فهرست مطالب علیرضا دربان آستانه

In recent decades, the growth and development process of cities, especially megacities, has gained a very high speed. This issue has been accompanied by a significant increase in population and activity in these cities. The excessive growth of the population in the metropolises has affected the physical development of the cities and their surrounding areas and has caused major changes and transformations in the rural settlements located around them. Among these challenges are the lack of services and facilities needed by the residents, the physical disorder of the settlements, unauthorized and unprincipled constructions, encroachment on national lands and natural resources and land use change, land and housing stock exchange, as well as social-cultural issues and problems in rural settlements within the city limits. Tehran pointed out that the main reason for these issues is the lack of a coherent and efficient management system. For this reason, in the current research, the integrated management model of the peripheral villages of Tehran has been studied as an efficient and alternative approach to the traditional approaches for managing the peripheral villages of Tehran city. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to explain the integrated management model of the peripheral villages of Tehran city. The statistical population of this research is the number of 34 rural settlements located in the metropolitan area of ​​Tehran, all of which have been studied as samples. The target community of the research included experts of executive bodies (national headquarters, province and city), local managers (villagers and members of the Islamic council of villages) and local knowledgeable people. The main tool for collecting data is a questionnaire and a total of 350 questionnaires have been distributed and completed. Indeed, statistical tests (chi-square, one-sample t-test, linear regression, and path analysis) were used to analyze the data. The study's findings indicate that the among these factors, the policy and planning factor has the most effect. And after that, institutional-executive, social-cultural factors, laws and regulations, economic and financial resources, and spatial factors have the greatest effect.

Network is a concept used to understand organizational relationships between economic actors. Networks are a form of business and innovation system and are powerful mechanisms for communication. The main objective of this research is to analyze the spatial network of poultry farmers in Shazand County in terms of cohesion and intra- and inter-group links through the E-I grouping index, separated by geographical levels of village, district, and section. The higher the inter-group relationships, the higher the social capital will be along with higher social cohesion.

The statistical population of this study consisted of all poultry farmers in the villages of Shazand County in 2023 (68 farms). The required data were collected through interviews and determined using UCINET software.

The results of network analysis showed that the E-I grouping index in social relationships among poultry farmers was 4.97% at the village level, 4.75% at the district level, and 7.41% at the section level, indicating a very high tendency for intra-group communication among poultry farmers at the village level. According to research findings, the power of intra-group communication among poultry farmers at the village level is significantly higher than that at the district and section levels. The spatial analysis of E-I index findings in relationships between poultry farmers based on village, district, and section indicates a greater tendency for intra-group communication.

Considering the importance of geographical distance, wind direction, traffic flow, direct communication in pollution and disease transmission between farms, as well as maintaining stability and health of farms and avoiding various types of pollution and diseases and specific environmental conditions... Intra-group communication among farms at the village, district, and section levels has increased while there is a decrease in inter-group communication.

Today; optimal management requires the utilization of local capacities and compliance with macro planning policies and systems. Accordingly, paying attention to local governance is the approach every planner uses. Peri-urban villages and especially rural areas of the Tehran metropolitan fringe must have an efficient management framework due to their influence from the city. This is possible when it is possible to identify the desired local management and related components. The review of the previous research shows the Weakness of the existing frameworks in explaining the integrated framework of local management in rural areas. This research has been done to develop a comprehensive framework of effective local governance processes in peri-urban villages with a systematic review.in terms of purpose, this research is basic. The current research has collected the components of local management of peri-urban villages in ten years with a systematic review approach. These components have been collected from 15 databases using 3 specific keywords and a clear and pre-designed strategy. After screening and qualitative evaluation, the final analysis has done on 20 articles—analysis of articles identified six components and 60 sub-components to explain the local management framework. The evaluation of the systematic review studies showed that integrity is a principle in local management. In this field, integrity in executive, structural, laws, financial sources of sustainability, policymaking, citizen-oriented, and vertical should be considered.

Given natural, historical, and cultural attractions, cities are considered important tourist destinations. Urban tourism development brings positive and negative economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts. This issue becomes particularly significant concerning sustainable development. Currently, the development of sustainable tourism plays such a role in the economic, social, and cultural development of the countries that economists consider it the engine of the country's development. The development of tourism in the world requires the efficiency of the management system, the strengthening of the infrastructure, and the improvement of the necessary capacities. One of the most important factors in the development of tourism in any region is how it is managed. This research aimed to investigate the future of spatial-strategic urban tourism development of Kish Island with a sustainable development approach and to compare the scenario writing method, SWOT analysis, and SOAR strategic model. The research method was exploratory and descriptive-analytical, which was conducted using library and field studies resulting from interviews and questionnaires (in two stages using the Delphi method). The sample included 54 officials and experts of tourism, urban planning and development and civil engineering of Kish Free Zone Organization, professors and experts of other disciplines related to the urban and tourism field, and 100 tourists and residents. SPSS software, one-sample T-test and ANOVA were used to analyze data. To determine the drivers of development and key factors, first 45 of the indicators that showed more than 60% uncertainty were selected, and then 30 were identified as influential factors by forming a panel of experts. For data analysis, interaction effects analysis method was used in MicMac software. The results indicated the instability of variables within the system. After identifying the influencing, dual, independent, and dependent factors, three scenarios for the sustainable development of Kish Island were developed based on the dependent factors, which included efficient tourism management, public participation, job creation, and income generation. The scenarios were compared with the strategies derived from the SWOT analysis and the SOAR strategic model. Finally, the point density method in GIS software was used to analyze the tourism space of Kish Island.

The dominant form of migration in developing countries, including Iran, is from the village to the city. However, during the past two decades, another pattern of migration, reverse migration, has occurred in rural areas in such a way that in the findings of the general population and housing census of 2012, the number of reverse migrants is higher than the rural-urban migration. In the whole city of Natanz, due to its location in the center of Isfahan province, the city of Isfahan has access to the markets of Isfahan, Badroud, Khaled Abad, Natanz, and Targhroud. On the other hand, the physical development of Isfahan and its economic and social relations have various characteristics. During the past years, reverse migration flow to urban and rural settlements has taken place in temporary and permanent forms. The general goal is to investigate and analyze the role of reverse migration in the economic development of villages in Natanz. From a practical point of view, the results of such research provide solutions to the country's managers to implement better planning to prevent migration and encourage migrants to return. Reverse migration is when people return to their first place (origin) after a long residence in another place (destination). In other interpretations and definitions, reverse migration is considered a reaction to creating attractiveness in rural areas, which emerges through the establishment of income in activities such as agriculture or animal husbandry, retirement, and sometimes due to the hardships of urban life; a process in which a person or persons, due to various reasons, return to their first place again from the place they have chosen as their new place.

This research is descriptive-analytical. The samples were based on Cochran's formula, and to complete the discussion, Krejcie and Morgan's sample size determination table was also used. Information was collected from 381 individuals across 24 villages through field surveys using a researcher-made questionnaire.

Regarding gender, 84.78% of the sample was male, and 15.22% were female. Also, 94.75% were married, and 5.25% were single. The age group included 3.93% 20-30 years old, 17.85% 31-40 years old, 28.08% 41-50 years old, 27.30% 60-51 years old, 22.83% 61 years old. Out of the total sample, 2.62% are illiterate, 27.82% have a diploma, and 36.49% have a bachelor's degree, master's degree, or higher.One sample t-test was used to study the factors affecting reverse migration. In order to evaluate the dimensions of the factors affecting the migration from the city to the village, the items were first oriented and it was combined as an average; considering the 5-point Likert scale in the research items, the number 3 was chosen as the theoretical median to evaluate the importance of the dimensions of the factors affecting reverse migration from the society's point of view. This research has been studied at a confidence level of 95%. Given the frequency of variables used for leveling (47 variables in the first step) and the importance of evaluating more important variables and determining the weight and importance of each variable, the factor analysis method was used. In this research, the exploratory factor analysis method was used to summarize data and identify causes. In order to determine the suitability of the collected data for factor analysis, the KMO coefficient and Bartlett's statistic, which were significant at the 1% level, were used, so they were suitable for factor analysis. By benefiting from the factor analysis technique in the principal factor analysis method, 6 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, and the variables for evaluating the dimensions of the factors affecting reverse migration were grouped in these factors based on the factorloading and after orthogonal factor rotation using the Varimax method. The 6 factors explained a total of 71.682% of the total variance related to the variables of factors affecting reverse migration.In this research, the basic theory is the theory of human capital, which was proposed by Larry Shasta. According to the theory of human capital, the return migration of people is formed in the hope of benefiting from more prosperity in the village. The result of the research shows that the reverse immigrants have been able to be effective in the economic sector in both capital and idea sectors. In fact, the innovation of this research can be that the economy is based on reverse migration, and if there is a correct plan and vision in the programs and among managers, it can cause the growth and development of villages.

Population relocation and migration is a sign of the continuity of human life, which has a history as old as humankind. People who consider the continuity of life, social and economic activities, and the field of effort limited and short for themselves in a geographical place start to migrate. Among the spatial-location features related to rural areas, "lack of welfare and civil services" has played a special role in the appearance of the driver of migration to the city. However, with the development of welfare-civil services and the increase in the income of the agricultural sector and belonging to the original birthplace, the return of immigrants to rural areas is provided. The results of this research are related to the research of Shaojun Chen and Wurong Liu (2020); urban repulsion factors and attraction factors play a role in the migration from the city to the countryside. It is associated with Stockdale's (2014) studies concerning urban repulsions, such as the inability to create jobs in cities and rural attractions, such as age and retirement. It is associated with the studies of Edival (2015) about urban repulsions such as lack of job security and rural attractions such as retirement. It is associated with the studies of Langroudi et al. (2012) in the field of rural attractions, such as obtaining more income, increasing relative welfare, and improving human dignity for migrants returning to rural areas. According to the studies of Afrakhteh et al. (2015), in economic and cultural-ethnic causes, the least impact on reverse migration from the city to the village is associated.

The development of sustainable entrepreneurship plays a critical role in promoting human well-being and environmental preservation. To achieve this objective, it is essential to understand the factors affecting the emergence of entrepreneurial opportunities in different regions. Therefore, this study aims to explore these factors through a descriptive-analytical survey, with data collected from documentary research and field surveys. The number of experts was 52 who were purposefully sampled using the snowball method. The study employed four indicators and 28 items, which were measured using the Likert scale. A sample of 439 individuals, consisting of 387 villagers and 52 experts, participated in the study. The selection of the 387 villagers was determined using Cochran's formula from a statistical population of 215,104 people. Descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics, including one-sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance, were used to analyze the data. The results of the one-sample t-test revealed that all indicators examined in the study were statistically significant at a confidence level above 95%. These findings suggest that the villagers' perception of these indicators is positive, given that the observed mean value (3.1) is assumed to be positive. Furthermore, the evaluation statistics, such as the multiple determination coefficient and adjusted coefficient of determination, indicated that the transcendental model provides a better understanding of the factors influencing entrepreneurial opportunities and the key areas of entrepreneurship. The analysis of the transcendental model demonstrated that government subsidies, investment and facilities, product insurance, and education are the most influential factors in the formation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Additionally, the most important sectors for creating and developing entrepreneurship were found to be handicrafts, home-based jobs, oil and gas, medicinal plants, and date production. Overall, the results highlight the region's significant potential for natural, economic, and industrial entrepreneurship, emphasizing the necessity for the government to prioritize investment in entrepreneurship.

Awareness and understanding of the climate trends by farmers and the attitude towards the necessity of this awareness is one of the essential capacities in agricultural societies. Farmerschr('39') attitudes to climate information are affected by their behavior with the climate hazards and uncertainties and influence their decision on adopting appropriate strategies to minimize the damages caused by climate changes on agriculture and improve their readiness. Hence, the aim of the present study was to establish a comprehensive framework and model for the qualitative evaluation of studies discussing the factors that affect farmerschr('39') attitudes to climate information utilization with a systematic review approach. For this purpose, the following keywords, including climate, climate change, climate changes, meteorological information, global warming, drought, flood, chilling, frost, climate hazard, precipitation, temperature with the aid of the following keywords namely, farmer, farmerchr('39')s attitude, farmerchr('39')s perception, farmerchr('39')s knowledge, and indigenous knowledge were used in both languages, Persian and English, among the articles published between the year of 2000 and 2019. After three stages of screening 788 related articles and according to approved criteria, 25 scientific and research articles were selected and explored. After qualitatively evaluating these articles, a model with five bio-environmental, individual, social, economic & technological factors as well as 19 dimensions has been proposed to evaluate the factors affecting farmerschr('39') attitude towards using climate information. Finally, to apply the results of this study, a unified conceptual model is presented that can be the strength of the existing frameworks in making the national agricultural policy.

A look at the evolution of village management and management approaches shows that rural governance has been considered as an effective and efficient approach to accountability, transparency, legality and accountability of local affairs, which can play an important role in achieving sustainable development. in this study, we tried to examine the role of rural governance in the economic sustainable development in Kahak district in Qom couanty. The research method is descriptive-analytic and for data collection, a documentary and survey method was used. Questionnaire and observation were ccollections tools. The statistical population of the study consists of 17 rural administrations (dehyars) and 34 members of islamic rural councils (IRCs). The validity of the questionnaire was assessed and confirmed by the opinion of the professors and experts of rural management. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and validated using Cronbach's alpha test at a very high level (0.91). In order to analyze of studied variables the SPSS software and statistical methods were used. The results of the research show that the rated rural-dominated villages in the studied villages is 3.7 and then the accountability with the score of 4.08 is the best. Also, analysis of variance test shows that governance influences on economic development and with increasing level of governance the level of economic development also increases. In this research, responsibility factor in the study area with coefficient of 0.453 is considered as the most important factor affecting economic development.

Due to the existence of suitable space and potential of rural areas of the country, renewable energy has been proposed as a suitable option for energy supply. Therefore, the aim of this study is to integrate multi-criteria decision making methods and geographic information systems in order to assess the potential of optimal areas at the local and rural levels to provide the highest possible spatial separation in this field by presenting decision methods in spatial studies. In this study, the best-worst method was used to weight the criteria and the WLC method was used to obtain a fitness map for the development of renewable energy in Mashhad. The results show the importance of environmental and economic criteria as well as attention to the type of renewable energy for rural areas. Thus, 54% of the total area of the study area is suitable for the establishment of solar power plants and 25% for the establishment of wind power plants in the class. In the study area, the villages were divided into two groups of villages with wind energy potential and solar energy. The villages of the first group are mainly distributed in the southwestern margin and the villages of the second group are distributed in the southern and central margins of Mashhad city. The results of this study can be very useful for planning and decision making at all levels of management for the development of renewable energy in the future.

Climatic diversity, soil and water richness, the land potential for growing horticultural products, and the economic value of horticultural products have turned Kermanshah province into one of the areas prone to producing horticultural products. The cultivation and processing of olives in the hot regions of the province is not an exception. In this regard, the identification and development of agricultural clusters (orchards) are one of the solutions adopted in developed countries for agricultural development. The purpose of this research was to study the feasibility of a cluster of olive processing businesses in Kermanshah province. The research was based on a mixed-methods Design (sequential-explanatory) that used a survey method, a document study, and a few case studies. The research population was composed of gardening and processing experts in the Agriculture Jihad Organization, experts of industrial township companies, processors of garden products, and gardeners who were sampled by the snowball technique. The sampling continued until theoretical saturation. The research investigated the feasibility of creating an olive processing cluster in the study site by considering the characteristics of the cluster feasibility study, including geographic focus, cooperation and competition between businesses, and shared advantages and challenges. The results showed that the geographical concentration of olive processing was in Dallaho County. Also, the results revealed that the olive processing businesses had competition and cooperation with each other and had common challenges and advantages. The results can be used by the Industrial Township Company Office and the Ministry of Agriculture.

Social capital plays an important role in increasing bioavailability, which undoubtedly is the main goal of all planning and development, including rural planning and development. This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical approach that is conducted with a sample of 355 people among the people of Kurdish villages in Rudbar city. The data gathering tool in this research included: library studies for gathering information about research literature and then field research through observation and questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is Kurdish villages of Guilan province in Rudbar with 12 villages and 2955 population (according to the census of 1395). The number of samples was determined using the Morgan table, 340 people were selected. To increase the level of confidence and reduce the error in the data, the number of samples was increased and 355 questionnaires were completed The research was used to systematically explain the factors influencing location and achieve a comprehensive model of multivariate path analysis. The direct and indirect effects of the variables discussed were studied in a model. The results of the research indicate that the physical variables of spatial belonging (0.445), the dimension of social capital trust (0.126), the environmental dimension of spatial attachment (0.168), spatial sense of belonging dimension (0.99), social correlation dimension And then social capital participation is the most important factors that directly affect the location of the villagers' affiliation.

Rice waste is one of the agricultural wastes in Guilan province and a source of livestock feed. Most of it is imported from abroad. Therefore, abundant rice waste and livestock need for fodder provide a good opportunity for entrepreneurship. This research has a quantitative approach with an applied orientation. The purpose of this study is to identify barriers to entrepreneurship development from rice straw as animal feed. The statistical population of the research is 180000 rice farmers, out of which 400 farmers from 40 villages and 10 farmers in each village were randomly selected as a sample. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire and data analysis was performed using factor analysis model. The results show that the factor of facilities and natural conditions include variables of humidity, rainfall, lack of storage and machinery with a eigenvalues of 2.5 and a percentage of the variance of 30.9. Socio-cultural factors including variables of knowledge, education, and poor management with a eigenvalues of 1.93 and variance percentage of 11.4, financial factors including the cost and capital shortage variables with eigenvalues of 1.36 and variance percentage of 8.7 and ownership rate including variables of a number of livestock and land with a eigenvalues of 1.26 and percentage of the variance of 5.5 6, are the most important disincentive factors of the straw entrepreneurship development, is known as animal feed. We conclude that by removing this barrier, entrepreneurship can be developed and the problem of providing livestock feed in the province will be solved to some extent.

      Flood is defined as an unconventional increase in river discharge. Complete protection from flood hazards is rather impossible. For those living next to floods, implementing new policies is necessary regarding land use management and development of residential areas along rivers to reduce the effects of destruction. One of the basic steps to reduce the harmful effects of floods is to identify flood-prone areas and grade these at risk. For this purpose, one of the solutions against floods is to prepare for a zone. By using zoning maps in watersheds, flood preparedness can be created. The purpose of this study is to perform the zoning of flood-prone areas in Talar drainage watershed and to calculate the damage in areas eroded and destroyed by floods in 20 meters of river, which due to the geographical location and weather conditions in recent years, this region has been faced with various floods and in this regard, the importance of risk zoning and management and planning of the region intensifies.

In order to conduct this research, input data including digital geological file, digital vegetation file, digital soil file, digital elevation model (DEM) with a spatial resolution of 10 meters, satellite image, and flood event statistics and information were used on 19 July 2015. HEC-1 model in WMS  was used to estimate the hydrograph of SCS unit in Talar basin and Kasilian sub-basin.To determine the flow and boundary conditions, the peak flow number for the flood of 19 July 2015 is 163 cubic meters per second. In order to zone the flood, software WMS and HEC-RAS models have been used.  Since the upstream and downstream slope of the river have a significant impact on the flooding process, the upstream slope is 0.02, and the downstream slope is 0.01. Water elevation points were imported from HEC-RAS program in WMS, and cross section profile plots were prepared at the location of sections located in rural and urban areas, and finally, water depth maps were prepared and compared for the event on 19 July 2015. The Kruger Method was used to determine the maximum instantaneous discharge for 50-year and 100-year return periods. In order to calculate the damage in flooded and eroded areas, a 20-meter area of the river has been considered. Then, the monetary values in each square meter of the covered uses have been estimated according to experts, and finally, the flood damage has been calculated. Duncan-Tukey and ANOVA tests were used to assess the hazard.

    In the SCS unit hydrograph, the peak time is 390 minutes for the Kasilian basin and 555 minutes for the Talar basin. The height of the current water level and the height of the water level at the critical level in some cross-sectional profile plots have coincided, which indicates the dangerous situation in these areas. The largest area of ​​flood zones in the flood of 19 July 2015  in Shirgah, Zirab, and Pol Sefid cities at a depth of  0.6  meters, Do Ab villages at a depth of  0.3  meters, Lerd and Rudbar villages at a depth of  1.2 meters, Darzikola, Vazmela and Sangdeh villages at a depth of  0.6  meters. The highest area of ​​flood zones in the 50-year return period is in Pol Sefid and Shirgah cities at a depth of  0.3  meters with an area of ​​181 hectares, and the 100-year return period in Shirgah with an area of ​​292 hectares at a depth of  0.3  meters. Also, the largest area of flood zones in the 50-year and 100-year return period in rural areas is located in the villages of Valik Ben Sang Deh, Darzikola, and Vazmela, with an area of 276.9 and 188.6, respectively, at a depth of  0.3  meters. The results of statistical tests in the risk assessment section showed that in total, two uses of rangelands with an average water depth of   0.57 meters have the lowest average water depth and urban residential areas with an average water depth of  0.84 meters have the highest average water depth.

According to the flood zoning on 19 July 2015, it was determined that the highest areas of water depth zones of  0.3 meters,  0.6 meters,  0.9 meters,  1.2 meters, and  1.5  meters are located in Pol Sefid city. The zoning of the 50-year and 100-year flood return period also indicates an increase in the area of ​​water depths of 0.3 meters,  0.6 meters, 0.9  meters, 1.2 meters, and  1.5 meters compared to the flood of 19 July 2015. Considering the area of ​​flood depth zones in the flood of 19 July 2015 and the area of ​​land uses covered by flood risk, it was determined that the most damage is related to the Zirab city in residential use with a damage of  266,482,744,183 Rials. Then the city of Pol Sefid with agricultural use with damage of 96,979,434,983 Rials and the city of Shirgah with garden land use with damage of 78,544,366,182 Rials. Finally, flood risk assessment with Duncan, Tukey, and ANOVA tests showed that residential land use has the highest average depth of  0.84 m, and Lerd rural area with an average depth of  1 m has the highest flood potential.

Agriculture as the main source of livelihood for rural residents of the developing countries is inherently sensitive to climate variability and change. Among different climatic events, drought is frequently identified as a major threat to agricultural. In order to reduce the negative impacts of drought on livelihoods, increasing the resilience of farmers is necessary. Improving the sustainable livelihoods of rural people has received growing attention during last decades and is one of the main goals of sustainable rural development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the resilience of farmers and provide livelihood strategies in the central part of Shazand County based on random sampling of 12 villages. The aforementioned villages to assess the resilience, the four dimensions of economic, social, and institutional infrastructure based environmental were used based on the sustainable livelihood framework, was used. The findings of the study showed that the farmers' resilience to drought conditions is in unsustainable economic and institutional dimensions and in the environmental and social indicators of a stable situation. The results of cluster analysis method, five livelihood strategies for compensating and resilient farmers against drought including the first strategy for deep-seated agriculture and increasing productivity, second, third and fourth strategies for diversification into non-agricultural and domestic activities and ultimately the strategy. Fifth, based on the desire to migrate, was identified and presented.

The role of villages in the economic, social and political development at the local, regional and international scale has been the main focus of rural development and rural management. Rural management in Iran went through a lot of changes after the approval of the Law on Councils and the formation of Islamic Councils in settlements with more than 20 households, and eventually, the approval of the Establishment of Self-Sufficient Rural Municipalities Act on July 5, 1998. Based on this Act, several duties are recognized for rural municipalities, including rural planning, construction service, rural health, social services, cultural services, planning for disasters, improvement of rural environmental conditions and supervision of physical development plans. These duties are similar in all villages with councils. Despite the fact that rural management services are necessary for all kinds of villages, it is not possible to provide these services; even if it is possible, the cost is not viable. In other words, we currently have expensive and costly management of rural settlements. Therefore, after two decades of new rural management, a study needs to analyze the geographical, social, cultural and economic conditions. The purpose of this study is for the new rural management to cover services as much as possible with economic efficiency, promotion of public participation and private sector, the spatial connection of settlements, applying distributed network services and reduction of functional differences, reformation in different dimensions; environmental-physical, structural-institutional, social-cultural, economic and human aspects of rural management. Thus, we can provide a suitable model for providing integrated rural management that all the rural population will be provided services according to their right.

The current research is an applied study, and the results can be used in planning and decision-making. The research method is a survey, so with social sampling techniques can be generalized to other rural areas. The data collection tool is a questionnaire, which was used for four units of analysis, including the members of the Islamic village council, the village mayors, villagers and experts. The survey is of a descriptive and explanatory type because it aims to objectively and precisely explain the process of the activities of rural municipalities and examine the relationships between variables and structures to explain and interpret the influencing factors in improving performance. This will be used for rearranging the current model of rural management with the aim of providing maximum coverage of services. The statistical population of the research includes all the cities of Qazvin province (six cities). The target counties, districts and rural districts have been selected as clusters. A total of 427 questionnaires have been completed by residents of 40 selected villages in Qazvin province. The criteria are population, distance, number and population of villages. First, nine districts were selected and accordingly, 22 rural districts and finally, 40 villages were selected.

In this paper, the factors affecting the reorganization of the rural service management model in five dimensions of environmental-physical, structural-institutional, social-cultural, economic and human aspects. The findings indicated the effectiveness of the described dimensions. Based on the findings, the followings are the most important components: in the environmental-physical dimension, components such as adopting an area instead of a point-based approach, spatial link and geographical features of the region and maximum coverage of services, in the structural-institutional dimension, the components of amending laws and regulations, creating joint construction and service organizations, increasing villager activity hours and providing services to neighboring villages, in the socio-cultural dimension, the components of fair distribution of services, accountability, performance transparency, increasing interactions and attention to vulnerable groups, in the economic dimension, the components of compliance with economic efficiency, reducing service costs, increasing productivity, sustainable sources of income, shared services, and finally, in the human dimension, components of people's participation, private and cooperative sector, reforming the selection process of village mayors and citizenship education. These components can be used for rearranging the rural management for rural service.

                                                                  
Rural tourism is one of the types of tourism that is related to many other patterns of tourism, but its special feature is the establishment in rural areas. The preservation of rural areas in order to exploit geographical spaces in the process of national development depends on diversification and the spread of new forms of activities along with agricultural activities and the adoption of effective strategies for rural development. Rural tourism has two important aspects, one as a global activity and the other in terms of changing it in regional development policies and local tourism as a powerful tool, an undeniable role in shaping and shaping the environment. It surrounds and can direct the flow of work and social, economic, cultural and economic activities, and in the meantime, with rational planning and management, bring huge profits to cities and governments. Community-based tourism is used as a tool to protect the natural, cultural and social resources of communities. A community style that contributes and encourages cultural and natural conservation while creating opportunities to improve the standard of living of the community. This type of tourism provides the potential to create entrepreneurial opportunities for people with diverse backgrounds, skills and experiences, including rural communities, especially women.

Data collection tools in this study included library studies to collect information related to research literature and then field research through observation and questionnaires. According to the study, the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.921. The validity of the research was also examined qualitatively using the views of critics and experts. In this study, in order to investigate the factors affecting sociology in the study area, four dimensions of social, economic, environmental and management have been used. Also, in order to analyze and analyze the desired indicators and to zoning the community-based living conditions, the Kriging and Hotspot method of intermediation is used. In other words, the method of data analysis is based on spatial statistics.

 Spatial analysis in the form of kriging and hotspot is used to examine the social status of community-based. Spatial distribution in the form of kriging, the state of community-based tourism indicates the distribution of results in a west-east direction. In the western part of Gilan province, which includes the cities of Talesh, Rezvanshahr, the situation is better. On the other hand, Anzali city in the center and also Langrood, Rudsar and Rudbar have relatively favorable conditions in terms of community-based tourism and this is itself. The main reason for the growth and income of rural people, the existence of tourism facilities and infrastructure in rural areas, is to benefit more from the village that has been created economically, comprehensive local satisfaction with the tourism situation, creation and local work by the community. Local, the existence of agricultural products, development in the village, increasing the investment of local people and institutions in treatment and tourism services, environmental management by local residents, the existence of participation and social cohesion among residents.

The result was that for the distribution and social status of the community-oriented west-east, the situation in the western cities of Gilan province is much better and better than other areas, as well as areas in the center of the city of Foumin and help. . Bandar Anzali and in the east, the cities of Rudsar and Langrud are paying more attention to the situation. Finally, using the hotspot method (hot spots), the unequal situation of community-based tourism in the region was investigated, which indicates the neutrality of most villages in the province, only a limited number of villages in the west of Gilan province (Talesh city) and in cities. Are located. Bandar Anzali, Rasht and Siahkal were favorable conditions and cold spots are prevalent in the villages of Astana Ashrafieh and Shaft.

Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township)Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township)

Today, tourism plays a vital role in the growth and development of economic, social, cultural and environmental activities of the destination communities. Tourism has provided approximately US $ 1.5 trillion in tourism spending, reaching 1.5 billion in 2019. The main positive outcomes of tourism include economic benefits such as tax revenue, job creation, or diversification of the local economy (Godovykh & Ridderstaat, 2020). Due to recent technological, demographic, economic and social changes, tourism marketers are facing the challenge of increasingly limited financial resources and intensifying competition from various destinations around the world. Hence, it has become more difficult to differentiate destinations based on traditional hard factors (infrastructure, economy, accessibility, availability of financial incentives). Thus, the destination brand and creating an emotional connection with a place has become a vital tool to become key activities in the marketing of tourist destinations (Y. Liu et al., 2020). Tourism destination branding is a competitive tool that drives destinations to customer preferences and influences their motivation, even if they have not already encountered it (Saeed & Shafique, 2020). Brand value includes the four main dimensions of brand awareness, mental image, perceived quality and loyalty (Tran et al., 2019). Despite challenging and competitive environments in tourism destinations, increasing the popularity of the destination brand to attract more tourists and promote the brand image of the tourist destination and the intention of tourists to visit the destination has become an important task (L. Liu & Wang, 2018). The core of the destination brand is to create a mental image. Image reconstruction is a place based on place-based identity and understanding of local culture. Which ultimately leads to improving the quality of life of destination residents (Rehan, 2014). The brand image reflects destination-dependent perceptions (Pike, Bianchi, Kerr, & Patti, 2010).

The present research is in terms of purpose (applied) and in terms of nature (descriptive-analytical). Information will be collected based on documentary (library) and field studies. In the first step, in order to get acquainted with the background of the research subject, in addition to using foreign and domestic scientific sources such as scientific books, research articles, student dissertations (master's and doctoral degrees), from various documents, especially statistics published by the Statistics Center of Iran. Executive device information files and base maps are used. In the second step, considering the nature of the work in the research, the statistical population is all tourists and visitors, who have traveled from 1400 natural, historical and cultural tourism centers of Marivan city, a questionnaire has been completed. In order to determine the sample size, the number of tourists and visitors to the tourism sites of Marivan city was set as a criterion and the number of samples was determined as 384 with the help of Cochran's formula. These numbers were selected by stratified random sampling. This research was used to analyze the data and conceptual model of the research using SPSS26 software, SmartPLS3, and to generate a map using ArcGIS10.8 software.

The results obtained from testing the hypotheses show the path coefficients, adjustment coefficient, significance level and test results in relation to the research hypotheses. As stated to test the main hypothesis, it shows that the significance coefficient of this route (55.05) is more than 1.96 and therefore, the mental image of the destination brand confirms the development of tourism in Marivan city at a 95% confidence level. However, from the adjusted coefficient of explanation, it can be inferred that the variable "brand image of the destination" explains 72% of the variable "tourism development", according to Figure (3-4) according to the standard coefficient of dimensions. Tourism development has "economic dimension" with the highest standard coefficient (0.850). To investigate the second hypothesis, according to the significance coefficient of this route (46.195) is more than 1.96, therefore, the effect of cognitive imagery on tourism development at a 95% confidence level is confirmed. From the explanation coefficient of adjustment, it can be concluded that the variable "cognitive image" explains 73% of the changes in the variable "tourism development". For the third hypothesis, it shows that the significance coefficient (16.794) is higher than 1.96, which at the 95% confidence level confirmed that the inherent image of the brand has a significant effect on tourism development. 47% explains the changes in the "tourism development" variable. To test the fourth hypothesis based on the unique brand image on tourism development, considering that the significance coefficient of the route (26.830) is more than 1.96, it is confirmed at the 95% confidence level. In addition, the "unique brand image" 60 Explain the changes in "tourism development". The fifth hypothesis due to the coefficient of significance (9.278) is higher than 1.96 at the 95% confidence level, it is confirmed that the emotional image is effective on tourism development and was able to explain 32% of the changes in the variable "tourism development". Finally, the last hypothesis, like other hypotheses, its significance coefficient (47.920) is more than 1.96, which confirms the 95% confidence level. To explain.

The present study has analyzed the role of the mental image of the destination brand in the development of tourism in Marivan city. The results of examining the hypotheses show the impact of the destination brand's mental image on tourism development such as attracting tourists, selling national products and products, foreign direct investment, strengthening and facilitating public awareness and improving cultural change. The results showed that the brand's mental image of the destination will be effective in the development of tourism in Marivan city. The results of management modeling showed that the cognitive variable (awareness) with the highest standardized coefficient (0.855) and then the action image (loyalty) with the standardized coefficient (0.824) in explaining the tourism development variable as well as the economic development variable With a standardized coefficient (0.850), it had the most influential variable of the mental image of the brand of Marivan city.

The purpose of this study is to identify the drivers that will affect the sustainable development of rural tourism in Urmia city in the future.

In this regard, the research method is descriptive-analytical with a heuristic approach to futures research. For this purpose and first of all, the drivers were identified using the Delphi technique through the presence of 20 specialists and experts who were purposefully selected; and then, using Mick Mac software, the relationships and how they work and their effectiveness were identified.

From 42 factors, 36 factors were considered in the end, which according to the high impact score and direct impact, finally 12 factors (income from tourism, competitiveness, employment in tourism, investment in Tourism, diversity of tourism opportunities, awareness of local community and tourists, sense of tourist confidence, increasing the culture of tourism, land use change due to tourism, tourism spaces, infrastructure, welfare services) as the output of Mick Mac in the future development of sustainable rural tourism of Urmia are influential.

As a result, it is hoped that by recognizing the capabilities and limitations, planning for tourism in the villages of Urmia will take a better course.

Everyone's sense of attachment to their home and place of residence can have a significant impact on rural communities. Location ownership among rural households is also an important factor in shaping user-environmental relationships that will lead to the creation of quality environments in rural areas. This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical approach with a sample size of 450 people from rural areas in Rudbar. The data collection tools used in this study included: library studies to collect information on research literature and then field research through observation and questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is Kurdish villages of Gilan province located in Rudbar city with 18 villages and total population of 2955 (based on Census 2016). Using Morgan table, 450 samples were selected. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated to be 0.874 for the sense of placeholder indices and 0.915 for the social capital indices based on Cronbach's alpha. In this study, we used Kiiging method for zoning social capital and social capital. In other words, the method of data analysis is based on spatial statistics. The results show that the spatial distribution of attachment to the place is north and south, and the villages in the center to the southwest have the least attachment and the northern villages have the best situation. In terms of spatial distribution of social capital, the best situation is in the central part of the villages and the least spatial distribution in the southwest and to some extent in the southeast.

Iran is not comparable to some countries in terms of the total number of endemic bird species, but Iran's ecosystem diversity, influenced by the three major biogeographical regions of the world, can attract birdwatchers from different continents and countries in all seasons. Most bird species in Iran are dependent wetlands, and the development of avitourism in line with the goals of sustainable development can also be effective in protecting wetlands and generating income for the local communiies. The existence of 41 of the 42 types of wetlands identified in the Ramsar Convention, the existence of 105 important bird areas (IBAs) from the 391 places existed in the Middle East and also the 555 different species in Iran, indicate the development capacity of avitourism. The purpose of this study is to measure the tourism capacity of avitourism in the geographical spread of Iran by extracting various factors influencing the selection of avitourism destination, scoring, evaluation and production of zonation maps. The weighting of the destination selection criteria has been done by SWARA method and ranking of destinations with TOPSIS technique. In terms of "species importance", Golestan, Gilan and Mazandaran, Sistan and Baluchistan, Fars, Hormozgan and Khuzestan provinces, in "species diversity" factor, Khuzestan, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchistan, Fars, Mazandaran, Golestan and Tehran provinces, in "access to wetland habitats", Tehran, Kurdistan, West Azerbaijan and Bushehr provinces, and lastly in "all the factors influencing the choice of destination", West Azerbaijan and Hormozgan provinces are in the top of rankings.

Behbahan County is located in the southeast of Khuzestan province and due to suitable climatic conditions and the existence of permanent rivers such as Maroon and Khairabad, Zohreh, as well as having arable and fertile soil, has provided favorable facilities for agricultural development (Statistics Center of Iran, 1397: 42). However, the entrepreneurial situation in the villages of the region is weak. Meanwhile, in the villages of Behbahan County, the number of unemployed people with higher education is very high and about 6370 people (Statistics Center of Iran, 1397: 42). As a result, the opportunities presented in this study in achieving sustainable entrepreneurship in order to create employment and sustainable income for residents and maintain the environment that is endangered due to the extraction of oil and gas products, can provide useful insights in the field.

The sample size was selected through Cochran's formula, 387 people and was identified using the classification sampling method with the assignment of the optimal share of each village and the people in each village were randomly selected. The dependent variable is the promotion of entrepreneurial opportunities in the region and the independent variable is the role of government in entrepreneurship development, which is measured by 10 items. Convergent validity of the latent variable of the study was also obtained through the mean of extraction variance (0.87) which showed internal consistency and appropriate convergent validity. In order to evaluate the validity of the items, first the variables were identified based on the background and in the next step, the items were adjusted according to the characteristics of the region, and finally the items were modified and finalized based on the opinions of experts and professors. Cronbach's alpha test was also used to evaluate the reliability of the research scales. The results showed that the calculated alpha value for 10 items of government role is 0.73, which is statistically acceptable. Also, in order to analyze the data, one-sample Chi-square tests were used to evaluate items, one-sample t-test was used to evaluate independent and dependent variables, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the average entrepreneurial opportunities. To understand and analyze the results of the questionnaire, the transcendental and translog production function, which is used for polynomial equations whose coefficients are also polynomial, has been used. Finally, through path analysis, which is a kind of statistical analysis of multiple regressions, and by examining the relationships between dependent variables and two or more independent variables, used to evaluate causal models, the extent and importance of causal relationships between variables is estimated.

Using the analysis of the questionnaires completed by the villagers of Behbahan County, the result of evaluating the amount of entrepreneurial opportunities in the region is examined according to the role of the government. The results of one-sample t-test are significant for all studied indicators at a level of confidence above 95% and considering that the observed mean difference is assumed to be positive (3.1), so statistically it can be said that the studied villagers are effective. These indicators have a positive opinion. Also, the level of significance and the distance from line one to one of the t-test statistic close to 2 of all indicators are statistically acceptable. Comparison of evaluation statistics shows the production functions of translog and transcendental. Also, according to the evaluation statistics of multiple determination coefficient and adjusted coefficient of determination, the transcendental model has a better evaluation than explaining the role of government in promoting entrepreneurial opportunities. The residual standard error, which is also one of the important statistics in evaluating production functions, is less in the transcendental model. Therefore, considering the adjusted coefficient of determination of the transcendental model, it can be said that the independent variables of the model are 91% effective in explaining entrepreneurial opportunities. The results of this path analysis approach show that among the items explaining the role of government in promoting entrepreneurship; Indigenous culture and education (68% of the total impact) has a much higher indirect share compared to other items. The new rural management, with a total impact of 67%, also has the largest number of exogenous routes and acts as an important station. This variable indirectly affects the various variables of necessary facilities with sufficient interest, government subsidies and product insurance with significant correlation coefficients. It is necessary to state that in general, culture and education of indigenous peoples, establishment of inputs and support networks, new rural management, necessary facilities with sufficient interest and government subsidies at the rate of effects of 68, 57, 67, 60 and 63, respectively. Percentages had the highest total effect. This means that the government can play its role in promoting entrepreneurial opportunities by playing its role through the mentioned items.

This study shows well the interactions of effective variables in entrepreneurship and the role of government in rural development. At present, the amount of government investment in entrepreneurship, government support measures for entrepreneurs, and the amount of government funding for entrepreneurship opportunities, as well as institutions providing funding from the government, are able to finance the acquisition of entrepreneurial businesses. are not. Therefore, the growth of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas depends on the design and application of new financing management methods such as government support measures for rural entrepreneurship. However, unfortunately, the role of the government in creating jobs and entrepreneurship in the villages of Behbahan is very small. Considering the potential opportunities of Behbahan villages in realizing sustainable entrepreneurship and in order to create employment and income for rural residents, using these opportunities and government support can have a beneficial impact on business creation. And have rural entrepreneurship for the sustainable development of rural areas. Unemployment is one of the main challenges in this region, while these villages have a lot of talent to earn money and create jobs.

What is very important in determining the development goal of countries is the study of rural management and its performance in rural planning from the bottom up. Dehyari, as the main organization of rural management, has an important and effective role in achieving sustainable rural development. This development largely depends on the satisfaction of its members. Therefore, no development can take shape without the participation, satisfaction and social trust of the villagers. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate and analyze the satisfaction of villagers with the performance of rural areas, in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and in terms of practical purpose. Data were collected in two methods field and library. Its statistical population consists of three cities of Azna, Khorramabad and Kuhdasht of Lorestan province. 344 villages were selected based on three indicators: spatial distribution at the city level, Dehyari degree and Dehyari establishment history. Villagers' satisfaction with the performance of villages in the three areas of basic and functional functions, motivational function and service quality (reliability, responsibility, physical dimension, management style and empathy), studied and using Kano model, evaluation of service quality gap and Spss software was analyzed. The results show that the highest satisfaction of the residents of the study area is: reliability, responsibility, physical dimension, management style, motivational function, basic and functional function and its lowest satisfaction, respectively. is the sympathy of the villagers.