علیرضا زمانی

Economic growth and development are important economic goals for every country and have been the focus of economic planners for a long time. Therefore, with the formation and development of growth models in economic literature, the category of investment and capital provision has been placed in the focus of researchers and policymakers as one of the basic economic issues. This research aims to examine the asymmetric effects of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Iran by applying the nonlinear autoregressive distributed Lag (NARDL) and existing theories in this field, with seasonal data from 2001 to 2021. The research results show that the positive shock of foreign direct investment has a positive effect, and the negative shock of foreign direct investment has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in the long term. Also, the positive shock of the degree of trade openness has a positive effect, and the negative shock of the degree of trade openness has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in the long run. In addition, the results show that the balance of payments also has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long term. Finally, the results of the Wald test also show that the effects of foreign direct investment shocks and trade openness are asymmetric in both the short and long term

New taxonomic and faunistic data on spiders of Ecuador are provided, based on a small set of previously unstudied specimens collected at Tiputini Biodiversity Station in Orellana. These specimens belong to five species in three families: Anapistula tiputiana sp. n. (♀; Symphytognathidae) and Pseudanapis yasunica sp. n. (♂; Anapidae) are described as new to science, and the hersiliids Neotama obatala Rheims & Brescovit, 2004, Ypypuera crucifera (Vellard, 1924) and Y. vittata (Simon, 1887) are newly recorded in Ecuador. Illustrations are provided for all treated species.

New faunistic and taxonomic data are provided for 18 families of Iranian spiders. Four species, Cryptodrassus liyanicus Zamani & Marusik, sp. n. (♀, Bushehr Province; Gnaphosidae), Mesiotelus khorasanicus Zamani & Marusik, sp. n. (♂♀, Razavi Khorasan Province; Liocranidae), Nurscia minuscula Zamani & Marusik, sp. n. (♀, West Azerbaijan Province; Titanoecidae) and Talanites farsensis Zamani & Marusik, sp. n. (♀, Fars Province; Gnaphosidae), are described as new to science. Clubiona liachviana Mcheidze, 1997 stat. reval. (Clubionidae) is removed from the synonymy with C. alpicola Kulczyński, 1882 and is reported from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan for the first time; additionally, its previously unknown male is described. The genus Kishidaia Yaginuma, 1960 (Gnaphosidae) and a total of 10 species are recorded in Iran for the first time, and new provincial records are provided for 20 species. Two specimens from Iraq are also reported. Considering the results of this paper, the number of species of spiders known from Iran is increased to 980 species in 329 genera.

Nation branding is a suitable model recommended by international organizations for export development in the third millennium. An important part of the exports of countries in the world are industrial products. In this regard, due to the importance of this issue for the country, this study was conducted with the aim of providing a model for promoting the nation brand in the field of exporting goods and industrial services. The current research is an applied-developmental research in terms of its purpose, and it is considered a cross-sectional survey research from the point of view of the method of data collection. The community of participants in the qualitative section includes senior managers and entrepreneurs in the fields of branding, industry, export and trade, who have sufficient experience in the aforementioned fields. Sampling was done with a targeted method and theoretical saturation was achieved with 11 interviews. Research findings showed that a national macro-policy and export-oriented culture are the main parameters affecting the national brand. The communication infrastructure in the country provides the necessary platform and the challenges of export sanctions play the role of an interventionist. Finally, the use of relevant strategies to improve the export of industrial goods and services leads to the promotion of the national brand. The central phenomenon including (international branding) also affects the strategies in the field of export of goods and industrial services. Finally, it was found that the strategies of the model lead to a certain result (improvement of the national brand).

Two poorly known species of the zodariid spider genus Zodariellum Andreeva & Tystshenko, 1968 – Z. spasskyi (Charitonov, 1946) and Z. zebra (Charitonov, 1946) – are redescribed based on type specimens from eastern Uzbekistan. Additionally, a lectotype is designated for the former species.

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The aim of this article is to investigate the impact of supply chain risk on the buying behavior of active companies in Mobarakeh Steel Complex (MSC). This study, is of mixed type in terms of the nature and type of the data, is fundamental and applied in terms of the purpose, is descriptive in terms of implementation, and is exploratory in terms of method. The study was carried out in two stages using qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative stage, case study was used as the research methodology. The statistical population included the purchase managers from MSC and its suppliers, from which snowball sampling method was used to select 20 managers for interviews. Interview was used as the data collection tool, and the qualitative data analysis was carried out using the qualitative content analysis method. The analysis was performed using open, central and selective coding methods along with providing documentary evidence. In the quantitative stage, descriptive research method was applied to determine the size of the sample using Karjesi and Morgan's sampling table. Among more than 80 active supplier companies, a sample of 66 companies was selected, of which 62 completed questionnaires were obtained. The data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between the risk of foreign suppliers and the buying behavior of industrial customers. In addition, the results of the study indicated that in the steel industry, communication systems and environmental factors have less impact than other factors, since suppliers are more concerned about price and quality, which are the main priorities of MSC.

One of the most important factors in creating the desired quality of urban design is "urban security". The concept of urban security refers to the protection of community members from dangers and pollution in the urban environment.The existence of a safe environment for living is one of the basic necessities and needs of human beings, along with other basic physiological needs of human beings. Therefore, quantitative and qualitative identification of indicators and factors affecting environmental characteristics and its impact on social security of citizens is essential.The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting security in Kooti neighborhood, which is one of the historical neighborhoods of Bushehr port. In this regard, the research has been done using deductive strategy and descriptive-analytical method, and the data collection has been done in the form of library study, field survey and using a questionnaire. Due to the current situation caused by the Covid-19 epidemic, the questionnaires were sent online to experts. The statistical population was selected using random sampling method from the citizens of Kooti neighborhood. These factors were classified into four groups: body, monitoring, activity and visual qualities. Each of these factors has variables that were analyzed in the study using SPSS and EXCELL software. Using ONE SAMPLE T-TEST test, it was concluded that the body index plays a more important role than other research indicators in establishing security in Kooti neighbourhood and in general, the level of citizens' satisfaction with the security of this neighborhood is low.

To investigate the effects of defoliation and nitrogen foliar application on yield physiology of sunflower, a experiments was performed in a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement in Gonabad region during 2015 and 2016 seasons. Nitrogen consists of two levels of spraying in flowering time (N1) and control (N2) in the main plots. Defoliation consists of five levels: Control (D1), 1/3 defoliation at 8th leaf stage (D2), 2/3 defoliation at 8th leaf stage (D3), 1/3 defoliation at beginning of the flowering (D4), 2/3 defoliation at beginning of the flowering (D5). In nitrogen deficiency conditions, by cutting 1/3 of the leaves at the first of the flowering, grain yield increased by 28% (0.54 to 0.75 kg ha-1) compared to control treatment .In the conditions of nitrogen consumption, after removing the 2/3 of the leaves at the first of the flowering, the amount of dry matter transfer reallocation from the stem to the grain showed a significant increase compared to the control, while in the conditions of non-nitrogen consumption, defoliation treatments had a slight effect on the contribution of stem reserves. Under the conditions of nitrogen deficiency, the negative effect of sink size restriction on grain yield is more than the negative effect of source strength restriction. constraints than the source power limitations On the practice Gain rejection is more. Plant breeders focus their programs to increase the efficiency of nitrogen consumption in order to increase the strength of the sink and reduce extra leaves with low efficiency in grain filling.

The purpose of this study was presentation of paradigm model of professional sport coaching in Iran. Method of research was grounded theory, and participants included 20 coaches and athleteschr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39')))s football, futsal, volleyball, handball, track and field, badminton, conditioning, body building, Karate and swimming. The coaches had international credentials and excellence, and athletes were selected to compete nationally and internationally. They were selected based on a purposeful sampling and snow ball method to be subjected to deep and exploratory interviews. The interviews were continued till reaching theoretical saturation. The confirmation and verification of the findings were carried out through qualitative research criteria. Open, pivotal and selective encoding was employed to analyze the data. The study finding indicated that there were identified and extracted 590 conceptual codes with 153 indicators and 45 main topics within the format of the following six-fold aspects: causal factors (9), background factors (8), central topics (1), strategies (7), intervening conditions (13) and outcomes (7). It can be concluded that in addition to the development of individual factors, coaches should also pay attention to interpersonal and contextual factors and use his knowledge and art to perform the various roles, tasks and activities in which he is responsible.

The increased response of T helper (Th) 22cells might be involved in thepathogenesis ofType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The present study aimed to investigate the transcription factor of Th22 cells (aryl hydrocarbon receptor [AHR]) and interleukin 22 (IL-22) in CD4+ T cells as well as the impact of oral empagliflozin treatment. The correlation between the aforementioned factors and clinical parameters was also determined among the patients.

In this case-control study, 50 patients under the treatment of metformin and gliclazide were divided into two equal groups, including the patients receiving empagliflozin (EMPA+) and not receiving empagliflozin (EMPA, as the control group). The peripheral blood CD4+ T cells were isolated on the initiation day of the study and after 6 months of therapy, and the gene expression levels of AHR and IL-22 were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the production of IL-22 after activation was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The levels of fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c diminished in the EMPA+ group after empagliflozin therapy, compared to those reported at the baseline (initiation day; P<0.001 and P=0.04). The gene expression level of IL-22 and production of IL-22 significantly reduced after 6 months of empagliflozin therapy (P=0.011 and P=0.001). A significant positive correlation between IL-22 production and its gene expression with AHR as well as between fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c was observed in the EMPA+ patients after therapy (P˂0.05).

In addition to antidiabetic effects, empagliflozin has anti-inflammatory impacts on the immune system, especially on Th22 cell-related factors.

Immune-mediated polyneuropathy is divided into acute and chronic categories named as Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy based on the course of the disease. Although the basic mechanism of these conditions has not been yet clarified, genes that regulate immune responses are putative contributors in their development. The aim of this study was to compare the blood expression level of IL-34 gene between patients with GBS and healthy individuals.

In this case-control study, blood samples were collected from 53 patients with GBS (i.e., 33 chronic patients and 20 acute patients) and 40 healthy individuals. Gene expression levels in the studied groups were measured using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Finally, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 16) at a significance level of < 0.05 was.

The patient group consisted of 36 (67.93%) males and 17 (32.07%) females. In addition, the healthy control group included 27 (67.5%) males and 13 (32.5%) females. The results showed a significant increase in IL-34 expression in the GBS patients, compared to that in the control group.

The findings of the present study revealed an increase in IL-34 gene expression in patients with GBS. Accordingly, it seems that IL-34 gene has an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an inflammatory disease with alterations in immune system. Remarkably, cytokine imbalance plays an important role in pathogenesis of T2DM. The purpose of this study was to determine the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 and the effects of sitagliptin on the level of these cytokines in patients with T2DM.

Blood samples were collected from 60 T2DM patients and 30 healthy control subjects (HCs). T2DM patients were divided into two subgroups based on their treatment; with sitagliptin treatment (100 mg/day, n=30) for 8 months and without sitagliptin treatment (n=30). The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 cytokines were assessed using ELISA method. ANOVA with posthoc Bonferroni were applied to statistical analysis.

The serum level of TNF-α was significantly higher in T2DM patients without sitagliptin compared to HCs (p=0.002). Whereas, the serum level of TNF-α was significantly lower in patients with sitagliptin compared to patients without sitagliptin (p=0.01). The serum level of IL-10 showed a significant reduction in patients without sitagliptin compared to HCs (p=0.003). On the other hand, a significant elevation was observed in serum level of IL-10 between T2DM patients with and without sitagliptin (p=0.002). Considerably, no significant difference was observed in serum level of IL-1β between T2DM patients with and without sitagliptin and also in comparison to HCs.

Sitagliptin treatment significantly decreased the level of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 in T2DM patients. It seems that sitagliptin had an anti-inflammatory effect on immune system of the patients.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of leadership style on organizational commitment and organizational climate in the Iranian National tax Administration in 2019. The methodology of the research applied in terms of purpose and the method of data collection was descriptive-survey. The statistical population consisted of all employees of Iranian National Tax Administration, among them, using Cochran's formula and a random cluster sampling method, 752 people were considered as the sample size. The data collection method was based on Transactional and Transformational leadership Standard questionnaires by Bass and Olive (2000); Organizational Commitment by Meyer and Allen (1997) and organizational climate by Halpin & Croft (2000). The data analysis was done using structural equation modeling by software Smart PLS 2 in two parts, the measurement model and structural section. In the first part, technical characteristics of the questionnaires including reliability, validity; convergent and divergent validity were evaluated. In the second part, software significant coefficients were used to evaluate the hypothesis. Finally, the findings of the research confirmed the effect of transformational and transactional leadership styles and each dimensions on organizational commitment and organizational climate in the studied population.

An overview of the Arachnida and their study in Iran is provided. Besides ancient poetry, relics (going back to 5,000 YBP), and early medical observations (at least 2,000 YBP), the first published taxonomical observations of arachnids from Iran were in 1807 about scorpions. The superorders Parasitiformes and Acariformes (mites and ticks) have received by far the most attention among all of the Arachnida thanks to their economic and medical/veterinary importance. Occurrences have been noted for over 1,733 species in four orders: Ixodida, Mesostigmata, Sarcoptiformes, and Trombidiformes. The first tick of the Ixodida was described in 1818. The first mite species described from Iran was of the Mesostigmata in 1982. The first member of the Sarcoptiformes named from Iran is uncertain, but the first Iranian species of the Suborder Oribatida was described in 1984 and was likely the first for the order. The first species described from Iran of the Order Trombidiformes were named in 1995. Studies on spiders started in 1874. Spiders are recorded by the occurrences of 764 species. Scorpions number 68 species in Iran and receive a lot of study and are better known compared to mites and spiders on a percentage basis, because scorpions have such a small diversity worldwide. The first Iranian species of Solifugae was described in 1895. The camel spiders are known from 67 species. Pseudoscorpions are recorded by 65 species. The Opiliones are known by 22 named species. The Amblypygi are recorded from Iran by one species described in 2018.