فهرست مطالب علی منوری

Preface:

Over the past four decades, particularly between 1978 and 2015, China has experienced impressive and consistent economic growth, with an average annual growth rate of 9.8%. This remarkable economic expansion has catapulted China to the position of the second-largest economy in the world. Notably, China's poverty reduction program has been one of the swiftest and most successful in human history.China has utilized various strategies to realize its goal of becoming a major economic power, with foreign aid playing a significant role in this endeavor. Today, China stands as the world's second-largest donor nation after the United States. In this context, China's foreign aid program has undergone substantial changes, both in terms of quantity and quality, especially since the start of the new millennium in 2000. These changes have garnered attention from the international community.As part of its broader strategy to bolster and maximize its economic influence on a global scale, China has introduced and implemented a diverse array of foreign aid strategies and initiatives. This article aims to explore the relationship between the expansion of China's foreign aid programs and its ascent to economic power. Specifically, the research question revolves around how China's foreign aid program, spanning from 2000 to 2021, has influenced the country's rise as a major player in the international economy. The hypothesis suggests that during these years, China strategically employed foreign aid as a tool to align with its economic ascent, both in bilateral and multilateral contexts and in shaping the international order. This was achieved through the quantitative expansion of foreign aid and the application of innovative methods.

This study employs precise indicators and the descriptive-explanatory method to illustrate how China leverages its foreign aid program to enhance its economic influence in the domains of bilateral and multilateral relations, as well as in shaping the international order.

This essay has aimed to provide a comprehensive account of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of China's foreign aid programs. It has also sought to elucidate the link between the expansion of China's foreign aid initiatives and its increasing global influence by utilizing indicators derived from the research's theoretical model.To test the hypothesis, the realist approach to foreign aid was adopted as the theoretical framework. This perspective aligns foreign aid with the objectives of aid donors, who seek to enhance their influence through aid provision. In this context, China's aid programs are viewed as a means to expand its economic sway. Different definitions of aid were presented, highlighting China's distinctive definition as an emerging donor, which deviates from the traditional donordefinitions.This definition, combined with the realist approach, served as the foundation for analysis, alongside the indicators outlined in Figure 1.The indicators demonstrate that China is actively pursuing power expansion in both bilateral and multilateral relations and international order-related spheres. China provides bilateral and multilateral aid with the goals of fostering increased trade, mitigating unemployment,promoting international use of the Chinese currency, securing access to energy resources, and accessing the consumer markets of recipient countries.In the realm of international order, China's aid efforts are geared toward establishing economic supply chains, creating institutions in the financial and commercial sectors, and advocating for its development model. These objectives are elucidated in Figure 2. This distinction represents an innovative aspect of the present research.

To substantiate the assertion and support the research hypothesis, the author furnished instances of both bilateral and multilateral objectives, as well as international order objectives. In contrast to China's self-proclaimed intentions, the empirical evidence presented in this thesis corroborates the conclusion that China's foreign aid is primarily directed towards bolstering its influence in the specified domains, rather than solely focusing on addressing the recipient's needs.

Messianism is one of the most important concepts in Judaism. The Zionist movement succeeded in establishing a Jewish state in the land of Palestine based on the changes it made to the traditional meaning of this concept. On the other hand, Messianism is the only common concept on which all the various Jewish sects agree. Accordingly, after the establishment of the Jewish state in 1948, Messianism entered into all aspects of Israeli domestic and foreign policies. Also, simultaneously with the Islamic Revolution in Iran, right-wing and religious groups came to power in Israel in 1977 after thirty years. One of the common traits of rightists is that they are Messianic; thus, the variable of Messianism in the foreign policy of Israel towards Iran became an objective factor and appeared in a hostile manner. Therefore, the present article uses the theory of constructivism, which in addition to material issues such as power, also considers immaterial variables such as religion to be important in international relations; it seeks to answer the question of how Jewish Messianism led Israel to pursue a hostile foreign policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran.