فهرست مطالب علیرضا باهنر

Antibiotic residues in food, including eggs, are potentially risky to public health. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the relative frequency of antibiotic residues in eggs sold in Iran.

PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, MagIran, Scientific Information Database, and IranDoc were searched. Two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were articles written in English or Persian investigating the relative frequency of antibiotic residues in eggs in Iran, and the exclusion criteria were articles without an available full text. Frequency data, publication year, diagnostic test type, and sampling location were extracted from relevant articles.

Among the 217 identified results, 11 articles were included in the systematic review. ELISA (six articles) was the most frequently used diagnostic test. East Azerbaijan province accounted for the most significant number of studies (four articles) based on the geographical distribution of sampling locations. Seven classes of antibiotics and 12 types of antibiotics were estimated in terms of antibiotic residues, with tetracyclines (5 articles, 6 assessments) having the highest number of assessments. In addition, the highest reported relative frequencies were related to tetracycline residues (100%) in Isfahan and chloramphenicol (75%) in Tabriz.

Tetracycline and chloramphenicol residues had the most significant relative frequency in eggs across Iran.

Traditional dairy farms produce low milk. Reproductive performance is very important for their economic viability. "Days open" is one of the reproductive performance measures, including the time between parturition and the next conception of a dairy cow.

This study aims to investigate days open and some reproductive characteristics, and examine the effect of these characteristics on days open in traditional dairy farms.

In this study, a questionnaire was used to collect data from 870 dairy cows belonging to 363 traditional dairy farms. This research was carried out in Miandoab County, in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. To determine the effects of ovarian cyst, dystocia, abortion, and parity of dam on days open, the multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS software was used.

In the cows, the mean days open in the last calving was 132.28 days, and the mean insemination for each pregnancy was 2.27 inseminations. Prevalence of dystocia, abortion, and ovarian cysts was 78%, 1.26%, and 1.95%, respectively. The results of Cox regression showed that parity, abortion, ovarian cysts, and dystocia significantly increased days open. The dystocia in the cows was prevalent mostly due to unknown causes and the owner's hasty intervention during the natural parturition process.

Dystocia, parity, abortion, and ovarian cysts have a significant effect on days open in traditional dairy farms. By training livestock farm workers on issues related to the reproductive management of dairy cows and their parturition period, we can expect an improvement in the reproductive performance of traditional dairy farms.

The increase in population and the need to supply foodstuffs have raised the importance of animal health and veterinary activities more than ever before in the country's food security and development. In this paper, which focuses on veterinary activities in the field of food-producing livestock, the concepts of need, supply, and demand are defined, and the methods of determining and prioritizing health needs in the livestock population of the country are presented. In the context of problems in setting priorities, there are also important points such as livestock population statistics, lack of human resources, rapid management changes, economic factors, management considerations, the traditional structure of animal husbandry, insufficient training of producers, and technical health officials of livestock farms, lack of inter-sectoral cooperation and necessary support. From the country's veterinary organization, the lack of sufficient information about diseases and animal health status in neighboring countries, especially Iraq and Afghanistan, and the weakness of border and interprovincial quarantine systems have been noted. Factors affecting the use of animal health services points such as access to services, feeling of need or demand, assurance of quality, price and cost of services and insurance coverage have been mentioned. On the other hand, in recent decades, issues such as climate change, changes in international laws and regulations related to animal health and environment, transgenic products, bioterrorism, and drought, each of which affects the health and livestock production in some way, the need to pay attention to Proposes futures studies. Futures studies are a science that helps to better see these changes and prepare for them. The emergence of some new fields such as artificial intelligence, remote medicine and veterinary medicine (Telemedicine), personalized medicine and veterinary medicine, the emergence of robots in medicine and veterinary medicine, etc. paid attention. The sum of these issues should make us think about how much preparation there is for the future and these changes. It is suggested to make changes in the important fields of veterinary medicine such as education and research, veterinary structures at the national and international levels, and jobs related to veterinary medicine, in line with foresight and futurology.

One of the most important applications of epidemiology is the investigation of the causes of diseases. In this regard, the appropriate design of study to approach the causes and risk factors of a disease is vital. Observational studies are a category of studies that help the researcher in identifying risk factors for disease occurrence and quantifying the effect of these factors on it, thereby influencing its control within the population. These studies are conducted through observing the natural behavior of disease in the population. Accurate and precise data collection (a part that receives less attention in the country) forms the cornerstone of these studies, requiring special attention from educational, extension, and research centers. In this article, various types of observational studies are initially introduced in general terms. Subsequently, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies, as the three main types of observational studies, are comprehensively explained. The methods of grouping for study entry, calculation of minimum sample size, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of each study are described in detail. Additionally, the capabilities that each type of these studies provides to the researcher for interpreting the causality of the occurrence or the desired outcome in the study are provided at the end of each section. After introducing the implementation method of each study, depending on the case, references to three or four articles with similar study designs are provided to serve as examples of observational studies as a model. It should be noted that these types of studies are foundational for conducting intervention studies, and creating infrastructure for data recording and analysis is necessary for conducting these studies.

Interventional studies , especially in laboratory experimental researches , constitute a significant portion of the theses conducted in veterinary faculties across the country . The importance of these study designs in applied research and development underscores the necessity for students and researchers to be familiar with this design . This article begins with a brief history of this type of study . It then proceeds to introduce various types ( laboratory , clinical trials , field trials , social trials , quasi-experimental studies ) , the different phases of this design ( pharmacological and toxicity testing , initial testing for potential therapeutic and safety effects , clinical evaluation stage , post-marketing evaluation ) , and its various methods (parallel design , crossover design , sequential design , factorial design ) . This article also discusses the required sample size for conducting a study , criteria for entry and exit of study participants or animals , blinding and medical ethics . Given the importance of clinical trials , especially in terms of ethical considerations in research , the registration of this type of study after proposal development is also mentioned . This article refers to some examples of interventional studies published in Iran and worldwide so that students and researchers can use these designs as models . It is expected that the reader could critically read these type of articles and reports , published in scientific texts and play an effective role in conducting an experimental ( interventional ) study .

Brucellosis is one of the most important diseases common to humans and animals worldwide, both economically and publicly. Cattle brucellosis is usually caused by Brucella abortus and is one of the most important diseases in many countries of the world because of its economic importance. Generally, risk factors for brucellosis can be divided into four groups of management factors (herd size, etc.), animal factors (age, sex, etc.), factors divided by rancher (rancher age, etc.) and geographical area (such as weather conditions, etc.). Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between some risk factors of brucellosis at the animal level. This case-control study was performed on 843 cows including 281 seropositive (case) and 562 seronegative (control). Data were analyzed using Stata 14 software and conditional logistic regression. Being pregnant (OR= 0.44), lactating (OR= 0.43) and having a good vaccination history (OR= 0.09) reduced the risk of infection and being born in another farm (coming from another farm) (OR= 2.04) and having a history of abortion (OR= 3.77) increased the risk of brucellosis infection in dairy cows. Appropriate vaccination and no displacement of livestock is recommended.

Leptospirosis is a multi-faceted global disease, which causes great economic and health losses to the livestock and human population of our country each year. The northern provinces of Iran are among the rainy and humid regions of Iran, and the prevalence of waterborne diseases such as leptospirosis is high in these regions. In ruminants, cattle are more susceptible to leptospirosis than small ruminants. The purpose of this study was to determine the serological prevalence of leptospirosis in slaughtered cows in Guilan province using the standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT). For this purpose, 300 blood samples were collected from slaughtered cows in Guilan province during the spring and summer of 2023. After separating the serum and sending them to the leptospirosis research laboratory, all the samples were tested by MAT method using five serotypes of Leptospira Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola and Hardjo. The results of this study showed that 62 samples (20.66 percent) had anti-leptospiral antibodies against one of the above-mentioned 5 serotypes. The highest titer was related to Hardjo serotype with 37 samples (59.6 percent) and the lowest was related to Icterohaemorrhagiae serotype with 5 cases (8.06 percent). Titration of positive samples showed that 59 samples (86.8 percent) had a titer of 1:100 to 1:200 and 9 samples (13.2 percent) had a titer of 1:400. In conclusion, this study revealed that infection with L. interrogans is highly prevalent in slaughterhouse cows of Guilan province and the active presence of the cause of this disease in the province.

Brucellosis is one of the most important and common diseases among humans and animals, with great health and economic significance.

This study aimed to investigate some risk factors of brucellosis infection in Iranian dairy farms.

This study is a herd-level case-control study on dairy farms. Case dairy farms (95 dairy farms) included all registered cases of disease during 14 months of studying with at least one positive serum cow (Rose Bengal, Wright, and 2-mercaptoethanol tests consecutively) and control dairy farms (95 dairy farms) in the condition of at least two disease-free years were selected and matched due to the capacity, and geographical area with case dairy farms. The obtained data were analyzed by the multivariate conditional logistic regression test and SPSS software, version 20.

According to the statistical relationship between studying independent variables and brucellosis infection in herd, the hygiene and disinfection of watering points (washing at least three times a week and using detergent or disinfectant) reduce the risk of brucellosis infection (OR=0.04, 95% CI, 0.003%-0.499%) and factors such as the history of abortion (OR=7.01, 95% CI, 1.51%-32.59%), the replacement of livestock from outside (OR=7.87, 95% CI, 1.07%-58.07%) and introducing new livestock during last 12 months (OR=7.27, 95% CI, 1.20%-43.90%) increase the risk of brucellosis infection.

More serious attention to rancher training, the observance of hygienic principles, and legal restriction of livestock displacement are among the recommended strategies to prevent brucellosis infection on the farm.

Hoof trimming as a part of hoof health management is one of the important parts of herd health management system. Timing of hoof trimming and its method are the main subjects that must be known for an efficient hoof trimming program. In the current study, the different suggested timings of trimming (around drying, early, middle and end of lactation) have been reviewed. Although the need for more research to find the best time for hoof trimming is yet necessary, an appropriate timing is suggested based on the current literature. Also the unique role of accurate data recording system in time management of trimming is mentioned.

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a disease with high economic relevance.

This study aimed to determine a fast alert surveillance system for bTB before the outbreak in the epidemic region of Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted using the Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model for monthly bTB detections (reactors). These reactor cases result from the positive Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) test on cattle farms for the period between April 2007 and March 2019 in Razavi Khorasan province. Autocorrelation functions (ACF) and partial autocorrelation functions (PACF) plots were used to determine model parameters. The Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) were employed to select the best-fitted model. The root mean square error (RMSE) was applied for the evaluation of the models. Then, the best-fitted model was hired to predict the cases for 12 oncoming months. The data were analysed by STATA (ver. 14) software with a significant level at P≤0.05.

ARIMA (3, 0, 3) 12 was introduced as a recommended fitted model according to white noise residual test (Q=22.87 and P=0.98), lower AIC (541.85), and more precise model RMSE (1.50). However, the forecast values were more than the observed values.

The application and interpretation of ARIMA models are straightforward, and may be used as immediate tools for monitoring systems. However, we proposed an Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Input (ARIMAX) model with some measurable exotic factors such as economic fluctuations, climate changes, and pulmonary tuberculosis to introduce a more precise and accurate model for the fast alert surveillance system.

The patient's position during the recovery time after arthroplasty surgery can be a factor in reducing complications and improving patients’ condition. Therefore, this study was performed to compare the knee range of motion after soft tissue repair in both flexion and extension positions of total knee arthroplasty.

This study is a double-blind clinical trial. The study population was all candidates for total knee arthroplasty surgery in Al-Zahra and Kashani hospitals in Isfahan from July 2011 to September 2012. The sample size was selected using the statistical formula of 88 patients and randomly divided into two groups of flexion and extension. In the first group during the knee soft tissue repair, the knee was in flexion and in the second group it was in extension and then it was repaired. Information such as age, sex, body mass index and surgical position were recorded in the checklist. The knee range of motion was measured at the end of the first, second, fourth, eighth and twelfth weeks and recorded in a checklist. In order to compare the pattern of changes in mean knee range of motion over time in the two groups, mixed linear models and conventional marginal models to generalized estimator equations were used by STATA software.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the flexion and extension groups in knee range of motion. In both groups, the mean knee range of motion increased with time (P<0.001). The mean scores of knee function after the end of the twelfth week in the flexion and extension groups were 141.04±23.19 and 143.09±22.34, respectively, and this difference was not significant.

Soft tissue repair in a particular position is not so effective on the outcome that we want to institutionalize it by spending a considerable amount of budget for training surgeons.

The aim of this study is determination the prevalence and geographical distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by national annual surveillance program. In this study, data was conducted in two phases of winter and spring, sampling was carried out from all centers of breeding, hatching and rearing of trout in Iran. The data were entered into Excel software and analyzed by SPSS software. The results showed that the prevalence of VHS in the autumn and winter of 2017 and 2018 was 96% in Khorasan Razavi (4.54%), Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces (3.5%) and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari (2.04%). In the spring of 2018, the prevalence of VHS were about 16.66 % in the Ardebil , 15.38% in the Zanjan and 2.56% in the Mazandaran . In the whole country the prevalence of disease in the autumn and winter of 2017 and 2018 was 0.86% and in the the spring of 2018 was 97.1%. About IHN , the prevalence of disease in the autumn and winter of 2017 and 2018 was 96% in the centers of reproduction and hatching in the provinces of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari (4.081%) and Mazandaran (2.56%). Also, the prevalence of IHN in the the spring of 2018 were about (7. 4%) in the Qazvin and (2.56%) in the Mazandaran . In the whole country the prevalence of disease in the autumn and winter of 2017 and 2018, was 0.86% and in the the spring of 2018, was 0.95%. Considering the prevalence of diseases and the economic importance of these diseases, it is important to consider the methods of prevention and promotion of the biological safety conditions of the centers in order to provide healthy fish for the reduction of damage.

Considering the increasing incidence of Covid-19, recognizing the clinical features of this disease, including the identification of the first symptom of the disease and smell, taste and their affecting factors, seems to be an effective step in early diagnosis of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of olfactory and taste disorders and its related factors in definitive patients with COVID-19.

This study is a case series study in which 158 patients with Covid-19 were included in the study. The data are based on a researcher-made checklist and completed with the examination of an ENT specialist. After entering the data into SPSS-21 software, central indices and dispersion were calculated and examined the relationships between variables with chi-square, t test and Regression.

In these study, olfactory disorders were observed in 37 patients (23.4%) and taste disorders in 47 patients (29.7%). first symptom appeared in 66 cases (41.8%) fever, 31 cases (19.6%) cough, 27 cases (17.1%) sore throat, in 20 cases (12.7%) olfactory, 9 cases (5.7%) taste disorders, Three cases (1.9%) were reported decreased level of consciousness and two cases (1.3%) nausea.

In this study, COVID 19 patients showed a wide range of clinical and nonspecific symptoms, which seems to be one of the significant clinical manifestations of olfactory and taste disorders that may occur before any other symptoms in patients. Therefore, considering the importance of isolating patients to prevent disease transmission is better to give the necessary training and advice to the community.

Newcastle disease is one of the most important diseases and challenges of the poultry industry in Iran. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs, necropsy, laboratory examination (virus isolation, serological tests and molecular techniques). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic methods and the interpretation of Newcastle disease laboratory tests and Newcastle disease prevalence among referrals laboratories samples. The cross-sectional study was conducted based on expert opinion in 2014. Data were collected by designing a questionnaire based on expert opinion. For qualitative variables, relative frequency and for quantitative variables mean 955 CI was calculated. The Chi square test was used to examine the significance of the studied variables. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In 80% of cases, the diagnostic criteria are a serological test within two weeks interval. Only 23% of the laboratories use molecular techniques. 87% of cases prefer HI test to ELISA. In 58.6% of laboratories, they use 4 HA unit antigen for HI. Most experts consider titer 6 and above for broilers, 8 and above for Layers and 9 and above for Breeders as suspect titer. In 2013, 44% of referral cases for multi-casal respiratory disease were Newcastle, and 40% of referral cases for Newcastle, was Newcastle disease. In cases that there is no enough data from the field, experts opinion provide valuable data for the initial assessment of the disease status, diagnostic procedures, risk assessment.

Infectious bronchitis is an avian acute and highly contagious disease that causes heavy economic losses in poultry industry. Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines containing different virus serotypes (e.g. H-120) are widely used to control the disease. These vaccines should be periodically evaluated in the vaccinated chickens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum responses following administration of Razi infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) H-120 strain vaccine and compare them with the results of the same commercial imported vaccine. In this case, a farm of broiler chickens includes two poultry house was selected. The groups of chickens in each house were administrated with one of the imported or RAZI IBV vaccines. Twenty chickens per group were bleeded at 4, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after vaccination. The induced serum responses against IBV were evaluated in vaccinated chickens by ELISA and serum neutralization (SN) tests. In this research, no significant differences were found in ELISA antibody titer between the two groups that vaccinated with Razi H-120 vaccine and similar imported vaccine (CEVA Company) in any of the blood transfusion episodes. The results of the serum neutralization test confirmed the ELISA data. The result of this study was showed that IBV H-120 Razi vaccine, like the same imported vaccine, has potency to induce immunity in broiler flocks.

Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonoses in Iran. Zanjan province has been categorized as a high-risk region based on annual human Brucellosis incidence reports. It seems the high prevalence of the disease is related to the morbidity of disease in the domestic animals. This cross-sectional survey was carried out between January and December 2018, to estimate the seroprevalence and related risk factors in rural domestic ruminants in Zanjan province at individual and herd levels. For this purpose, Rose Bengal, Wright and 2-Mercaptoethanol serological tests with serial interpretation were used. The results showed that the seroprevalence of the disease at individual and herd-level were 4.0% and 33.2% respectively. In 51.9% of the villages there were animals with antibody titres against Brucella. Estimating of odds ratio (OR) showed that aborted fetal and related membranes burial (Odds Ratio: OR=0.2) and daily removing of manure in Livestock breeding season (OR=0.3) were protective factors. leaving aborted fetuses, fetal placenta and embryonic layers for the dogs (OR=3.6), disposal of the organs in the environment (OR=5.2), presence of goats in the herd/flock composition (OR=9.0), Abortion history (OR=3.7), the presence of herd dogs in farm (OR=7.9) , inadequate knowledge of farmer about the disease transmission routes (OR=3.3) , introduction of new animal to the herd(OR=5.0) and lack of vaccination history against brucellosis(OR=3.7) were significant risk factors. Therefore, it is essential to define and execute specified measures in order to strengthen protective factors and also weaken the risk factors of the disease in the province.

The Secretary-General of the World Health Organization announced a state of emergency on January 30, 2020, to deal with the new coronavirus. The COVID-19 pandemic began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and due to the high transmission power of this virus, it quickly involved many problems around the world. Efficient management in some countries minimizes damage. In this article, we examine the management practices of different countries. Quick action, use of experience, forecasting and equipping the required infrastructure, and the use and application of all capabilities seem to be effective factors in controlling the new coronavirus pandemic in some countries.

Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases. Control and prevention of disease in animals in addition to preventing economic losses to the animal industry, it can prevent human disease and its losses. The present survey was carried out to determine the contamination status of industrial and semi-industrial dairy cows under the cover of Veterinary Brucellosis Testing and Slaughter Operations in 1397

This is a descriptive survey and the required information was obtained from the Veterinary Organization of Iran in 1397. Cows with positive results for Rose bengal and Wright and 2-mercaptoethanol tests were used sequentially recorded as positive sera and in this survey, the farm with at least one seropositive cow was considered positive for brucellosis.

In this survey, the percentage of contamination (Seropositive) in herd level in dairy cows covered by brucellosis testing and slaughter operations was 3.94% and individual level was 1.70 per thousand. The highest percentage of contamination in herd level and individual level was 14.29% and 8.39 per thousand respectively in breeding complexes. Most of the contamination at individual level was 18.03 per thousand in Yazd province.

According to the results of this survey, there is an essential need to pay more attention to management systems of breeding complexes and their problems

Antibacterial drug use in food producing animals, in addition to the very beneficial effects on the prevention, treatment, and control of infectious diseases, can lead to health risks including microbial resistance and drug residues. This survey was conducted due to the lack of information on the status of antibacterial drug use in dairy farms of Qom province.

To study the usage pattern of antibacterial drugs and compliance with public health- related measures in dairy cattle farms in Qom province.

In this study, 100 dairy herds were surveyed in three areas of Qom province including the southern part (Kahak), West (Jafar-abad and Khalajestan) and central part (Qom and the suburbs) using a questionnaire and direct interview.

Injectable oxytetracycline, tylosin, penicillin + streptomycin were the most frequently used antibacterial products in dairy farms of Qom province (94%, 89% and 87%, respectively). A range of other antibacterial drugs showed high percentages of usage, as well. Among the 9 intramammary products, Tetranebalon®/Mastijet Forte® and Linconeocin MC® with 50% and 40% of frequency were the most commonly used products. Also, in a significant percentage of dairy farms, the milk collected from livestock treated with antibacterial drugs for mastitis (35%) or other illnesses (41%) was introduced into the milk reservoirs to be used in humans.

In Qom province, there was an overuse of antibacterial drugs and high percentage of dairy farm units that did not follow the principles of rational drug therapy and the withdrawal times of milk and meat. This could be due to inadequate awareness of livestock workers regarding the public health implications of using these drugs and insufficient monitoring of veterinary authority in the province.

Antibacterial drug use in food producing animals, in addition to the very beneficial effects on the prevention, treatment, and control of infectious diseases, can lead to health risks including microbial resistance and drug residues. This survey was conducted due to the lack of information on the status of antibacterial drug use in dairy farms of Qom province.

To study the usage pattern of antibacterial drugs and compliance with public health- related measures in dairy cattle farms in Qom province.

In this study, 100 dairy herds were surveyed in three areas of Qom province including the southern part (Kahak), West (Jafar-abad and Khalajestan) and central part (Qom and the suburbs) using a questionnaire and direct interview.

Injectable oxytetracycline, tylosin, penicillin + streptomycin were the most frequently used antibacterial products in dairy farms of Qom province (94%, 89% and 87%, respectively). A range of other antibacterial drugs showed high percentages of usage, as well. Among the 9 intramammary products, Tetranebalon®/Mastijet Forte® and Linconeocin MC® with 50% and 40% of frequency were the most commonly used products. Also, in a significant percentage of dairy farms, the milk collected from livestock treated with antibacterial drugs for mastitis (35%) or other illnesses (41%) was introduced into the milk reservoirs to be used in humans.

In Qom province, there was an overuse of antibacterial drugs and high percentage of dairy farm units that did not follow the principles of rational drug therapy and the withdrawal times of milk and meat. This could be due to inadequate awareness of livestock workers regarding the public health implications of using these drugs and insufficient monitoring of veterinary authority in the province.

Slaughterhouses are one of the most important sites for animal health monitoring and disease surveillances and implementation of control strategies. Valuable information about animal disease status can be achieved through routine meat inspection measures in slaughterhouses. urveillance and monitoring of various animal diseases and zoonoses such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), tuberculosis, brucellosis, parasitic infections) like fascioliasis, cysticercosis, trichinosis(or and high risk diseases such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) (because of easy detection of downer cow syndrome) are easily possible through ante- and postmortem meat inspection in slaughterhouses. In 2016, a cross sectional study was conducted with the objective of land territorial planning for slaughterhouses in our country. The study was done by collecting available information from Iran Veterinary Organization Council and municipalities using questionnaire. According to our results, totally, there are 396 slaughterhouses including 336 traditional and 60 industrial slaughterhouses in our country. Also for achieving the desirable health situation, we need to build at least 3, 26, 56 and 31 industrial modern slaughterhouses on the basis of the four patterns suggested by Iran Veterinary Organization, respectively. In conclusion, when we plan for implementation of prevention and control strategies for animal diseases, land territory for building slaughterhouses is really an appropriate tool for reducing live animal transport and replacement of meat trade with live animal trade.

  Among infectious diseases, Newcastle disease, due to being highly contagious and its rapid spread among poultry and other bird species, is a deadly viral disease and is considered a global threat to the poultry industry. To determine the occurrence of Newcastle disease in poultry broiler farms reported to the Iranian veterinary organization during the study period. This is a cross-sectional study from September 2013 to March 2015. During this study, from 185 farms and a total of 3700 bird sera, cloacal and tracheal swabs were sampled and tested using a haemagglutination inhibition test and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction respectively. In this study, of a total of 185 farms reported to the Iranian Veterinary Organization, 115 farms (62.16%, 95%CI: 55.17-69.14) were positive for Newcastle disease viruses and then using specific primers, 69 farms (37.3%, 95%CI: 30.33-44.26) had vaccinal pathotype (non-acute) and 46 farms (25%, 95%CI: 18.76-31.23) had acute pathotype (field virus). The mean±SD age of infected poultry was 24.63±5.38 days and antibodies titer against Newcastle disease virus was 5.97±1.21. The highest mortality rates were observed in the spring (32.34%) and winter (26.9%), respectively. Mazandaran (37%) and Isfahan (22%) province had the highest percentage of farms with Newcastle disease. The findings of this study suggested virulent Newcastle virus strains are circulating in the Iranian commercial broiler farms in the mentioned time and with high occurrence. Therefore, the relevant authorities need to make correct decisions to reduce the risk of Newcastle disease in the Iranian poultry industry and its control.

HPAI has economic and public health importance. Aquatic and shore migratory birds are the main reservoirs and the cause of the spread of viruses across countries. The aim of study was risk assessment of the spread of the avian influenza H5 viruses.   In this qualitative study, structured interviews and focus group discussions were used to assess the risk of the introduction and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5-subtypes) into Iran.   Over 300 wetlands, natural and artificial lakes, ponds, and more than 517 bird species (swans, geese, ducks, and coots) are identified in Iran. Weakness in detecting virus entry windows, weakness in passive surveillance of migratory birds, inadequate supervision on hunting of migratory wild birds, movement of  hunted birds without any criteria without the control of the Veterinary Organization, inability to monitor the supply of migratory birds in the LBMs, law weaknesses in dealing with offenders, lack of training for people, presence of suitable conditions for close contacts between wild birds and backyard and industrial poultry, and weakness of research on AI in migratory birds were the most important factors influencing the spread of these viruses.   HPAI will be one of the most important challenges for the poultry industry and public health.  Solving this challenge requires national determination, overhead organizational views, collaborative and practical cooperation of related organizations, and short and long-term planning based on the realities of the country.

While many dental procedures induce pulpal damage by increase the temperature, this study was established to evaluate the thermally effect of different laser methods on pulp, oral soft and hard tissues. In this study, laser irradiation applied to measure how increased in power output can influence on dental pulp by using CT images. Ten adult New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 2 groups receiving 3 and 5 watt for 15 second respectively on left side cheek teeth after shortening of third upper and first lower premolars. Right cheek teeth trimmed as well and served as control. CT scans were taken immediately after lasing and repeated every week for one month. The statistical analysis of dental measurements shows that teeth length of right and left third upper premolar was significantly different during time (P<0.012). While in first lower premolar there was no significant differences between right and left sides (P=0.338). In every week CT, group one showed no differences in right and left side in comparison to group two (P>0.05). Only third upper premolar in fourth week showed a significant difference between two groups (P=0.047). laser radiation could influence on tooth growth in both groups. This study revealed that the higher laser power would have been more effective on reduction of growth rate of teeth. In addition, 3D CT scans could be an appropriate tools for dental growth investigation.

  Researchers and health specialists are increasingly using self-reports to obtain information on chronic illnesses. This study was conducted to assess the validity of self-reports of diabetes based on a recent field survey in Mashhad.

In this cross-sectional study, we used the results of 2015 census in Mashhad, a population based survey of people over the age of 30 (n =307103), to determine the proportion of self-reported diabetes. The patient records of Sina Electronic Health Record system (SinaEHR®) coded as E11 and E12 approved by doctors were used as a reference. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated with 95% confidence intervals.

The sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, PPV, and NPV of self-reported diabetes was 24.59% (95% CI: 23.97-25.21), 98.04% (95% CI: 97.99-98.09), 12.56% (95% CI: 12.11-13.02), 0.77% (95% CI: 0.76-0.78), 44.77% (95% CI: 43.89-45.67), and 95.27% (95% CI: 95.23-95.31), respectively. The sensitivity of self-reported diabetes was higher in men, Iranian individuals, single subjects, people aged 60 and over, individuals with a BMI of 18.5-25, and those with university education.

Although the sensitivity of self-reported diabetes was poor in this study, its specificity and positive and negative predictive values were good. Furthermore, the sensitivity of self-reported diabetes was higher in men, Iranian individuals, single subjects, people aged 60 and over, individuals with a BMI of 18.5-25, and those with university education. It seems that caution should be exercised in using self-reported data in epidemiological studies.