فهرست مطالب علی مرادفر

Background and Goal:

 Iran’s Criminal Procedure approved in 2014 inspired from Foreign Acts especially criminal Procedure of France approved in 1959 and Subsequent amendments containing many Innovations especially in regulations related to in under supervision and preliminary Investigation Stage in under supervision and preliminary Investigation Stage.

this Paper is an applied Research type and is a descriptive-analytical study through written resources.

certain innovation of the Act related to Accused Right and presence of Attorney in pre mentioned Stages that despite some positive shifts in Comparison of certain progressive legal Systems such as France having Defects and limitations. Lack of legal expression for certain items of Attorney Presence provide suitable context to detriment of the accused interpretations and cause to vast power of detection and investigation authorities in denial of right to presence Attorney in These Stages. Attorney Presence has positive and negative effect on Police Performance. Mutual Interference between Attorney and detection and investigation authorities is Negative affect this Presence.

results of Paper represent negative effect of Attorney Presence on Police Performance and create interference in Police Obligations due to existence some Problems such as Confession orientation in judicial and executive System, less effective education of Law Enforcements, less effective scientific Crime detection and Police vision about lack of proper Protection Victims’ Rights as well as existence of some infringements committed by Certain Attorneys. These Problems can resolve by development of Efficient Policy in executive and legislative System about Police and enactment of precise Acts about intervention limits of Attorney in these Stages and elimination of legal Gaps.

Context and

Global criminology as a part of green criminology is an analysis-oriented framework which is regardful of ethnological issues, transnational processes and justice rules. Accordingly, areas of interest in this field, is not only the investigation of criminological concerns of dominant event regarding illicit behaviors or considering nature as an exploitable resource, but is regardful of human intervention and interference, which leads to environmental harmsResearch

The present study which is aimed at introducing global criminology through the approaches of international criminology is oriented to qualitative descriptive-analytical using main resources.

Based on the research findings, the global criminology related to environmental analyses, has brought an international realm and landscape into the stage of criminological studies. This study realm seeks to develop offences in this realm under the shadow of the principle of harm, relying on environmental justice in the stage of transnational green crime.

Regarding definition, environmental crime has been taken into account in an important approach, which is referred to as legal and criminological approach. Based on legal approach, crime is defined as taking or leaving an act which materializes in legal text in the form of a criminological expression. On one hand, this approach refers to government as the center of the definition of legal and illegal behaviors and on the other hand, presents an analysis of crime based on criminal code texts. In global criminology, harm principle is the focal point of all researches and analyses. The experts in this field believe that any act that harms environment deserves criminology.