فهرست مطالب علیرضا صالحی پور میلانی

In the east of Jask City, four severe floods with high discharge occurred in the Sadij River between 2009 and 2019. This research aims to evaluate the morphological changes of the Sadij River due to the occurrence of floods over a period of 11 years and in the four significant floods during 2009, 2014, 2017, and 2019. Geomorphic effects on the river were extracted using Landsat and Google Earth satellite images. GIS10.5 software and the Fluvial Corridor were used to investigate the morphological changes caused by floods in the river. The erosion and sedimentation levels were evaluated with the RNCI model. The results showed that the average width of the channel decreased by about 38 m, and the length of the river increased by about 3510 m in the floods between 2009 and 2019, corresponding to the increase in the curvature coefficient of the river from 1.40 to 1.56. According to the results of RNCI, the flood of 2019 with a discharge of 1167.73 m³ caused the highest amount of erosion compared to the other floods. Among the studied reaches, the most changes in geometrical parameters belonged to reach B

Gilan province is one of the most populous regions of the country, with a population of 2,530,696, making it the twelfth most populous province of Iran. These areas have become unstable due to factors such as the increase in immigration and the lack of recognition of the effective landforms in the quality and quantity of groundwater, especially in coastal areas, and require proper management and potential. Alluvial fans are an important landform in the plains that start from the mouths of the rivers coming out of the mountains and continue to the lowlands of the plains. In the present research, after identifying the boundaries of alluvial fans in the low-altitude eastern and central plains of Gilan province, the morphometric characteristics of each alluvial cone were calculated independently and quantitative analyzes of the geomorphic features of alluvial fans were provided. Therefore, in this article, we have tried to identify the boundary of the morphometric changes of alluvial fans according to statistical classification, and determine the ratio of changes in underground water parameters, so that the results of this research will help to identify underground water sources according to the morphometric characteristics of alluvial fans. Also, the results of this study show that geomorphic studies before carrying out implementation plans can be the basis for reducing errors in determining the right place to feed an aquifer or dig an underground water well.

The alluvial fans in the east and center of Gilan province are located in the geographical range of 40.50° to 49.00° east longitude and 30.36° to 25.37° north latitude (Figure 1) and are influenced by the Anzali and Darya lagoon catchments. These areas, with an area of 3820 square kilometers, start from the west of the city of Masal and continue to the city of Chabaksar (originally the political border of Mazandaran province) in the east.In this research, first, information on the depth of water table, standard deviation of time changes of water level, well discharge and electrical conductivity of 23559 rings of drinking, agricultural and urban wells were obtained from Iran Water Resources Organization. Also, the border of 28 alluvial cones was drawn using Landsat 8 satellite images, Sentinel 2 satellite and 1:50000 topographic maps in Arc Gis software. The parameters used and how to calculate them in this study for alluvial fans are: area of alluvial cone in kilometers, radius of the cone, sweep angle, height of the top of alluvial cone, height of the base of alluvial cone, degree of roughness of the cone, length of the cone, slope of the alluvial cone, concavity of the cone Alluvium, the length of the base of the cone, the volume of the alluvial coneAfter extracting morphometric data and groundwater data for each alluvial cone, statistical methods and tests were used to make decisions about the impact of morphometry on groundwater parameters. For this purpose, SPSS version 23 software was used to classify the morphometrics of alluvial fans using cluster rank-order cluster analysis and its tree diagram was drawn. In the current cluster analysis, Euclidean geometry was used to determine the distance of members from each other.
Then, each separated cluster was evaluated separately by Pearson's correlation test, and the correlation of the morphometric parameters of each cluster with the changes in the groundwater parameters of that cluster was measured. In the end, RFFLOW software was used to draw the model of the influence of geomorphic parameters.

Due to the fact that the flow rate of the wells in the alluvial cone largely indicates the stable or unstable potential of underground water in the direction of exploiting these resources. Therefore, the results of the correlation test of flow rate with alluvial cone morphometry show that the area, length and total volume of alluvial cone in the study area have a positive correlation of 99% with the groundwater discharge of the area. In fact, with the increase in the area, length and volume of alluvial cones, the amount of water that can be extracted from the wells increases. This point has a positive and strong correlation of 99% with the height of the top and base of the cones, which indicates that in alluvial cones whose morphometry is higher than others, the amount of groundwater flow is also at that time. Alluvial cones are more. The slope of the alluvial cone, as an important factor in the duration and degree of water infiltration in the soil, has a negative and strong correlation of 99% with the flow rate, which indicates that by reducing the slope, the water flow rate has been reduced to a minimum. underground increases.

The results showed that the changes in discharge, electrical conductivity and depth of the sedimentation surface from the total of 11 morphometric parameters of the alluvial cone are affected by the morphometric characteristics with the amount of 82%, 45% and 45% respectively. are considered important for identifying and zoning the appropriate potential of underground water on a larger and local scale. Based on this, the highest amount of discharge can be observed in the alluvial cone of the third cluster. The reason for this issue is the direct relationship between the volume and area of the cone with the changes in the underground water flow. Also, in the third cluster, with the increase in the area of the cone from the average (19.3 km) to the maximum area (71.3), the flow rate of the wells also increases. The depth of the water table is also not significant because of the same conditions in the entire region and the water table depth of all three clusters is close to the total average .In general, the results of this research showed that geomorphological landforms and the difference in their morphometric characteristics can be used as an important indicator in evaluating the potential of underground water and can be used as a model in the studies of underground water in areas with the climatic characteristics of the studied region.

The desert areas of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These areas can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the areas with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat areas with morphometric and geological diversity.

The coasts of Jāsk and its eastern regions are of great importance in developing the country's southern areas due to their strategic location, such as the establishment of military centers and the pipeline project to transfer Goreh oil to Jāsk. Monitoring and evaluating the changes in coastlines, mainly due to natural events such as floods in these areas where coastal structures are located, can provide valuable information to the environmental planners for the optimal implementation of construction projects. This research aimed to evaluate the changes in the geomorphology of the coastline due to the occurrence of floods in 6 years and 4 major floods in the years 2014, 2017, 2019, and 2020 at the base of the Sedij Delta. Landsat satellite data and the NDWI index were used to extract geomorphological units and coastlines. Coastline changes were also calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) extension in the two geomorphological units of the sandy beach and the estuary of the Sedij Delta. The results showed that during the occurrence of these floods, according to the NSM index, the changes in coastlines in the mouths of the estuaries have a trend with sedimentation. The maximum progression of the coastline after these floods was 503 meters, and sandy beaches have an erosion process. The maximum rate of retreat of the coastline is 256.16 meters. The study of changes in the area of coastal barriers during the flood period showed that these floods have led to severe erosion of the coastal barriers, and about 171.79 hectares have lost their area at the base of the Sedij Delta. This research showed that in addition to the river processes, the intensification of marine processes, such as the height of waves, especially on sandy beaches, can significantly affect the erosion of coastlines in the studied area.

A flood is a natural disaster caused by heavy rainfall, which causes casualties and damage to infrastructure and crops. Trend of floods in the world increasing due to climate change, changing rainfall patterns, rising sea levels in the future, and in addition, population growth and urban development and human settlements near river have caused floods to become a threat to humans. One of the most important and necessary tasks in catchments is to prepare flood risk maps and analyze them. In recent decades, researchers have been using remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems to obtain flood risk maps in an area. Due to the numerous floods that have occurred in the Neka river catchment, it is necessary to conduct a study entitled zoning of flood sensitivity in Neka river catchment for more effective management in this area.

Study area: Neka river catchment area with an area of ​​1922 Km2 is part of Mazandaran province in terms of political divisions. This basin is between 53º 17´ 54 º44´ east and 36 º 28 ´to 36 º 42´ of north latitude. The highest point of the basin is 3500 m (Shahkuh peak) and the height of the lowest point of the basin in the Ablo station is about 50 m and at the connection to the Caspian Sea is -27 meters. The seven sub-basins of this basin are Laksha, Golord, Burma, Metkazin, Kiasar, Alarez and Sorkh Griyeh. Geologically, the basin is mostly of calcareous and marl formations. In the south and southwest of Neka River, the rock material is mostly clay and calcareous marl, which makes this basin has a high erosion potential To study the flood zoning of the area using a multi-criteria decision model, 1: 25000 maps of the surveying organization and a digital elevation model with a resolution of 12.5 meters (Alos Palsar) were extracted. In order to study the flood risk in Neka river, 4 criteria of height, distance from the river, land use and slope have been used. In the present study, modeling and preparation of flood risk zoning map in 4 stage including descending valuation, normalization of each class, normalized index weight and integration of criteria has been done by the following linear weighting method. Performing linear weighting operations depends on the weighted average of a number of selected parameters in the opinion of the expert. According to the weight assigned to each criterion based on the expert opinion, each of the criteria was multiplied by the assigned weight and at the end the criteria were added together and the final zoning map was obtained.

In this study, using a multi-criteria decision-making system model, a flood risk zoning map in the Neka river catchment was prepared. According to the weight assigned to each criterion based on expert opinion, the final risk probability map has a value between 0.02 to 0.2, which is ultimately divided into 5 classes in terms of flood risk. Value range 0.02 to 0.06 component of very low risk zone, range 0.08 to 0.11 component of low-risk zone, range 0.11 to 0.13 component of medium-risk zone, range 0.13 to 0.16 component of high-risk zone, and finally domain 0.16 to 0.20 components of the area with very high risk potential have been obtained. According to the final divisions in the flood risk zoning map of the catchment area, a safe area means areas where the probability of flooding is very low and close to zero, and in contrast, the area with a high and very high risk potential for flooding has the probability of high-risk floods. According to the final flood risk zoning map, about 982 Km2 (51%) has high and very high vulnerability, as well as about 510 Km2 (26.69%) has medium vulnerability in Neka catchment area.

The results obtained from the model indicates that the highest risk of flooding points are located in the western parts of the Neka catchment area and the end of the catchment area that reach the city of Neka. According to the research findings, the most important factors in increasing the risk of floods were the slope in this area and the distance from the drainage network. According to the results of the model, a large area of ​​the basin is a component of high risk zone, that means the Neka river watershed has a high potential for floods. Evidence and documented reports show that the Neka river Basin has experienced several floods in the last two decades. The major part of the occurrence of floods is due to the natural conditions of the basin, thus it is necessary to reduce flood damage by changing the locations of various land uses based on flood vulnerability maps. Using multi-criteria decision making method can be used to prepare flood risk zoning maps in basins that do not have hydrometric data; It is also a more cost-effective method in terms of time. One of the important issues in the final result of this model is due to the weight of the layers, which should be used by experts, who are familiar with the region and this method and adapt to field evidence.

Light pollution generally refers to an unplanned increase in artificial lighting and the consequent change in light levels is not guided (Lu, 2002). Light pollution is called standard pollution at an inappropriate time or place and is said to be annoying and polluting the environment and the night sky.Studies show that excessive exposure to artificial light, especially in the dark hours of the night, can be considered as light pollution and adversely affect the environment and humans. Studies show that excessive exposure to artificial light, especially in the dark hours of the night, can be considered as light pollution and adversely affect the environment and humans. The exponential growth of population and the rapid rate of urbanization and industrialization in Iran has significantly increased the amount of artificial light at night and increased the amount of light pollution. There are various tools for assessing night light variations, including operational linear satellite scanning data for the Meteorological Defense Satellite Program (DMSP / OLS). This data not only helps in assessing the severity of light pollution but can also be used as a tool for risk management and high-risk zoning and susceptibility of this pollution. This study attempts to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of light pollution in Iran.

This study was conducted at national and provincial level. DMSP / OLS night light images were used as data for this study. The data were downloaded from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The brightness in these images reflects the night light in residential areas of DMSP / OLS night optical illumination from six satellites (F10, F12, F13, F14, F15 and F16) and the spatial resolution of these images is 850 meters. The calibrated digital data of the DMSP / OLS satellite are digital numbers (DN) of each pixel between zero and 63 and were therefore classified into 6 classes in order to better analyze the images was used. Classes with digital numbers (DN) less than 1 are as areas without luminosity, 1/12/4 with very low luminance, 12/24/4/8/8 with low luminosity, 24/37/2/2 with Moderate luminosity, 37 / 49-2 / 37 high brightness and 49-6 / 63 high brightness areas. The rate of change of digital number (DN) at the national and provincial levels, as well as the percentage and area of ​​each class in each time period, and the rate of change in each class over the period 1991 to 2001, 2001 to 2004, 2004 to 2006, 2006 to 2011, 2011 to 2013. In order to investigate the effect of human factors on night light changes, the relationship between night light and relative population density at country and provincial level and its variation over time periods were studied and statistical relationship between them was calculated.
Discussion and

The three provinces that occupy most of the area with the most glare in the provinces are: Tehran with 2621 square kilometers, Khuzestan with 2214 square kilometers (Figure E2), 3- Isfahan with 1891 sq. Km. In addition, the lowest luminosity area belongs to the three North Khorasan provinces (95 km2), South Khorasan (118 km2) and Ardabil province (127 km2). Have earned their own. mong the provinces of the country, DMSP / OLS Satellite and Satellite Provinces in 2013 are the most glare-free region of the country, covering an area of ​​about 168002 km, followed by Kerman provinces with 161800 km and Yazd with 121491 sq km is next in rank. The highest relative density of the country was observed in Tehran provinces (654 people / km2), Alborz (270 people / km2), respectively. This high relative density of population in these two provinces has increased the amount of artificial light produced so that Tehran province accounts for the highest percentage of night light area with very high brightness (8.8%) in 1996 and a total of 0.5%. 46% of the province is in the range of light with very low, low, medium, high and very high brightness, and the rest of the province lacks brightness at night, which accounts for the least percentage of night light in the country. Is. Alborz province has the second highest relative density of population in the year 1996 and at the same time after Tehran province has the highest brightness of light with 5/16.

The results of this study show that the amount of night light in the country has been steadily increasing from 1996 to 2013, and the percentage of the area with very low brightness has increased by 25.8%, for the low brightness area (111.8%). , Increased in the region with moderate luminosity 142.5%, in high luminosity region (140.2%), and in high luminosity region 156.8%, which could be a warning for the spread of light pollution in the country.. In 2013, the two provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Tehran provinces had the highest amount of artificial light in terms of area and percentage of the area with high brightness at night, and Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars and Isfahan provinces. There are other provinces that rank next.
 

The coastal territory is considered as the intersection of the geomorphic processes of the sea with the land. Although the dynamic and evolution of coasts is a known phenomenon, the frequency and intensity of this change over time lead to different processes and alterations in coastlines. It can affect the human-economic and environmental dimensions in addition to changes in the natural aspects of the coast. The coasts of the Oman Sea from Konarak to Kalat in Sistan and Baluchestan province have always been the location of military and fishing coastal facilities due to their environmental and strategic conditions, so assessing the changes and stability of the coast of this region is very important. In the present study, the monitoring of coastline changes in the coastal geomorphology units of this region between 1989 and 2020 was evaluated using Landsat satellite data and the DSAS plugin. The results showed that the changes in the whole study area are small and, according to the LRR index, they are progressive and about 0.07 meters per year. The results showed that the changes in the whole study area were small and, according to the LRR index, they were progressive and about 0.07 meters per year. Moreover, the evaluation of coastline change rates in the study area showed that marine terraces were the most stable geomorphological unit and their change rates were only 0.05 meters per year, and sandy beach with 0.39 meters' progress per year was in the next rank. Also, coastal whites with regression of about 0.67 meters per year were considered the most unstable morphological unit in the region. Also, the results of the future trend of coastline changes showed that the port of Kalat, due to the increased sedimentation process and the advancement of the coastline, would probably have problems in the future to exploit it.

Extensive scientific studies in the field of geodiversity are underway today, reminding the international community of the growing importance of identifying and protecting these geological heritages. Therefore, the expansion of studies related to geodiversity, especially in Iran, which has a lot of geological and geomorphological richness, can open a new window in the field of recognizing natural potentials. Watersheds and mountainous areas dominated by salt lakes and Hoz-e-Sultan are among the areas that have a very diverse geological and geomorphological diversity, so studies of these areas with geodiversity approaches and valuation of these areas using the index In addition to creating a new approach to natural studies in these areas, geodiversity measures as well as land use metrics allow planners to maintain well-planned planning, as well as development planning, especially tourism and Educationally design appropriate decision-making for these areas. Study area The study area includes catchments and elevations overlooking Hoz-e- Soltan and Namak lakes. Which includes the heights of the northwest of the region and overlooking the Sultan Basin (Unit 1). Unit 2 is located southwest of Salt Lake. Unit 3 includes the heights of the southeast of the Salt Lake and includes three separate sections, and the Yakhab heights are one of the most important areas in this section. The fourth unit is located east and northeast of Salt Lake and consists of two units.

This research is descriptive and analytical. The boundaries of the catchments of the studied units were prepared using the Alos-Plasar digital elevation model with a spatial resolution of 12.5 m and using the ArcHydro plugin in ArcGis10.7 software. In this study, six criteria were used to assess geodiversity: geology, fault, topographic position index (TPI). In order to analyze the geodiversity in the study area, a set of quantitative methods of geodiversity indicators and land use measurements were used. In the analysis of geodiversity index (GD), the method of Serrano et al. 2009 was used. In calculating the Landscape metrics, seven indicators used in this research including the roughness density of each piece (PRD), Simpson roughness index (SIEI), Shannon N roughness index (HEI), Shannon diversity index (SHDI), Simpson diversity index (SIDI), index Modified Simpson N (SIEI), Simpson Modified Diversion Index (MSIDI).

the average geodiversity index results show that the values of the highest average geodiversity among the studied units belong to units 4-1 with a geodiversity value of 2.85, followed by 1-3 with 2.6 and 3-3 with 2.47, respectively. the lowest average value among the units belongs to unit 1-1 with 0.156. If we consider each unit as a whole and zone, we can say that in the catchments overlooking the Salt Lake and Sultan Basin, unit 4 with an average geodiversity value of 2.55 has the highest value and then respectively Unit 3 with a decrease of 2.496, Unit 1 with a value of 1.25 and finally Unit 2 with a value of 0.66 are in the next ranks. In order to rank the units from the perspective of land use metrics, the average of all variables in each unit was calculated (Table, 6). Based on this, from the PRD measurement point, unit 1-1 with an average of 0.329 has the highest value. In the scales, SHDI (1.640) and MSDI (1.366) and in the RPR scale, the highest values belong to unit 2 (22) and unit 3-3 in the scales 0.814 (SIEI), SHEI (0.862, and MSIEI0.721) ) And in the SIDI scale (0.66) the highest values belong to units 1-4. In general, according to the study of the average of each zone, Zone 2 with the highest values in the RPR, SHDI, SIDI and MSIDI scales from the point of view of land use scales has the highest score and then Zone 3 with two SHDI and MSIEI and Zone 1 in PRD and Unit 4 in SIEI are one in the next ranks.

One of the most important advantages of the geodiversity index compared to land use measurements can be considered as segmentation of different areas of a map based on the unit of cell, which allows better display of geodiversity value of each cell. Each unit allows the zoning of different parts of a unit from a geodiversity perspective and provides researchers with a more detailed analysis of the geodiversity values in each unit, while considering the land features of a unit as a whole. And provides only the ability to provide geodiversity values for a unit. In addition, considering the roughness coefficient in the geodiversity index simultaneously with the studied element, can enter the equation of the role of topographic factor in better geodiversity analysis of each cell and provide a better evaluation of the land landscape measure.

Earthquake is dangerous and catastrophic natural phenomena that cause great damage to human societies every year. Despite significant advances in the retrofitting of urban buildings and increasing the knowledge and ability of specialists in natural disaster control, earthquakes are still considered as one of the most important hazards in residential areas, especially cities. Iran is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world and the city of Razan in Hamadan province has a high seismic potential due to its location next to important faults such as Avaj fault and the possibility of earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 6 in this region. Therefore, determining the vulnerability and resilience of this city against earthquakes is very important. The purpose of this study is to prepare a zoning map of Razan city vulnerability and also to determine the resilience of Razan city to earthquake events. In order to prepare a zoning map of Razan city vulnerability to earthquake, 15 demographic, natural and physical variables were used and using fuzzy network analysis (FANP), Razan vulnerability map was prepared in five floors and by neighborhoods. Took. In addition, in order to analyze the resilience and readiness of the residents of this city to deal with the earthquake event, 372 questionnaires in the form of 32 questions with social, economic, physical-managerial and environmental approaches were completed by the citizens of this city. The results of vulnerability zoning show that 55% of the area of Razan city is in the range of high and very high vulnerability and neighborhood 5 with an average vulnerability of 0.798 has the highest vulnerability. Physical factors such as poor skeleton of buildings, old age of buildings, narrow passages and especially high population density are important factors affecting the vulnerability of Razan city. In addition, the results of the questionnaire show that the preparedness and resilience of the city's neighborhoods against earthquakes in any of the city's neighborhoods are not on the upper and very high floors, and the middle class with a score of 2.7 is the dominant trend in the resilience of these neighborhoods. It is a city and the third neighborhood of this city has the lowest rate of resilience of the city. Poor functioning of management and institutional structures as well as low economic ability of citizens to return to favorable conditions after the earthquake are among the factors that have led to a decrease in the resilience of Razan city against earthquakes.

Marine and lake terraces are one of the geomorphological features that exist in the coastal areas, which are due to the erosion of an old coastal platform, tectonic uplift of coastlines and fluctuations in sea level. The marine terraces may be located above or below sea level, depending on the time of formation. Due to the relatively smooth surface of the terraces, these terraces are commonly used for human activities. The study of sea and lake terraces is done for different purposes and by several methods, which include the use of radar interferometry to estimate marine terraces (rising coasts) which is one of the most important geomorphological features. Out of 25 marine terraces in the coast of Makran (Iran and Pakistan), there are 12 marine terraces in Iran and their elevation has risen under the influence of tectonic processes. In the past, studies on the rate of rise of these marine terraces have been done using the methods of determining the absolute age, but due to the limited number of tests and also the impossibility of generalizing the results to all different parts of the marine terrace, a comprehensive study of this marine terrace are not possible at different elevation levels. Therefore, the use of radar interferometry technique allows a more comprehensive study of this phenomenon.

To measure the deformation behavior of a phenomenon requires examining the time series of that phenomenon in the region. Therefore, several images must be available at different time intervals from that region and several interferometers must be inserted between different time intervals to calculate the rate of deformation in the calculations, which is known as interferometric time series analysis. For interferometric time series processing in this study, by selecting permanent scattering pixels in the whole region, the time series behavior of these pixels was investigated using the short base length (SBAS) method. In this research, ASAR radar sensor image of ENVISAT satellite obtained between 2003 and 2010 (Sarscape software) was used to implement each of the mentioned time series.

The results show that the impact of tectonic activity on marine terrace is not only uplift and in addition there are several subsidence in the terraces. The highest average rate of elevation is related to Lipar marine terrace with 0.73 mm per year (maximum 4.11 mm per year) and then Chabahar with 0.34 mm per year (maximum 3.17 mm per year). Guatre and Pasabandar terraces are in the next ranks.

The results of this study show the appropriate efficiency of ENVISAT-ASAR satellite data and SBAS model in the study of deformation of Oman marine terrace. The highest rate of uplift in the study area is observed in Lipar and Chabahar, which has the effect of higher tectonic uplift and the highest altitude of Iranian marine terrace in this area. The uplift rate from the west of the region to the east is gradually decreasing, and this is accompanied by a decrease in the height of the marine terrace. Therefore, it can be assumed that the decrease in altitude of the terraces located in the west of Chabahar (Konarak, Gordim, Tang, Kalat and Jask) has been associated with a decrease in the uplift rate compared to Chabahar, which requires monitoring the altitude changes of the marine terrace in this area. The morphological effect of these uplifts in the study area can be seen in the formation of normal faults and the placement of the terraces in a flat manner and in their margins marl and sandstone precipices. This process has led to the emergence of sequences of sandstone and marl sediments on the surface and more severe erosion of marl sediments than sandstones has created a kind of differential erosion which is one of the morphological features of this coastal zone. Normand et al. (2019) has studied marine terrace on the coasts of Iran, using the method of carbon 14dating and with optical luminescence simulator index and the highest rate of elevation of sea terraces in this region during the period of 20 to 50 thousand years ago have been estimated to be 0.5 to 1.2 mm per year. The rate obtained in Normand studies is slightly higher than the rate obtained during the period studied in this study (2003-2009) and the slight difference between the displacement rates of these two studies can be related to its time dimension. The time period studied by Normand et al. (2019) is about 30,000 years ago and that during this time the uplift rate can be affected by variable tectonic activity and in some years this high rate is more than the transfer rate in the period studied in this research.

The Coastal terrace is a unique tectonic complication in Iran and covers more than half of the Oman Sea coast from Jask to Quatre. These beaches are constantly rising and this has greatly influenced the morphology of the formation and deformation of Makran coasts marine terrace, which can be seen in the formation of coastal cliffs in these areas. But one of the important questions in the study of these terraces is to estimate the rate of rise of these coasts in its different parts and its impact on the formation of coastlines in these areas. The aim of this study is to investigate the altitude changes of marine terraces in the area from Konarak to Kalat using satellite images and Radar interferometry technique and its effect on the morphology of them.   Study area the study area is located on the coast of Makran and between Konarak in the east to Kalat in the west. These terraces are separated by the Gulf of Pozm and Gordim. This coastal area is affected by the Makran subduction zone. Lithologically, the bedrock of Makran coast in eastern Iran includes Upper Miocene to Pliocene sandstones. Fluctuations in the water level and tectonic changes and equilibrium movements of faults in this region have made the tectonic history of this region very complex, especially on the shores of the Oman Sea. Which are especially widespread on the beaches of Makran.  

Material and Methods

In this study, with the aim of investigating the deformation rate of Oman marine terraces between Konarak port and Kalat port, ASAR radar sensor satellite data of ENVISAT were used. The time series studied in this study is between 2003 and 2010 and the data analysis was performed in Sarscape software in ENVI 5.3 environment.the short baseline algorithm was used in order to analyze the time series and estimate the deformation rate of marine terraces, lineation of marine terrace is determined using Geomatica and Landsat 8Oli satellite data and direction of this lineation cpmputed using Rockwork software.  

The rate of change ranged from -3.4 to 2.2 and the average displacement rate was about 0.25 mm per year in Konarak terrace. The simultaneous presence of subsidence and uplift in this terraces indicates the different performance of tectonic processes in this area. This indicates that the uplift in Konarak terrace is about 1.8 mm during the study period of more than seven years (03/05/2003 to 07/08/2010). This rate is about 2.78mm for Gourdim terrace and 5.7mm in Kalat. In Makran Marine Barracks, several normal faults have led to the movement of sediments and terraces. These normal faults are associated with regional subsidence of the coastal plain, although this may be locally formed as a result of differential uplift.In addition, the extension of the main lines in the terraces of the study area is mostly east-west, and this trend is in line with the east-west extension of the Makran subduction zone, indicating that the impact of the collapse of the Saudi plate under the crust Iran has led to the transformation of the coastal region of the Oman Sea.

In this study that uses satellite data ENVISAT-ASAR and SBAS model were performed. The uplift and subsidence rate of marine terraces in this part of the Iranian coast was investigated and the results show the appropriate accuracy of this data and model in the study of these geomorphological forms of the coastline. Tectonic activities have different functions in different parts of these areas and this has led to the formation of uplift and subsidence in different parts of these terraces. The height of the uplifted coasts is directly related to their uplift rate and this parameter decreases from the west of the study area (Kalat) to the east. This is inconsistent with previous assumptions about the increase in altitude of marine terraces from west (Jask) to east, and the rate of uplift of terraces could be a function of locally different geological features.but the results show that the average rate of rise of these beaches in the study period is only about 0.45 mm.

Coastlines are defined as the contact line between land and water body and have strategic natural, social and economic importance. One of the most important features of coastal areas is their dynamics. These dynamics lead to advances and regressions along the coastline and lead to erosion and sedimentation in the coastal regions. Coastline changes are one of the significant threats to coastlines. The study area of this research is on the southeastern coast of Makran and between Chabahar and Quatre Bay. This region is of special strategic importance today. The study area is divided into three geomorphological units of marine terraces, sandy beaches, and coastal barriers. The rate and trend of shoreline changes in each of these units were investigated to determine the stability of each geomorphological unit and evaluate and suggest suitable areas for future development. In addition, the future trend of changes in this regionchr('39')s sensitive and strategic areas in some important parts of this region in the next 10 and 20 years will be evaluated.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in coastlines of the study area. Hence, shoreline changes through shoreline monitored between 1989 and 2020 using Landsat (TM) satellite data (1989, 1995 and 2010, ETM for 2001 and OLI 2015). The extracted shorelines were entered into DSAS software, and shoreline changes were evaluated in this system in ArcGIS software. In this study, endpoint rate (ERP), linear regression rate (LRR), shoreline displacement rate (NSM), and shoreline average change (SCE) indices were evaluated. In addition, the prediction of shoreline changes was examined in the next 10 and 20 years in areas of great importance for development.

 Results :

One of the purposes of studying coastline changes is to study the sustainability of the coastline to plan for coastal development. Identifying stable and unstable areas along the coastline allows planners to identify areas that have the potential for development in terms of establishing coastal structures and minimizing the risk of future natural damage to coastal structures. Therefore, the study of coastline changes is one of the important parameters in these programs. This study was examined separately to analyze better the shoreline changes in each of the geomorphological units. The average changes were prepared according to LRR, EPR, NSM, and SCE values ​​in each unit. The results show that the highest amount of shoreline changes is observed in the coastal barriers of the study area. The average rate of change in coastal barriers in the LRR index in coastal barriers is 2.75 meters per year, which shows the ratio of sandy beaches (0.03 meters per year) and high beaches (0.11 meters per year) is very high. In addition, according to the NSM index, maximum advance (399.55 m) and the highest regression (725 m) can be seen in the geomorphological unit of coastal barriers, while the average values ​​of NSM on the sandy beach for shoreline are 103.7. the maximum regression rate is about 49.5 meters between 1989 and 2020. In addition, the NSM index values ​​for the terraces beaches are 36 meters forward and 41 meters backward, respectively.

Changes and instability of coastlines are some of the major challenges that planners face in developing coastal structures, and not paying attention to these changes in the past and its future trend can impose irreparable damage to development projects. The present study was conducted in a very important area of ​​Chabahar to Goater to evaluate the stability of coastlines using periodic satellite data and DSAS tools. The results showed that the NDWI index separates the water area from the land better than other indicators. This study showed that the analysis of shoreline changes in the coastal region could be more accurate when geomorphological units in the coastal zone are separated and shoreline changes in these areas are evaluated. The results show that the two coastal areas and sandy beaches are relatively stable. Thet changes have occurred in sand dams, which can be attributed to the simultaneous effect of morphodynamic factors of land and sea in this area. Therefore, in the development of beaches and the establishment of coastal structures, coasts have risen, and also sandy beaches can be among the priorities of coastal planners in these areas. In addition, the structures constructed in the coastal zone have greatly impacted changing and intensifying the processes of erosion and sedimentation. Its example can be seen well in the port of Chabahar and Beris, which can cause problems in the future in the field of exploitation. It created ports.

Marine and lake terraces are the base for Climate Geomorphology Investigations Especially in Quaternary. These Terraces are important not only for climatic aspects but also, they can show a lot of truth in earth and environment evolutions History, Archeology and Human History. .The Urmia Lake because of unstable development and climate change, faced to serious roughness. In order to analysis water level fluctuation of this lake, we need comprehensive study in Urmia paleolimnolgy and investigation other factors such as Human, Climate, Geomorphology, sedimentology and geology that affected this lake.Quaternary sediment boundaries in coastal plain Paleo Lake Coastline was mapped using GIS and RS. for study area. Probability location of Plaeo Lake terraces was drowning using satellite images. In field work besides sampling, lake terraces were investigated in aspect of material, granolometry, color and specially fossils.. Finally paleo lake level reconstructed on satellite images and area that affected by increase paleo lake level was determined One of the most important evidence to reconstruction of the Urmia lake palogeomorphology and paleo limnology is lake terraces; This research was done with focus on identification and determination ages of Urmia paleo lake level in order to achieve changes in eustatic and water volume in Late Pleistocene Sedimentological and geomorphological studies of terraces around Lake Van provided a preliminary framework for lake-level variations. In field studies, 24 lake terraces were found in Quaternary sediments. Lowest terraces are located in Islami Island in elevation of 1297 meters and the highest terraces in Damirchi with elevation of 1366 meters Available data suggest that the long-term lake-level changes responded mainly to climate oscillations. Keyword: 14C Dating, Lake Terraces, Late Pleistocene, Urmia Lake

Relationships between alluvial fans and catchments are a basic concept in geomorphological studies and many empirical models have been used to study the variation between the properties of an alluvial fan and its drainage basin. TheTalesh Geomorphological Unit in northern Iran is one of the most important units in the country and so far, no morphological and morphometric study has been done on its coastal alluvial fan cones. Alluvial fans of the Talesh coastal plain are one of the most important geomorphological units in the region, with distinct differences in shape, size, and factors affecting their evolution The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphology of alluvial fans, and analyze the role of morphology and lithology of catchments in the alluvial fan geomorphology of this area using statistical relationships.

Basin and alluvial fan boundary extracted using Alos-Palsat elevation model, 1: 50000 map and Quickbird satellite images in Arcgis and Hec-GeoHMSsoftware.Ab catchment area ,Cb: highest basin elevation ,, Pb: basin perimeter,, Lc: river length ,, Rb: basin , (minimum difference and maximum basin height,), Db drainage network density as well as: M Melton coefficient in basins and Af: Alluvial fan area, Apf: apex, Lf: length of alluvial fan, Sf: Slope of alluvial fan, Cf alluvial fan,Ltf toe length of alluvial fan and alluvial fan volume (V) calculated and used In this study. In order to better analyze the factors affecting the formation of alluvial fans, using cluster analysis and n SPSS software, alluvial fans that are most similar together they were classified into 5 classes. Moreover, the role of the main factors in the formation and morphometric changes of alluvial fans was investigated.

Based on the variance of factors among the variables measured in catchment related to variables: drainage basin area, catchment area, basin height difference, total length of channel network, basin elevation height, and melaton coefficient. Alluvial fan volume, Alluvial fan apex height, cone length, and cone slope. The results of the correlation matrix show the influence of the variables of melton coefficient, area, perimeters, roughness and erodibility of the basin on the geometric shaping of alluvial fans. Alluvial fan area has the highest correlation with catchment area of 0.629 and basin environment of 0.616 and erodibility of rock and sedimentary units with 0. 536.The effect of melton coefficient on other geometrical parameters of the basin is also quite clear. Among the catchment variables, cone slope with melton coefficient (-0.59) , length of cone (-0.569) , height of cone vertex (-0.525) , and difference of vertex height and cone height (-0.558) The highest correlation with the Melton coefficient of cone base length has the highest correlation with basin roughness (0.558) and later with erosivity 0.55 and basin environment (0.552). Among the statistical methods used to communicate and correlate between catchment geometric parameters and alluvial fans, allometric relationships show a very strong correlation between catchment area with alluvial area and melton coefficient with alluvial fan slope.Allometry results show a very strong positive correlation coefficient of about 0.78 between catchment area and alluvial fan area.The relationship between basin area and alluvial fan slope in the study area using this relationship was weak and positive. The relationship between the melton coefficient of the basin slope is inverse. The results also showa strong positive correlation of 0.75 between these two parameters

The results show that the most important factor in decreasing or increasing the area of alluvial fan in this area is catchment area and with decreasing basin area, the area of alluvial fan also has a decreasing trend and shows a linear correlation coefficient of 0.41. The Melton coefficient, which takes into account the role of catchment area roughness and roughness, is the most correlated variable with volume, slope, cone length, apex height, and alluvial fan height difference in the study area. Correlation matrix, linear correlation and allometric matrix relationships were used to investigate the correlation between parameters. The results show that in addition to the relationship between catchment area and alluvial slope slope, relationships between basin area and alluvial slope area, as well as slope and melton coefficient, the coefficients obtained by allometric method are much better than other statistical methods in relation to the relationship between Morphometric variables have catchment and geometric shape of alluvial fans.The results show that in addition to the relationship between catchment area and alluvial slope, the relationships between basin area and alluvial area as well as melton coefficient and slope coefficients are much better than the other statistical methods in relation to the relationship between Morphometric variables have catchment and geometric shape of alluvial fans. Keyword: Alluvial fan, Morphometry, Allometry, Talesh Unit

Field methods and the use of seismic tools to determine tectonic activities in an extensive area is costly. Hence, the use of alternative methods including geomorphic indicators to determine and detect tectonic activities can be very beneficial. Many geomorphic indicators such as triangular surfaces, the surface leveling of the mountain front, the concavity of river profiles, pattern and drainage density, river longitudinal gradient, the ratio of the width of the valley to the height of the valley, the asymmetry of drainage basin, sinuosity of the mountain front, integral to the hypsometric, are used by researchers to determine tectonic activities and tectonic changes. The Talesh coastal basin is among the regions which are subject to extreme tectonic transformations due to the presence of numerous faults. Therefore, determination of tectonic activities of these basins are very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the active tectonics, based on Morphotectonic and morphometry studies of catchment in the studied area. 

The study area of the Talesh Coastal unit, which stretches from the Sefidrud Valley to the Lankaran Basin in the Republic of Azerbaijan, extends from longitude 48° 22 ̋ 46 ̋ to 49° 23 ̋ 21 ̋ in east and latitude ° 51 ̋ 25 ̋ to 38° 51 ̋ 25 ̋ in the north.To achieve the objectives of this study, Alos-Polsar digital elevation model and HEC-GeoHMS software were used to extract 37 Basin and drainage networks and rivers of the studied area. Using morphometric indices, the calculation and analysis of the region’s morphotectonic were performed in 10.2 ARCGIS and Saga 2.1.2 Software. These indices include: the ratio of the width of the valley to the depth of the valley (VF), the ratio of Basin (Bs), asymmetry index of waterways (AF), the curve of the Hypmetric and Integral (Hi), River sinuosity Index (S) and Topography symmetry index (T). In order to evaluate and classify basins according to tectonic activity, the relative evaluation index of tectonic activities (IAT) was used in this study and the obtained results were validated with seismic data

Between the 37 sub-basins, 14 basins with an area of 2059 km2 (40.7% of study area) has high tectonic activity, 22 catchments with an area of 2979 (58.5 of study area) and has moderate activity and only one basin low activity. The overlap of the seismic data with the results of this study shows a good correlation with the fact that despite the low area of high tectonic activity basins (2059 km2 and 40.7% of the study area) about 71% of the large 2 seismic data were recorded.

The results of this study show that despite the exposure of multiple faults in this area, only 38% of the catchments are located in the field of active classification and other basins are between moderate to low tectonic activity. According to the IAT index, the most tectonic activity in Talesh basins in Iran are Chalasi and Emerald basins and Warcharand and Lankaran in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Overlap of seismic data with the results obtained from this research, show a good correlation.

Urmia Lake is one of the word-scale large hypersaline lakes with about 5500 square kilometers in the Turkish-Iranian Plateau (NW Iran). The lake surrounded by mountains with a mean elevation of about 2000 meters and the highest peak of 4811 meters. The lake charge with 28 permanent and ephemeral rivers. As a result of anthropogenic and natural reasons, the lake exposed to the rapid water level fall and fades. The Urmia Lake experienced rapid water level fall with over 6 meters in the last two decades, which lead to the exposure of the large part of the lake. Consequently, this event changed the permanent hypersaline lake sedimentary environment to the sessional changes depended temporary (playa) sedimentary environment. In the last 20 years, the lake floor exposed in the form of Sandy beach, muddy, muddy-salty and salty plains. The appearance of the micro-landforms of playa environments in the exposed lake floor is in concordance with changes in the sedimentary environment.

This study was done based on several field studies on Urmia Lake during 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2018 and 2019. Filed works are done in the different parts of the lake during different seasons, different lake water levels, and different weather conditions. The effect of different weather conditions including temperature, evaporation, wind speed and direction, and amount of freshwater discharge by rivers on dissolution and deposition of the evaporate minerals and forming of the different micro-landforms on the lake floor were considered.

The sandy beaches mostly exposed in the lake coasts around the “Zanbil and Eslami” volcanic complexes. The main micro-landform on the sandy beaches of the lakes is asymmetric ripple marks. In the sandy beaches, the sand grains are mostly coated grains with clastic minerals dominantly pyroxene and volcanic glasses in the core and chemical-biochemical aragonite and halite in the rim. The muddy plains are mostly exposed between the sandy beaches and the salt plains. The mud plains in the rivers deltas have seen in the form of the swamp with everglade vegetation. The main micro-landforms on the muddy plains are mud cracks, teepee structures, and mud diapers. Mud cracks with polygonal shapes are ranging between a few centimeters up to a meter in size. The tee/pee and mud diapers are common structures in the muddy-salty plains and mostly forms due to the hypersaline water capillary. Compare to the sandy and muddy plains, the micro-landforms on the salty plains are more variable in type and shape. The most common micro-landforms in the salty plains are micro and macro scale salt dissolution structures, deposition of evaporate minerals such as sylvite and halite minerals in different size, shape and crystallography, radial halite cylinders, asymmetric salt ripple marks, salt polygons, salt mushroom, salt mounds, salty beach and barrier, small scale salty pores and caves, salt rapture, organic matters, and algal mats. The landforms of salt plains generally classify into dissolution and depositional structures. These landforms are the most sensitive structures of the Urmia Lake and rapidly reorganized with slight changes in the lake water condition. The salt dissolution structures form due to salt dissolution by fresh meteoric and river waters. These structures show channel shape in the contact place of salt plain and freshwater river. Irregular polygons and groove shapes form due to meteoric water dissolution. The evaporate minerals mostly deposit in cubic and cauliflower shapes in the Urmia Lake floor and hopper and sheet shapes on the water surface which is later falling down on the lake floor. Sylvite minerals are bigger than halite minerals and forms slowly in the dissolution holes where the lake brine has been trapped. Both halite and sylvite are the common evaporate minerals in the Urmia Lake. The radial halite is forming inside the cylindrical dissolution holes in the salt plain where the halite minerals growing from the rim to the core of the holes and forming the radial halite structure. Salt mounds build up in meter to several meters in size with an oval and rounded shape and mostly they grow in dominant wind direction. The high of the mounds from the lake floor is ranging from few centimeters to a few meters. Salty beaches normally are in elongated and Horseshoe structure shape and build up between salty-muddy plain and salty plain where the waves are broken down. The small-scale salt caves with Stalactite, stalagmite and salt column are mostly located in the cliffy costs of lake islands. Ruptured salt zone on the western coast of the northern part of the lake is a special phenomenon that probably formed due to salt viscosity or even activity of fault in the lake. Algal mat and microbial organic materials are two different types of autogenic organic matter in the lake. In addition, some organic materials such as different types of insects carried into the lake by the wind from the agriculture lands around the lake. Shahid Kalantary High way as a man-made dike separated lake into the northern and the southern parts. Due to the huge weight of the used materials in the highway, the lake green color muddy-marly unconsolidated viscous sediment scapes out in both northern and southern margins of the highway and made the synusic-wave shape. In addition, some water saltwater spring formed along the high way.

Rapid water level fall of Urmia Lake leads to exposure of a large area of the lake floor as sandy beaches, muddy, muddy-salty and salty plains with a variety of dissolution and depositional micro-landforms in different shape and size. In the Urmia Lake, the micro-landforms are unstable structures and reorganizing under seasonal variation of physico-chemical conditions of the lake.

Aims of This research is investigation and reconstruction of climate change during quaternary period according to Urmia Lake terraces and we use elevation changes of this lake as indicator of climate change. 14 lake terraces were found during field work. Elevation of this lake terraces are between 1298 to 1365 meter above mean sea level. Absolute age of 6 lake terraces determined using C14 analysis. Age of this lake terraces are between 35850 to 54150 years ago. According to dating results and elevation changes of Urmia Lake terraces, we calibrate this results with climate changes during late Pleistocene we reconstruct climate conditions in this area. Age of lake level rise and formation of the Urmia lake terraces belong to late Pleistocene and synchrony to Wurm Gelation Period in north of Europe. Age of four lake terraces synchro to Heinrich event 5 and 4 and correlate to transgression of glacial in north of Europe and this evidence is the first evidence of Heinrich Events in Iran. Decrease of temperature and glaciation periods in north of Europe in late Pleistocene and Heinrichs events synchronal to lake level rise in the Urmia lake and shows effects of this intensive climate change in this region. Results present rainy periods during late Pleistocene and decrease in evaporation and temperature and increase in precipitation in this region. Increasing in River discharge lead to lake level rise and formation of lake terraces in the Urmia lake during late Pleistocene

Nowadays the slide movements may cause damages such as killing people and animals, destroying residential areas, increasing the soil erosion, filling the dams’ reservoir, destroying roads and bridges, decreasing the soil fertility in farmlands and in consequence reducing the agricultural products and increasing the immigration to cities and many other problems. Therefore it is necessary to know the landslide zones and analyzing the effective elements on the movements to reduce the damages inflicted to people and environments. Golestan Provence, in north of Iran, with 200 registered slide movements, is one of the most active areas in terms of landslide and Ramian basin, with 65 movements, has a high potential. This study considers the landslides and hazard zoning in this area.
This study is done by LNRF model and GIS and RS tool to identify landslides and movement zones. The results show some problems of the mentioned model despite of its efficiency, so modified and new factors considered in this basin. The effective parameters such as geology, distance from fault, slope, slope direction and land usage are considered in order to landslide hazard zoning.
Finding: The parameters analyzed by using weighted values method and then landslide hazard zoning map drew in 5 categories. About 35% of this basin located in high potential category whereas Malach Aram and Virou Villages are located in very high potential category.
The results show that landslide high potential zone in this basin, categorized by using LNRF model, and actual location of landslides are well overlap which shows efficiency of this model for landslide zoning.

Khuzestan Province is one of the regions of Iran which has been most affected by the newfound phenomenon of dust storms due to recent droughts. Dust storms, which in some cases are considerably concentrated and accompanied by a reduction of horizontal view to 20 meters, causes various problems such as harmful effects to human health, absorption or dispersion of sunlight and affecting the region’s temperature, a negative impact on agricultural activities, reduced visibility and road transportation problems and tens of health, environmental and economically undesirable effects. So, due to the importance of the issue, a mineralogical and geochemical study of dust storms has been conducted in order to determine their probable sources, the environmental characterization of existing elements in dust and their role in polluting the environment.
In order to conduct dust sampling, a glass table was designed with edges to the height of 5 centimetres and an area of 1.5 square meters. In this matter, from April 2011 studies were conducted for 2 years in Khuzestan Province (Abadan, Ahvaz and Bostan). Through investigating previous studies and extracting the specified focuses, five sources have been identified for dust entering the country. 30 dust samples were collected and analyzed for elemental and mineralogical analysis conducted. The mineralogical analysis was conducted by using powdered samples and a Siemens XRD diffraktometer D5000 ICP-OES JY70 PLUS and an ICP Optical Emission Spectrometer (model Varian 735-ES) were utilized for elemental analysis. All the tests were conducted at the laboratories of the Geological Survey and Mineral Explorations of Iran.
According to previous studies, during finding sources through investigation over the period from 2011 to 2012, 50 sources were identified, namely that much of the dust storms which have affected Khuzestan Province during 2011 and 2012 originated from the following regions. Region 1: Northwest Iraq and eastern Syria, both sides of the Euphrates River (with at least 9 cases of dust storms over the 2 years). Region 2: wetlands and dried lands in southern Iraq (Mesopotamia) with at least 5 ases of dust storms in Khuzestan. Region 3: neighbouring and northerly lands of Lake Tharthar in Iraq with 4 cases of dust storms. Region 4: western areas of Iraq (Anbar Province) and eastern Syria (Hamus Province) with 3 cases of dust storm occurrences over two years. Region 5: northern borders of Saudi Arabia and the East of Jordan with 2 cases of dust storms during the period studied. Mineralogical studies of dust in the destination area showed that there are calcite, quartz, clay minerals and an insignificant amount of dolomite, gips and feldspar in the focus areas of regions 1, 3, 4; and halite, dolomite, quartz, and gypsum in the southern focus areas of Iraq (region 2). This, then, associates the sedimentary environment related to erosion and evaporation (dried lakes and wetlands and sediments of old lakes) as the geological source of these particles. Most of the heavy metals and toxic and radioactive elements in the dust are highly enriched. These enrichments are influenced by hydrocarbon materials and upstream processes of the oil industry, contamination caused by repeated wars and use of microbiological and chemical weapons containing radioactive elements, accumulation of clay particles due to the high absorption capacities of some of the heavy metals, drying up of wetlands and land of the source region and creating evaporating conditions, most of which is anthropogenic.
The storms entering Khuzestan Province derive from dried up wetlands and lakes and the sediments of old lakes and high enrichment, creating an unusual level of elements in dust due to the high absorption capacity of the elements into clay particles resulting from hydrocarbon materials. It is also caused by effects of the imposed war on Iran (with Iraq) and the drying of wetlands because of human activities.

During recent years, with the construction dam on main rivers, the occurrence of hydroecological drought during the last decades, and high evaporation of water reservoirs, the extent of the Urmia Lake has considerably decreased. Besides, salinity rate has increased to 650 milligram per liter. According to this hydrological situation organism cannot live in the Urmia Lakes. There is a lot of information about current chemical characteristics of Urmia Lake but we don’t have sufficient information about paleo hydrology and paleo salinity of the Lake especially in Quaternary. Investigation of The Urmia Paleo Lake terraces, their evolution and changes in elevations and changes in biostratigarphy characteristics are evidences for paleo environments of this lake. Dominant shell fragments of the Urmia Lake terraces are Gostropoda, Ostracoda, Foraminifera and Bivalves. In this study, type and spacious of shell fragments are investigated and the living environment situations of the organisms during formation of each lake terraces are determined. Using biostratigraphic study results and correlation between these environmental changes with elevation changes of lake terraces, Hydrological and ecological situations of The Urmia Lake during Quaternary was reconstructed. The results of biostratigraphy shows, in contrast to the current situation of water in the Urmia Lake (Hyper saline), most of the organisms lived in brackish and fresh water during formation of the lake terraces.

Lake Terraces are geomorphological evidence of climate change during quaternary. Location of this terraces Location if these terraces in different elevation show paleo water lake level fluctuation. Investigation about Urmia Lake terraces was done by Bobek (1973) and he found that terrace in 45-55 meter above Urmia water level on that time. According to bobek development of lake area in paleo Pleistocene period and cold Pleistocene periods caused by reduction of temperature about 5 centigrade and reduction of evaporation. What is important in we have not any comprehensive investigation on Urmia lake terraces and many of these terraces and paleo shoreline are unknown up to now. The aims of this research investigation of quaternary terrace of Urmia Lake، Determining their elevations and reconstruction of area that affected by these fluctuations. Case Study: Urmia Lake Basin is located in Northwest of Iran and in the lowest pat of this subsidence، surrounding by High Mountain with elevation more than 2000 meter. Urmia Lake is the largest inland lake in Iran and the second largest saltwater lake in the world. In terms of construction، Tabriz fault activity causes uplift in this region of northern segment of the fault and the piece above by creating a barrier against the flow of surface and underground، has led to the formation of Lake Urmia. This lake is located in a shallow subsidence with an average depth of 6 meters، but its deepest point is the northwest corner with 13 meters deep. There are 102 large and small islands within the limits of the Urmia Lake. Salt water is more than 350 grams per liter. Data and Geological data، sediment and morphometric data were gathered through library studies and fieldwork. Then Quaternary sediments in the coastal zone boundaries were reconstructed and paleo lake boundaries using GIS and RS techniques were determined. Aerial photographs، satellite imagery and digital elevation model SRTM90 m was used and 10 Meter. In field work lake terraces were detected by investigation of sediment laminations، sedimentological characterizes such as، Granolometry، color، type، location of strata and specially fossils located in the sediment. Granolometry of sediments were done in sedimentology lab of Geological survey of Iran using Vibratory Sieve Sahker. Percentage of sand and silt determined and analyzed using Gradistat 4. Software and the curves were plotted. Binocular Microscope used for paleontology investigation. The elevations of terraces were measured with a differential global positioning System. After determining the height of the terrace، extent of Urmia la ke paleo water level determined using 150 topographic map sheet scale 1:25000 related to the block 1:250000 Tabriz، Urmia، Mahabad and Khoy a digital elevation model with a resolution of 10 m were prepared. Urmia Plao Lake extent was reconstructed on satellite images. In recent years، due to the occurrence of hydro- climatic droughts over the past few decades and extensive dam construction on the main river and high water evaporation، the lake area decreased، and have been significant changes in water level lake. The lake terraces are the best evidence to reconstruct the paleo geomorphological situation in coastal environment and occurrences of these terraces shows climate change and tectonic phases. Hence، Identification of the terraces lake Urmia Lake was performed to reconstruct the situation of paleo environment. In field studies، lake terraces were detected by geomorphological، sedimentary structures، sediments grain size and especially fossil collections in the sedimentary layers. Because many terraces are buried in the river sediments، they are very difficult to detect and only in trenches created by the river or human activities such as road construction are considerable. Using a sequence of periods of fluctuating water levels and long dry periods and wet -laying sedimentary sequence lake was reconstructed through them. After identifying the terraces geographic location and the exact height determined using DGPS. In field studies 32 lake terraces were found in Quaternary sediments. Lowest terrace are located in Islami Island in the 1297 meters altitude and the highest terraces in Damirchi with 1369 meters altitude. Elevation of lake terraces are varies from 1297 m to 1369 meter and consequently the areas affected by fluctuations in lake water levels were the different. The maximum extent of lake level fluctuation has occurred in the south part of Urmia Lake. In this region the slope is very low hence، the slightest change in the water level of the lake the large extent of this region be affected by water level fluctuation. In the northern and western parts of the lake due to the steep slope impact of water level fluctuations is low. At an altitude of 1297 meters (terrace Sh-1) area of the lake was about 9،658 kilometers. Extent of lake on that time increased about 6560 square kilometers compare to 2011. Gacha Bashi terrace (height 1311 m) in West Golmankhaneh Peninsula is dates by sabouri (2010) and results shows about 46،000 years before present. The elevation of the terrace after the gathering and corrects errors by GPS dual frequency edited to 1336. 6 meter. the elevation of this terrace almost equal to Schweitzer (1977) terrace that located in 60 meter above Urmia water level in 1977. This terrace belongs to the Wurm I by Schweitzer. At that time not only Minadoab، Malekan، Bonab، Azar Shahr، Naghadeh and Mahabad Cities buried under Urmia lake water، but also it reach near the Urmia city. The highest terrace is located near Tsuj (Ts-2) City in North West of the lake and parallel to Damirchi DM-1in North West of the malekan with elevation 1369 meter. The extent of the lake at that time was about 13141 km and the water reach to Tabriz city.

In the Tsunami of Dec. 26, 2004, although there was a large distance between the earthquake center of Indian Ocean and coastal cities of Iran, the Tsunami waves brought some damages in Chabahar coast. This means that if the earthquake center was closer to Iran, Iran’s coastal regions would have confronted serious danger... In the present study, we used ComMIT software (Community Model Interface for Tsunami) as a research tool, Inundation modeling was done for the Jask coastal area in order to assess the potential and find out the impact of tsunami from any future Makran Subduction Zone earthquake.
Computer modellings programs help analyze sea-level data to generate forecasts of tsunami wave height and the expected inundation for specific coastal areas. In this research we use ComMIT software. For modeling the wave, the assumption for 10*100 Km blocks is applied. In this formulation, the approximate for wave behavior is represented for coastal regions. In this modeling, three steps of gridding with different preciseness are used. By assuming an earthquake by magnitude of 8.6 Richter and movement of 6 blocks mentioned in the subduction area close to Jask, each block rises about 16 m. the first impact by coast by a wave of 2 m height knocks up the coast at 26 minutes.
According to the performed modeling, the first change after Tsunami is reduction in sea level and this procedure continues till 11 minutes after that. In this time, the maximum amount of water regress from coastal line for 2 m is observed. After this time, the first wave attacks Jask. The first wave impacts Jask headland and then affects the whole eastern coast of Jask. The wave height in this region in 26 minutes after Tsunami reaches to 2 m and starts approaching in the coast. This process occurs in the western coast of Jask by a 10-minute delay. The first tall wave impacts western coast at 36 minutes after Tsunami and regresses for about 2.5 Meter. The second wave is ready to attack the western coast and 40 minutes after Tsunami the second wave attacks eastern coast. The height of this wave in its maximum is about 2.5 Meter.
According to investigation of existing models concerning influence of Jask city by Tsunami is divided to three sections: A) eastern coast of Jask, B) Jask headland, C: western coast. The eastern coast us the first region that is confronting attack of the greatest waves and the maximum rate of wave march in the coast (about 1 Km) is in this region. In this area the slope is about 1% and concerning topography, it provides an appropriate condition for wave on the coast. In eastern coast of Jask, there is an intense concentration of governmental offices and military centers including Jask airport and Admiral Force’s quay. In the first waves caused by Tsunami, these installations would be damaged severely and in second and third waves this process continues.

The Gunu storm, due to its severe intensity, caused substantial damages to the coasts of Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan provinces. Tropical storms develop in the form of enormous hurricanes which suck the surrounding air towards them. We feel such rapid movement of air as strong winds; In satellite images, it is seen as the movement of clouds (water vapor) towards the core or the eye of the storm. With a velocity of 150 km/h and rain reaching 160 mm, the storm had made considerable gemorphologic changes in the coast of Oman Gulf as well as damages. Such geomorphologic changes were studied using ETM, TM and LISS III satellite data and were compared before and after the Guno storm. Also the early results taken from satellite images were coordinated with field study after the storm. These inquiries show that acute changes have been made in the opening of important estuaries such as Shur, Sargan, Kahir, Bir and Bandini. Also change stream course, due to migration channel on river meander and area of flooded area on coastal plain was determined. Cooperation of satellite data shows, discharge of sediment to the bays such as Pozm, Chabahar that it can be a serious problem for navigation and coastal structures in this area.