffocation and tyranny of the rulers, wave of democratization and new media) and external factors (role of international institutions and forces and major powers) have been raised. This research with a general Understanding has combined the government interaction and globalization processes into two internal and external factors. The results of this research show that globalization in its various economic, social and communicative dimensions has created an understanding and space for human rights discourse in Libya. As a result, society realized its depleted theoretical and normative rights and demanded the realization of its political, economic, and cultural rights. With the help of new media which turned into protests and revolution, the regimes’ brutal and repressive confrontation with citizens led to a civil war and human rights enforcement tools. A situation that brought coalition of international institutions together with Libyan society and ousted Gaddafi in order to realize the supreme values of freedom and the right to self-determination of the society.

Tooth restoration is the most frequent operation in dentistry. During this process, the dentist removes chip from carious or damaged restoration part of tooth by a high speed rotating tool. The forces generated due to tool and tooth layers contact are called cutting forces. In medical works, knowing the magnitude of cutting forces is very important, as many efforts has been done in this area to measure those experimentally. However, a lot of time, money, and energy would be require for experimental tests. The cutting force varies at different tooth layers and the dentist has no feedback on which layer is under milling operation (objective layer). In other words, a dentist detects objective layer based on experiments and physical sense during the operations. Consequently, online detection of objective layer is a challenging issue. The main object of current research is the simulation of force and vibration of dental bur. Vibration signals are a powerful source of information that can be used to detect dental layers. To the best author's knowledge, the specific cutting force coefficients for the two main dental layers are obtained for the first time in current study. In addition, vibration and force in the two main layers of the tooth are compared and analyzed using the Timoshenko beam theory, the milling force equations and the dynamic chip thickness. The results of this effort can be used to improve the quality and efficiency of dental restoration and to give an initial view on producing an intelligent hand-piece.

Infiltration is considered as one of the most important soil parameters in the design and evaluation of furrow irrigation systems. Water is infiltrated through the wetted perimeter when it reaches a given point in the furrow until it recedes. The depth of infiltrated water at a given point, therefore, is a function of opportunity time, wetted perimeter, and soil intake characteristics (Oyonarte et al., 2002). Thus, in-depth knowledge of how the initial (e.g. initial water content) and boundary conditions (such as water head and wetted perimeter) of a furrow can act on the infiltration process is essential. Previous studies show that cumulative infiltration in furrow irrigation is highly affected by the water head and initial water content. In furrow irrigation, water infiltration into the soil is two-dimensional, both vertically and laterally (Bautista et al. 2014). Gravity forces are dominant in vertical infiltration, while suction forces dominate horizontal/lateral infiltration. Suction forces largely depend on soil matric potential, which is a function of the soil texture and structure, and play an important role in soil moisture retention, sorptivity, essential for plant growth, and lateral infiltration. Knowledge of lateral infiltration and edge effect is essential for designing furrow irrigation systems because many researchers have found that more than 60% of total infiltrated water is through the side walls of furrows. Several studies have been carried out to determine how initial and boundary conditions may affect the cumulative and lateral infiltration in furrow irrigation, but the combined effect of water head and initial water content on infiltration process is not investigated yet.  Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the combined effect of various initial (i.e., irrigation interval or initial water content) and boundary (i.e., water level or the wetted perimeter) conditions on the cumulative and lateral infiltration.

Structural and electronic properties of double perovskites Sr2BWO6 (B = Co, Ni, Cu)  were studied  for each of three magnetic configurations nonmagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic by using density functional theory in generalized gradient approximations (GGA) and strong correlation correction (GGA + U). Due to magnetic transition from antiferromagnetic to nonmagnetic phase, an electron transition occurred from semiconductor to metal in the tetragonal structure of Sr2CoWO6, and from insulator to metal in the two tetragonal structures of Sr2NiWO6 and Sr2CuWO6. Furthermore, in Sr2CoWO6, another electron transition occurred from metal to half-metal, due to the octahedral rotation of cobalt and possibly because of changes in the magnetic interactions resulting from it. Structurally, the lattice parameters of Sr2CoWO6 and Sr2NiWO6 were decreased by eliminating magnetic interactions. But, the lattice parameters of Sr2CuWO6 was increased with loss of magnetic order, due to the dominance of Jahn-Teller deviation.