علیرضا انصاری مهیاری

In addition to the bright and accessible dimensions of the Internet, there are also dark dimensions that are a platform for committing cybercrimes. In a general division, the Internet space is divided into surface web space and deep web space, where the dark web space is a part of the deep web space, which can be accessed only by using special software tools. The main topic of this article is the investigation of web surfaces and their position from the perspective of international law with a view to cyber crimes. Unfortunately, not only the dark web and deep web, but also all the topics of the cyber field and crimes in this field are neglected from the point of view of international law, and there are limited international treaties and documents that do not meet the needs of the international community in the cyber field today. Buying and selling weapons, drugs, slaves, and human body parts is one of the main businesses in the dark web, which are done using digital currencies. Today, due to the rapid development of communication technologies and the lack of specialized international laws in the field of cyberspace, it is necessary for the International Law Commission to present and develop a plan to regulate and approve laws and treaties in the field of the Internet and create a platform for the cooperation of all governments in this field.

Despite the establishment of the United Nations, military conflicts and wars have not diminished globally; rather, today we witness numerous internal and international conflicts. One significant international war is the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which erupted in 2022 over power dynamics in Eastern Europe. This study aims to analyze the Russia-Ukraine war from the perspective of international law using a descriptive-analytical method. The research findings indicate that Russia's military and cyber-attacks on Ukraine constitute a blatant violation of international law, specifically breaching Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter, which prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state. Consequently, under international law, Russia had no right to invade Ukraine's territory.

In the global arena, water as a vital substance plays an effective role in human life and for this reason. Due to the water crisis and the lack of safe enough water for consumption of everyone in various countries, including Iranis necessary to examine the obligations of governments in relation to the provision of the right to water as one of the examples of human rights in particular. In this research, the researcher by using descriptive-analytical method reached the conclusion that in accordance with international instruments, governments are undertaken to increasing water services for all segments of society, by their available resources; providing necessary training on how to properly use of water and sanitary facilities and methods of saving and caring for water resources; adopting laws to ensure adequate and safe water for present and future generations. Accordingly, it is emphasized that governments should take necessary measures in order to fully realize the right to water. In this regard, Iran has faced challenges such as conflict and dispersion of laws on right to water that comprehensive and complete law needs to be enacted in order to eliminations of the challenges.

Artificial intelligence, akin to any scientific discipline, yields numerous positive and negative impacts. The identification and management of these effects are essential in determining the most appropriate response to a given target in the shortest possible time during conflict. The evolution of technology and its influence on warfare armaments has engendered a new paradigm in armed conflicts. Artificial intelligence is poised to fundamentally transform the dynamics of warfare, as it possesses the capability to amass and scrutinize extensive data from diverse conflict scenarios, enabling it to make more suitable decisions. Consequently, this has contributed to a reduction in loss of life and financial resources in conflicts compared to conventional warfare. Given the alterations introduced by this advancement in the realm of conflict law, several tenets of humanitarian law necessitate revision. Foremost among these tenets is the principle of proportionality. In this article, the redefinition of this principle is addressed, with an initial elucidation of the nature and attributes of artificial intelligence, followed by an exploration of the interplay between humanitarian rights and the principle of proportionality. The role of technology in armed conflicts is then expounded upon, and subsequently, an examination of the application of the principle of proportionality in conjunction with artificial intelligence is conducted, encompassing its effects on the ability to detect, assess, and respond to targets and threats.With the decrease in casualties attributable to the utilization of technology, the principle of proportionality in armed conflicts should be reviewed through a human-centric approach, ensuring the responsible and ethical implementation of this technology.

Cultural rights, as the second generation of human rights, have always been an important subject in domestic legal systems and international law, to the extent that they have been highlighted and given attention in domestic laws and international documents. The extensive and diverse nature of cultural rights has prompted governments to regulate necessary laws and regulations based on the cultural identity of their society and to assist in its preservation and promotion. Despite the existing challenges, the Islamic Republic of Iran has always endeavored to enhance cultural rights. In this research, The promotion of cultural rights within the Islamic Republic of Iran using the descriptive- analytical method is examined. The findings of this study indicate that substantial efforts have been made in Iran to promote cultural rights, and the accomplishments resulting from these efforts have contributed to the advancement of cultural rights in the fields of education, attention to the country's religious culture, and the realization of the slogans of the Islamic Revolution and more.

With the expansion of the cyber space, a new arena of threats has been created for governments in the form of cyber threats, and it has affected various aspects of national security, including social, economic, military and political security. It has affected international and regional security, which requires the necessary solutions to minimize the damage caused by this type of threats and maintain international security. Therefore, this article examines the role of regional organizations in preventing cyber-attacks by using the descriptive-analytical method, The hypothesis proposed in this research is that since governments are increasingly focused on unilateral policies and initiatives to deal with cyber threats, regional organizations should play an active role in shaping cooperation among members in the form of approaches focused on International and regional cooperation in the field of cyber security and prevention of cyber threats and the development of the global cyber security system. The findings of the research show that regional organizations such as NATO, the European Union, Shanghai, ASEAN, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Organization of American States have taken measures to reduce damages caused by cybercrimes and counter cyber-attacks, including They have started to increase knowledge and establish cyber laws, regional cooperation, information sharing, infrastructure strengthening and trust building

The reality of the world is that it is not free of natural and unnatural disasters. With the occurrence of disasters, many material and mental destructive effects on the entire earth, especially humans. In such situations, the need for support is increasingly felt. This support somehow requires cooperation, convergence and international solidarity. The main question is whether the obligation to cooperation can be considered a fundamental human right? What forms the hypothesis of this research is that; obligation to international cooperation in the event of disasters for a number of reasons, including; the demanding need for extreme protection is considered a fundamental human right. The most important findings of the research is that this obligation is an Erga omnes commitment that, although not limited to the time of disasters, but will be binding on everyone at the time of such risks. It can be argued that such an obligation can exist in other areas that are disaster-free, such as maximum protection of fundamental human rights. This type of obligation can also be raised in the face of terrorist acts, countering impunity.

One of the daily activities of the people of the world at any time and place is the use of virtual space. In today's world, virtual space, which is a space intertwined with people's lives, plays an effective role in people's lives. Although the use of virtual space has merits and has made people's lives easier, but not using it properly has caused mental and physical damage to people's health which has increased concerns about the lack of protection of people's right to health. The right to health is considered one of the basic human rights that governments are obliged to provide and guarantee the necessary conditions to achieve this right and to minimize the grounds for its violation. The question raised in this research is, what effect can the control of virtual space have on the health of individuals? The findings of this research indicate that governments can reduce the physical and psychological harm caused to the health of individuals by taking measures such as teaching the correct way to use cyberspace and creating restrictions

Human progress in various political and social fields creates new opportunities and challenges.  One of such challenges is cyber-attacks which are considered as a threat to human life due to the increasing development of technology and the development of virtual space in different parts of the world. The purpose of the present article is to examine the ways to reduce cyber-attacks from the perspective of the International Humanitarian Law. This article is conducted employing descriptive-analytical method. The results of the investigations led the authors to reach the conclusion that the rules and regulations of International Humanitarian law do not cover the entire framework of cyber war and cyber-attack but, due to the existential philosophy of humanitarian law, it covers civilian protection as well as other principles such as the Principles of Proportionality and Distinction and, therefore, these principles and regulations still remain applicable and, wherever there are no regulations, it is necessary to refer to the Customary International Humanitarian Law, and in particular situations, the International Humanitarian Law itself must be implemented and applied. On the other hand, due to the lack of consensus of the international community and ambiguity in implementation of some of these principles and rules, with the gradual development in the field of current contractual and customary rules, even the existing ambiguities can also be resolved

any national or international organization is the resolution of related disputes. With regard to the International Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the issue of how effective arbitration is in resolving disputes of this organization is also important today.
This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.
In a general view, the reasons for referring to arbitration, including low cost, ease, maintaining confidentiality, specialization, speed, etc., as well as the reasons for using this institution in the field of intellectual property, are important and in this way, it can be had proper justifications for using this mechanism in resolving disputes about WIPO.
Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.
Today, many prefer to choose WIPO's arbitration rules over other costly court and lawsuit methods, and hence the rules and regulations of written proceedings in this area have been created.

One of the most important issues of the international community has been the use of force and the changes and evolutions it has underwent. The use of force is one of the important rules of international law, which is mentioned in paragraph 4 of the Article 2 of the UN Charter. With the comprehensive growth and development of societies, the concept of resorting to force has changed and new dimensions have been created and new methods have been used by governments. One of these methods is cyberattacks. A cyberattack is an example of a new weapon the ability of which to damage, kill and physically destroy in cyberspace, has changed the concept of the use of force. In this study, the aim is to investigate cybercrime and cyberspace to clarify the nature of cyberattacks and the relationship between these attacks and the use of force. This research has achieved its results using descriptive-analytical method. It has been found out that the development of the field of communication has led to the spread of new attacks which occur in cyberspace and, because of the unique features that these attacks have, governments are very much willing in using these attacks. Furthermore, when these attacks are carried out on a large scale and target the vital infrastructure of the country the use of force has taken place indeed and that it makes no difference whether these infrastructures are damaged or not. The mere cyber-attack on these infrastructures is the use of force and is in conflict with the Principle of Prohibition of the Use of Force contained under paragraph 4 of Article 2 of the UN Charter. Cyber-attacks can be considered as resorting to force according to this article.

Today, one of the important economic issues that has a significant role in the economic growth and development of countries, especially in developing countries, is foreign investment. Therefore, these countries compete to attract more foreign investment.
One of the major obstacles to foreign investment is the lack of security in the host state; this lack of security is due to dangers such as war, turbulence and regime change that threaten investors. Therefore, the formulation of regulations on the protection of foreign investors at the national and international levels can cause to reduce the sense of danger and be a source of confidence among investors. Protecting foreign investment today is one of the important issues of international investment law that can help countries and investors to remove investment barriers and attract more capital.
Since the 1960s, countries have created an extensive collection of bilateral treaties in order to protect foreign investors. It was known as bilateral treaties for promotion and protection of investment. In fact, the main purpose of concluding these treaties was that, as a supplement to the domestic laws and regulations of investment, they can provide an international mechanism to support as much as possible foreign investment and regulate related affairs, as well as a favorable environment for host governments to attract foreign investment. In these treaties, a set of standards is anticipated to support foreign investors and create a secure environment that has had a significant impact on the growth and development of foreign investment. Some of these standards include fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, national treatment and most-favored-nations treatment.
2. This study with analysis of international arbitral tribunals and state practices in bilateral and multilateral treaties discusses the development of standards of fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, national treatment and most-favored-nations treatment. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical using library resources.
3. The fair and equitable treatment standard establishes one of the most important elements available to a foreign investor to protect his investment in a foreign country, because it provides him with a certain treatment that the host state must grant regardless of the treatment given to its own nationals. Full protection and security standard can be a complement to fair and equitable treatment and according to it, the host state is committed to adopt some measures to protect foreign investors against unfavorable events and harmful acts.
National treatment is considered as one of the important standards in international investment law to ensure optimal performance of the host state with foreign investments so that the host state in the same way which treats domestic investors also deal with foreign investors. The most-favored-nation treatment standard can be a complement to national treatment. According to this standard, host state must treat third state investors as it treats foreign investors because this standard is used to prevent discrimination against foreign investment.
These standards are a treaty-based obligation that must be put into a specific treaty and are not a requirement of customary international law. So, if these standards are not stipulated in the treaty, the host state will have no obligation to comply with these standards against the foreign investor.
One of the important issues of international standards of foreign investment protection is identification of concepts, examples and their application; but, in this study, in addition to the above, the main goal is to examine whether these standards of protection have been developed since the emergence, so far, or it is still used in the present era traditionally? The hypothesis of the authors is that the standards of foreign investment protection, like many other international issues, have had many fluctuations since the emergence and due to the dynamics and development of international investment law, they have also undergone many changes; therefore, today we can speak of significant progress and development in this area.
4. In this study, by describing and analyzing concepts and examples and methods of enforcement of foreign investment protection standards in bilateral and multilateral investment treaties which these standards have been used in most of them and as well as the examination of international arbitration tribunals procedure that have issued various decisions regarding these standards, it is concluded that there are no specific examples for the application of investment protection standards in the investment treaties and international arbitration tribunals procedure.This implies the breadth, flexibility and dynamism of the aforementioned protective standards. Therefore, the growth and development of investment treaties and international arbitration procedure has caused the development of these standards over time. This development has had a positive role in attracting and growing foreign investment in host countries.
Accordingly, today, these standards can be used as a system of foreign investment protection that is not static and is in progress. Consequently, the present study emphasizes this hypothesis that the standards of foreign investment protection have exited from the traditional conditions over time and they are used according to the requirements of the time and circumstances of each particular case.