فهرست مطالب علیرضا اقابابا

In recent years, physical literacy has attracted international attention and due to its relevance to education and sports policy, much investment has been made in this model in different countries. Despite the importance of the issue of physical literacy, since this concept is in the early stages, there are still no precise instrument for evaluating it at different ages and between different groups. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI) in physical education teachers. For this purpose, 208 male and female physical education teachers with an age range of 20 to 66 years completed questionnaire. First, the translation of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed using the open translation method and then to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling and to determine internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Also, for time reliability of the questions, intra-class correlation with test-retest method was used. The results showed that the good fit index and the comparative fit index are higher than 0/9. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for perceived physical literacy and its dimensions above 0.7 (acceptable index value) were obtained. Based on the results, the Persian version of the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI) in physical education teachers has a constructive validity and internal and temporal reliability and can be used as a valid and reliable tool to assess the physical literacy of physical education teachers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of home quarantine period on student's physical activity and mood. The research method was descriptive causal comparison that was done in the field. In this study, 479 high school students in Kurdistan province were selected as a statistical sample in an accessible way and based on their presence in social networks such as WhatsApp, Telegram, etc. through coordination with school principals. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire in the pilot study was 0.89. In order to analyze the data, Chi-square, ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used. The results showed that their level of physical activity was significantly different in the pre-corona and quarantine periods. Negative mood during quarantine was affected by the number of training sessions per week. Managers and physical education teachers can minimize the physical and psychological consequences of quarantine by proper planning for proper sports activities in accordance with the protocols.

 The COVID-19 disease and related restrictive measures such as quarantine have affected many aspects in human life, including physical activity and mood. The present study aims to investigate physical activity and mental states of athletes in racket sports during general quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

 This is a descriptive correlational study. participants were 196 athletes in racket sports (123 males and 73 females). Their physical activity was measured by Cho’s 5-item physical activity questionnaire surveying the type, frequency and intensity of training (from low to very high) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. To evaluate their mood states, we used the short form of Brunel Mood Scale. Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze data in SPSS v. 22 software.

 The number of training sessions per week and the duration of training decreased during quarantine compared to pre-quarantine period in both male and female racket players (P<0.05). This reduction in duration and number of training sessions was negatively and significantly related to mood states (P= 0.001). 

 Training has a positive effect on the mood states of athletes in racket sports during the COVID-19 pandemic. The intensity of training can affect their mood more than the duration of training. with the increase of training intensity, their negative moods decrease

Todays mental features are important factors for function and health condition of athletes that urgent doing psychological intervention for improving those features. The aim of this study was to examine Effectiveness of Mindfulness training on Self-efficacy and Fear of Negative Evaluation among female volleyball player students.

Methods and Material:

 Experimental method with pretest, posttest and follow-up was used. Study sample includes 30 female volleyball player from high school of Qods city which were chosen through convenient sampling. Participates involved among two control and Experimental Mindfulness training groups. Experimental groups received 8 sessions Mindfulness training. Data were gathered by Watson & Friend Fear of Negative Evaluation and sherer Self-efficacy scales on three phases of pretest, posttest and follow-up. Data were analysed by multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance using spss 21.

Result revealed that Mindfulness training improved Self-efficacy of female volleyball player students significantly. Furthermore, result showed this intervention decreased Fear of Negative Evaluation among female volleyball player students significantly.

considering current hypothesizes and viewpoints about Mindfulness training among athletes, it can be concluded that improving some psychological features of female volleyball player students such as Self-efficacy and Fear of Negative Evaluation leads to improvement of their function and physical and mental.

The Covid-19 virus pandemic and related government recommendations and restrictions have affected many aspects of human life, including exercise and mental well-being. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical activity and mood of Iranian bodybuilding athletes.

In this applied research, 875 bodybuilders from different cities of Iran during a period of March to May 2020 were selected as the statistical samples and completed the self-rating online questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, former and current physical activity patterns, and current mood states. The standard comprehensive physical activity questionnaire was used to assess the level of physical activity and also the short form of mood assessment questionnaire was used to assess the mood of the participants. To evaluate the changes in physical activity and the effect of gender on it, the Wilcoxon test was used at a significance level of 0.95. Pearson test was also used to examine the relationship between mood variables and exercise. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The results showed that there is a significant decrease in the intensity and duration of weekly exercise during the lockdown period compared to the previous period (P-Value=0.001) and the mood was also significantly associated with exercise time (up to 10 minutes and more than 10 minutes) (P-Value<0.005) and the number of training sessions (P-Value<0.05).

Decreased exercise during the Covid 19 epidemic can have negative effects on athleteschr('39') moods. Therefore, appropriate planning should be considered to perform regular physical activity and exercise safely.

It is important to examine the emotional and cognitive experience of athletes to prevent psychological harm. The aim of study was to compare the strategies of cognitive regulation of sports excitement and psychological vulnerability of athletes in individual and team sports. The statistical population of this study consisted of all individual and team athletes. The research sample consisted of 120 individual athletes who were randomly selected from the population of individual athletes and 120 athletes in the team sports category were matched with individual athletes based on age, gender, and athletic background .The subjects were answered to cognitive-regulatory strategies questionnaire and sports excitement and psychological vulnerability (DASS-21). The results correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant relationship between the components of cognitive regulation strategies of positive sports emotion with Anxiety, Depression. Stress negative and significant relationship. Also Between the components of Negative regulation strategies of positive sports emotion with Anxiety, Depression. Stress, The total score of the questionnaire. Positive and significant relationship. The data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and multivariate analysis of variance. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between individual and team athletes in the components of disaster and blame for others, self-blame, intellectual rumination, depression and anxiety. The approaches that athletes use to regulate their emotions are important in determining their psychosocial vulnerability, and strengthening the adaptive strategies of emotional cognitive regulation should be considered as a goal for the prevention of mental health interventions and training programs. It seems that the approaches that athletes use to regulate their emotions are important in determining their psychological vulnerability, and developing the adaptive strategies of emotional cognitive regulation can serve, as a goal for the prevention and interventions programs to help the athletes to create the most appropriate emotional atmosphere during competition situations

The aim of this study was to investigate the The effects of the new 2019 coronavirus outbreak (Covid-19) on the level of sports activities and mood of non-professional football players in Iran. This study is descriptive and a kind of field study. The statistical population of this study includes all male and female athletes who were played in non-professional football in the country before the Covid-19 era. For data collection, the standard questionnaire of the International Group of Covid-19 and Sport Researchers was used. The reliability of this questionnaire was determined by Cronbach's alpha method (R=0.82) and its validity was confirmed after review by a number of experts in this field. The mentioned questionnaire was published with the help of football delegations electronically and online and 686 questionnaires were completed and collected from all over the country in a random and stratified manner and were selected as a research sample. The results show that 84% of indoor places and 66.6% of open places are currently closed and 28.7% of people have lost their jobs due to the prevalence of Covid-19. Other results showed that there was a significant difference between the number of sessions and the intensity of training before the corona and during the corona; But there is no significant difference between the results of Covid-19 test and the degree of adherence to health laws and protocols. Conclusion that sports activities and mood are strongly influenced and reduced by Covid-19.

Nowdays athletes use performance-enhancing substances (any type of nutritional, physical, mechanical, psychological, or pharmacological action) for a variety of reasons, including increasing their ability to perform physical activity and improve performance. The main reason for using these substances is attributed to the positive attitude towards them. These substances are categorized into authorized and unauthorized substances. The aim of this study was to investigate the implicit and explicit attitudes of Iranian male athlete students toward performance-enhancing substances.

This research was of descriptive-analytical type. The statistical population were athelete students in the Tehran province. A total of 64 subjects were selected based on the available sampling method. To test the studentschr('39') attitudes, a standard doping-based image test was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 software.

The results showed that athlete students had a positive attitude towards dietary supplements in both explicit and implicit attitudes. However, they had a negative explicit attitude towards doping but a positive implicit attitude toward it (p- value <0.05). There was also a significant difference between the studentschr('39') implicit and explicit attitudes toward doping (p- value <0.05). But there was no difference in implicit and explicit attitudes towards permitted dietary supplements.

The use of implicit attitudes can be considered as a new approach in preventing doping and its side effects among professional and even non-professional athletes.

Due to the epidemic of COVID-19, health authorities have enacted laws for social distance from people.. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the level of physical activity during social distance caused by COVID-19 in Mrkazi Province, and the impact of physical activity on mental welfare.

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 558 adult residents of Markazi Province (20-60 years old) participated in a snowball sampling strategy to answer an online questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed using a valid 5-item questionnaire. The short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale used for measuring mental The relationship between physical activity and mental health was studied using Pearson correlation.

In the study sample, 58.42% were female and 41. 58% were male. 97% of participants indicated that they adhered to social distancing guidelines. Due to the COVID-19 epidemic, the total time of physical activity in January 2020 significantly decreased compared to that in March 2020 in community-dwelling adults in Mrkazi province (P=0.001). A significant positive correlation was observed between the level of physical activity and mood score in men and women (r=0.14, p=0.001).

In the present study of adults in Markazi Province and at the time of social distancing due to COVID-19, those who were physically active had better mental health. These results suggest that even light physical activity during the COVID-19 epidemic may help reduce the negative mental health effects associated with social distancing and quarantine adherence.

Nowadays, the use of neuro- enhancements materials by athletes for various reasons is increasing. The present study aimed to investigate the implicit and explicit attitude of female Iranian athletes towards doping and supplementary drugs. For this purpose, 200 voluntary female student-athletes participated in this research. Doping-based image testing tools (BIAT) were used to find out students' attitudes. The results show a negative attitude towards doping substances (-11.99±52) and a positive attitude towards sports supplements (1.56± 29) in both attitudes (implicit and explicit). Also, independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference between students' implicit and explicit attitudes toward doping, but there was no significant difference in attitudes toward legal dietary supplements. It seems that with training programs based on doping control and prevention with the method of indirect evaluation of athletes' attitudes the prevention of doping negative consequences could be more effective

Government action during the Covid 19 pandemic have placed many restrictions on daily life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of social distance plan in the conditions of Corona virus on physical activity and mood state of the people of Isfahan citizens.

the present descriptive-analytical study that was conducted during the quarantine due to the prevalence of covid -19 disease. A total of 411 (131 males and 280 females) residents of Isfahan entered the study and completed the International online physical activity short form (GPAQ) questionnaire from April 1 to June 2, 2016. Also, a 16-item short evaluation questionnaire (POMS) was used to assess participantschr('39') moods. Analysis of variance with repeated measures, univariate analysis of variance and regression were used to answer the basic questions of this study.

a significant decrease was seen in the intensity and number of weekly sessions of physical activity in terms of social distance compared to the previous period (p = 0.001). 11.8% of the subjects reduced the duration of their training session due to social distance and increased it by 5%, while 83.2% of the subjects did not change the duration of their training session (p = 0.001). Correspondingly, people who did not change the number of weekly sessions of physical activity during the period of social distance compared to before (p = 0.001), had a better mood in the positive components and all in the negative components (p = 0.001).

While social distance is an essential measure to protect public health, the results revealed that it reduces the level of physical activity that may endanger physical and mental health. These observations have potentially important implications that can help with the recommendations for physical activity to maintain health during illness.

The psychological factors plays a decisive role in the success of elite athletes at the highest levels competition, where the fitness of athletes reaches to the highest possible level. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Psychological factors and physical fitness of elite young Iranian kabaddi players. For this purpose, 28 young players invited to the second camp of kabaddi Iranian national team in the age range of 17-19 years were selected. In order to assess the mental toughness and Mindfulness Respectively Sheard et al mental toughness questionnaire and a questionnaire was used Thienot et al. Also, the field test of bulk, 36 meters, two-way jump, bench press and leg press test was used to measure physiological characteristics. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between the subscales of mental toughness and some the subscales mindfulness and physiological characteristics elite players with Iranian kabaddi. Also, there is the significant relationship between mental toughness and some subscales mindfulness and physiological profile. From other findings of the study, showed the players that could wear the national team shirt had higher Mindfulness than the players had been strikethrough.
Discussion and elite players with Iranian kabaddi players have equal toughness physiological profile but the players that could wear the national team shirt and probably the high level of mindfulness can improve the power performance tests.

The purpose of this study was to investigate" The effect of mindful Meditation on the mindfulness' state, flow state and performance in table tennis players. 30 subjects were selected as samples and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The mindfulness inventory for sport, flow State Scale and sport performance tests were used to collect the data. The experience group were under the mindfulness training protocol for six weeks and two sessions weekly. The variance analysis with repeated measurements were used to compare the variables between two groups. The results show that the mindfulness state, flow state and performance, have been globally improved significantly in experimental group compared to the control group. Hence the findings show that the effect of mindful meditation on mindful state, flow state and sport performance, can therefore be used as mediator to improve sport performance along with the other psychological skills

In this review and meta-analysis 15 studies were eligible for entry into the study and the numbers of 8078 adolescent and young adult's athletes from more than 20 sports field in the fifteen studies were investigated. After collecting and coding data in these 15 researches, by using CMA software all data by using both fixed and random model was analyzed. The results of the meta-analysis conducted in this field showed that estimates point of taking Ergogenic Substances based on random model in male athletes was 63.9 and was variable between 50.6 to 75.3 percent. Also, the prevalence of taking Ergogenic Substances in female athletes Based on the random model was 28.3 and was variable between 25.3 to 31.4 percent. The highest prevalence of Ergogenic Substances use was in bodybuilders, weightlifting, wrestling, and swimming and athletics sports. The results of this study showed that the use of Ergogenic Substances and doping is an indisputable fact and today this problem is not only for the male athletes in some field of sport. The domain of this prevalence is female athletes and very wide range of athletes in different disciplines. If the politician not pay attention, the damage every day will be more develop in young people in our country.

Success in sports is dependent upon a combination of psychological and physical factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence, sport success and somatotype and to compare the emotional intelligence in elite players and Iran youth national kabaddi players. The research was a correlational field one. The statistical population consisted of 28 players invited to Iran national kabaddi team camp. Emotional intelligence questionnaire of Lan et al (2009), success in sport questionnaire of Vaez Mousavi et al (2015) and Isaac Society Criteria were used in order to investigate the emotional intelligence, sport success and somatotype, respectively. Data were analysed by descriptieve statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and independent t-test. The result showed a positive correlation between some subscales of emotional intelligence and sport success. But no significant correlation was observed between the subscales of emotional intelligence and sport success with somatotype. The results also showed a significant difference in the two subscales of psyche implementation and sensitivity to error between national team players and other kabaddi elite athletes (p<0.05) : It seems that emotional intelligence as an effective factor in sport success can promotoe sport performance. In addition, when the somatotype is relatively similar in different individulas, it could not be regarded as an effective factor for selecting the player and/or success in a group.