فهرست مطالب غلامحسین شیراسماعیلی

The new oilseed rape cultivar Nilofar (R15), is the result of screening and purifying single plants in segregating generations derived from the cross "Symbol×Orient". During five years of consecutive cultivation, screening of single plants was continued to access pure lines using pedigree method and pure lines were selected in F4 generation. During cropping season 2008-2009, 84 pure lines were evaluated in preliminary yield trial. Results showed that Nilofar variety with a mean yield of 3352 kgha-1 had higher grain yield by 45% compared to the Okapi control variety with a mean grain yield of 1833 kgha-1. In the Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) trial in six research stations of cold and mid cold regions of Iran including Karaj, Isfahan, Hamedan, Islam abad-e- gharb, Khoy and Arak during two cropping seasons 2009-2011, Nilofar variety with an average grain yield of 3783 kgha-1, ranked first and had 16.1% grain yield more than the Okapi. Under delayed sowing date and stopping irrigation from silique development stage in Karaj during two cropping seasons 2012-2014, Nilofar with 1986 kgha-1 and 0.62 kgm-3 in term of grain yield and water use efficiency, respectively, was superior to Okapi with 1626 kgha-1 grain yield and 0.62 kgm-3 water use efficiency. The glucosinolate content of Nilofar variety was less than 10 μmolg-1 of dry matter and the erucic acid content of the oil was less than 2%. The results of the extension research project in Kermanshah province showed that the mean grain yield of the Nilofer variety at two sites of Sarab Nilofer and Mahidasht was 4004 kgha-1, which was 14.8% higher than the Okapi control cultivar. Due to its high grain yield potential and appropriate agronomic characteristics, line R15 was released under the name of Nilofar and is recommended for cultivation in the cold and mild cold regions of Iran.

The genotype × environment interaction is a major challenge in the study of quantitative characters because it reduces yield stability in different environments and also it complicates the interpretation of genetic experiments and makes predictions difficult. In this regard to analysis of genotype × environment interaction and determine the yield stability of winter rapeseed genotypes in cold and mild cold regions of the country, 9 lines and 4 cultivars were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in six experimental field stations (Isfahan, Hamedan, Karaj, Kermanshah, Khoy and Zarghan) during 2015–2017 growing seasons. Results of combined analysis of variance indicated that the effects of environments, genotypes and genotype × environment interaction were significant, suggesting that the genotypes responded differently in the studied environment conditions. So, there was the possibility of stability analysis. The Nafis cultivar and BAL-92-1 line with seed yields 4086 and 3829 kg.h-1, respectively, were better than overall mean and had lower ranks and rank variance than others. According to the results of stability analysis using Eberhart and Russel method, the BAL-92-1 line with higher seed yield than overall mean and regression coefficient equal one (bi=1) was identified as the genotype with high general stability for all regions. Based on the simultaneous selection method for yield and stability (YSi), the lines of HW-92-1, BAL-92-1, HW-92-1 and Nafis cultivar with the lowest values were stable, whereas lines BAL-92-4, HW-92-2, HW-92-3 and Ahmadi cultivar with highest values were unstable. Also, based on the SIIG index, the lines of HW-92-1, BAL-92-1, BAL-92-6, BAL-92-11 and Nafis cultivar with having high SIIG value as well as higher seed yield that total average were recognized as superior genotypes from the point of stability and seed yield. Finally, BAL-92-1 line with high yield and broad adaptability was selected as superior line for supplementary studies to introduce the new commercial cultivar in cold and mild cold regions of Iran.

Evaluation of the different genotypes under different environmental conditions helps plant breeders in detecting stable and high-yielding genotypes. In this regard, 13 winter rapeseed cultivars and lines were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in six experimental field stations of cold and temperate regions of Iran (Isfahan, Hamedan, Karaj, Kermanshah, Khoy and Zarghan) during two cropping seasons. For analyzing genotype × environment interactions the multivariate method of additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) was used. The Results of combined analysis of variance indicated that 50.26, 4.68 and 23.49 percent of total variation were related to the environment, genotype and genotype × environment interaction effects, respectively. The results showed that the first five principal components of AMMI were significant and described 85.4% of the variance of genotype × environment interaction. Biplot graph of mean seed yield and first interaction principle revealed that genotype G13 had a higher average seed yield than the overall mean yield and lowest value for first principle component. Therefore, this genotype was selected as a high-yielding and stable genotype. Also, Zarghan and Khoy indicated the strongest interactions and, hence, were recognized as the most ideal environments for distinguishing and discriminating winter rapeseed genotypes. The cluster analysis classified the studied environments in three groups. The presence of Isfahan, Hamedan and Zarghan locations each in a group indicates that these locations had the higher predictability and repeatability power compared to other locations. Genotype G13 with mean seed yield of 4086.02 kg ha-1 and a broad adaptability could be used for cultivation in cold and temperate regions of Iran.

The research was carried out to evaluate the response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salinity, drought and combined salinity- drought stresses at its vegetative stage and share of their effects on reduction of yield, yield components and photosynthesis of plant. For this purpose, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was carried out at Agricultural Education Center of Kabotarabad- Isfahan in 2016-2017. In this study, response of spring safflower (Sofeh variety) to four salinity stress levels (2.5, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m) and four drought stress levels (100%, 80%, 60% and 40% F.C.) at vegetative growth stage were evaluated. The results showed that mean values of most traits were significantly reduced with increasing salinity and drought stress levels, in such a way that severe drought (Irrigation based on 40% field capacity) and salinity (15 dS/m) treatments produced lowest values for all traits. Seed oil content decreased with increasing salinity but this decrease (7.4%) was significant only at highest salinity level (15 dS/m). The highest level of combined salinity-drought stress decreased seed yield (87.13% decrease) more than the highest level of each of drought (71.40% decrease) and salinity (55.56% decrease) stresses as compared to control treatment (without drought and salinity stress), and the share of drought stress in reduction of seed yield was higher than the salinity stress (71.40% and 55.56%, respectively). Thus, growing safflower with minimum loss of seed yield, by irrigation with 80% F.C. and water salinity with 5 dS/m at the vegetative growth stage is possible.

Nafis variety (line L72), suitable for cultivation in the cold and moderately cold regions of Iran, is the result of the selection and purification in segregating generations derived from the cross Orient×Modena. Selection of single plants was carried out during five consecutive years using pedigree method until accessing pure lines and then pure lines were screened in F6 generation. Pure lines along with Okapi as check cultivar were evaluated in the preliminary yield trial in experimental farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in 2009. The result showed that mean seed yield of L72 with 3650 kgha-1 was 30.7% higher than Okapi. The study of adaptability of selected lines in Karaj, Hamedan, Zarghan and Kermanshah during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 showed that line L72 with seed yield of 4137 kgha-1 had the highest grain yield among studies genotypes where its seed yield was 6.7% higher than Okapi and had a good yield stability based on environmental variance statistic. Results of complementary trials for line L72 in Karaj, Hamedan, Zarghan, Isfahan, Khoy and Kermanshah during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 indicated that this line with grain yield of 4336 kgha-1 had higher yield compared to other genotypes. Field disease assessments indicated high tolerance of L72 to sclerotinia compared to check cultivar Okapi. Results of on-farm trials in farmers' field of Kermanshah province showed that line L72 had 13.7% higher grain yield compared to Ahmadi as check cultivar. Results of on-farm trials in farmers' field of Isfahan province under normal irrigation and irrigation cutting from pod setting stage showed that line L72 had 1.2 and 9.1% higher seed yield than Okapi as check cultivar, respectively. Therefore, due to desirable characteristics of line L72 such as higher seed yield and yield stability and relative tolerance to sclerotinia stem rot compared to Okapi as check cultivar, this line was released as Nafis and is recommended for cultivation in the cold and moderately cold regions of the country.

Evaluating of the rapeseed genotypes under different environmental conditions would be useful to identify genotypes with stable and high yield potential. In order to study yield stability of winter rapeseed genotypes, 9 new advanced lines along with four cultivars Okapi, Ahmadi, Nima and Nafis were evaluated in a randomized complete block design in six experimental field stations including Esfahan, Hamedan, Karaj, Kermanshah, Khoy and Zarghan during 2015–2017 growing seasons. Results of combined analysis of variance indicated that the effects of environments, genotypes and genotype × environment interaction were significant, suggesting that the genotypes responded differently in the studied environment conditions. So, there was the possibility of stability analysis. Cluster analysis based on the mean yield and nonparametric stability statistics showed that there were three main clusters. According to mean rank of nonparametric stability parameters, the genotypes G1, G2, G5 and G13 with the lowest value for mean rank were stable, whereas genotypes G4, G11, G7 and G9 with highest values were unstable. Also, the results indicated that the nonparametric statistics Si(3), Si(6), NPi(2), NPi(3), NPi(4) and KR were associated with mean seed yield and the dynamic concept of stability. Therefore, these methods were suitable for selecting stable and high yielding genotypes in winter rapeseed. Based on these parameters, the genotypes G13 and G2 with mean seed yield 4086 and 3829 kg h-1 respectively, were identified as high yield stable genotypes. So, these genotypes could be used for cultivation in cold and mild cold regions of the country.

Sunflower hybrid cultivars which have been improved and released in Iran are categorized in two early and late maturity groups. Early mature hybrids are low yielding while late matures have problems of limitation in growing season, higher plant height and higher water requirement. So, there is a lack of mid-mature and dwarf hybrids in Iranian sunflower hybrids. New hybrid, Shams was improved by crossing between CMS line AF81-112 and restorer line RF81-82 using simultaneous selection method, self and back-crossing in offseason conditions. In the preliminary evaluation, this hybrid with seed yield equal toexotic hybrid Alstar, moderate maturity and dwarf height was identified as a promising hybrid. In regional experiments in Karaj, Khoy, Zanjan and Eslam Abad seed yield of Shams (4067 kg ha-1)was equal to the exotic hybrid Hysun33 while it was also earlier and shorter than other checks. In adaptability evaluations, its seed yield was equal to Hysun33 and also it was earlier and shorter than Azargol and Hysun33. Under on-farm trials Shams was superior to check varieties in Kermanshah, Mazandaran and west Azarbayjan provinces. This hybrid had a higher seed yield compared to Farrokh and Ghasem hybrids under drought stress condition. Shams and its restorer line were resistant against powdery mildew under greenhouse condition. Shams hybrid considered as a stable and superior hybrid with an average seed yield of 3.5 tons ha-1 had a similar seed yield to those of exotic hybrids, higher yield compared to early mature hybrids of Ghasem and Farrokh and also lower plant height, moderate maturity and suitable capitule shape compared to the late mature hybrid Azergol. This hybrid was released as a new sunflower cultivar for spring cultivation in the temperate and cold regions and for summer cultivation in the temperate regions of Iran in 2017.

To investigate the effects of drought stress on yield and oil percentage of safflower, an experiment was carried in split split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications during spring and summer planting seasons at Kaboutarabad Agricultural Research Station of Isfahan in 2015. The main factor consisted of two planting seasons (spring and summer), the sub-factor comprised of three irrigation treatments (normal irrigating from sowing to plant maturity as control, irrigation up to the beginning of flowering and irrigation up to seed filling period) and the sub-sub factor were ten safflower cultivars (Sofeh, Goldasht, Sina, Faraman, Mec117, Mec295, Mec18, Mec11, Mec7 and Mec27). The results showed that irrigation treatments had significant effects on leaf area index, relative water content, plant dry weight and grain yield. Drought stress reduced these traits. Drought stress had not significant effect on oil percentage while oil yield because of reduction of grain yield. The highest yield of oil belonged to Sofeh cultivar. Oil yield in irrigation treatments during seed filling and flowering period decreased by 26% and 46%, respectively as compared to control. Results showed that all cultivars in summer planting had lower grain and oil yield due to increasing of temperature as compare to spring planting. Although the oil percentage in summer planting was about 1% higher than spring planting, but due to lower grain yield, oil yield decreased by 60% during summer planting. Sofa and Mec11 cultivars produced the highest and lowest oil yields with 803 and 530 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Also, Sofa cultivar had the highest grain yield in both of planting seasons.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oil-producing plant, which is considered to be a valuable source of seed oil due to its high oil quality and relatively high resistance to salinity and water-deficit conditions (Mozaffari and Asadi, 2006). In the regions where annual precipitation is low and also the distribution of rainfall is unpredictable, drought is the most important environmental stress that adversely affects crop plant performance. Identifying tolerant cultivars with high yield potential is of paramount significance for researchers under the condition with ever-decreasing rainfall, elevated air temperature and increased hot weather. Delayed sowing in the spring cropping of safflower causes accelerated development, reduced vegetative growth and decreased yield and yield components of the plant (Zimmerman, 1972). The objective of this work was to determine suitable cultivars for the spring and summer cropping seasons under water-shortage conditions.
This experiment was carried out as split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications at agricultural research station of Kabutarabad in the 2016 growing season. The main factor consisted of two spring and summer sowing dates, the sub-factor comprised of three irrigation treatments (Full Irrigating from sowing to plant maturity as control, irrigation till the beginning of flowering and irrigation till the seed filling period) and the sub-sub factor included nine safflower cultivars: Sofeh, Goldasht, Sina, Faraman, and Mexican cultivars of Mec117, Mec295, Mec18, Mec11 and Mec7. Following seed sowing, and the initial irrigation for plant emergence and establishment, the plots were irrigated after 70 mm cumulative evaporation from evaporation pan class A and cessation of irrigation for plots occurred based on plant growth stage and the irrigation termination treatments.
The results indicated that there was a significance difference between spring and summer planting dates for all the measured traits. Plant height, plant dry matter at flowering stage, boll numbers, number of seeds in boll, seed weight and seed yield decreased in summer cropping as compared with spring cropping. There was no significant difference in plant dry matter at flowering stage, boll numbers and seed weight under irrigation treatments but other traits showed significant differences. The highest grain yield was obtained when the cultivars received full irrigation (control treatment). Termination of irrigation in the grain-filling period and at flowering reduced grain yield by 25 and 45% as compared to the control. Average seed yield of cultivars in the spring planting was 62% higher than summer planting. The highest seed yield in spring planting was obtained from Sofeh and Goldasht and Mec117 cultivars. But, the greatest seed yield in summer planting was obtained from Sofeh, Goldasht, Sina and Faraman cultivars (The cultivars are mentioned in descending order of yield). Mexican cultivars performed best in spring planting, however, they experienced a significant decline in their seed yield in summer planting. Crop seed yield is reduced when sensitive growth stages e.g. flowering and pollination coincides with adverse environmental conditions such as high temperature (Emami et al., 2011). The observed yield reduction in the safflower cultivars in the second planting date (summer season) is attributable to decreased duration of rosette and vegetative stages. This was due to rapid transition from vegetative to reproductive stage caused by environmental stressors, in particular, high temperature, which prevented the plant from achieving adequate yield- forming components.
In general, Iranian cultivars were more resistant to stress and had higher grain yield than Mexican cultivars. Iranian cultivars Sofeh, Sina and Goldasht are suitable cultivars for planting under normal and drought stress conditions for spring and summer cropping seasons.

In order to study the effect of plant density on yield and agronomic traits on new sunflower varieties in Esfahan condition، an experiment was conducted in 2009 cropping season at Agricultural Research Institute Kabotar Abads. The experimental design was factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental treatments were at 4 levels of plant density (6،8،10 and 12 plants/m2) and Varieties (V1): Arm. Mok18-85، (V2): SIRe85-ES، (V3): Mok13-85، (V4): Kc20/83es85. The results show that plant density significantly affected all of measured traits except oil percent. The effect of variety on all traits significantly affected except stem diameter، head diameter and seed number m2. The interaction between plant density and variety had significant on leaf area index، Total dry matter، 1000 -seed weight، and seed yield. The Highest and lowest seed yield obtained from density 12 Plants/ m2 and Variety (V1): Arm. Mok18-85 (3500/52 kg/ha) and 6 plants/m2 and Variety (V2): SIRe85-ES (2258 kg/ha) respectively.

In order to study the effects of irrigation water salinity on the yield and yield components of three commercial sunflower hybrids, this experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design and three replications in Rodasht Agricultural Research Station during three years. The main factors of irrigation water quality were at 4 levels i. e. 2, 5, 8, and 11 dS m-1 and the sub main factors were sunflower hybrids Allstar, Haysan 33, and Azargol. Statistical analysis results showed that salinity and high concentration of some minerals, especially sodium ions, in irrigation water affected the diameter, total oil yieldو and water use efficiency was significant at 1% level, while the effects on plant height, stem diameter, seed weight, grain yield, water use, and oil percent was significant at 5% level. Statistical analysis showed that the effects of hybrids on the diameter, oil yield, plant height, stem diameter, weight of 100 seeds, and water use efficiency were significant at the 1% level, and on yield at 5% level. In terms of performance, hybrids Haysan 33, Azargol, and Allstar had, respectively, the highest seed yield, oil yield, and water use efficiency.

In order to determine the effect of plant density on yield and qualitative traits of four genotypes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) an experiment was conduct in Research Farm of Kabotar Abad, Isfahan province, Iran, in 2009. The statistical design was factorial arrangement in complete randomized blocks with four replications. Four plant density (6, 8, 10 and 12 plants/m2) and four genotypes of sunflower (Arm-mok18-85, S1R-85-ES, MOK13-85 and KC20/83ES85) were considered. The results indicated that the effect of plant density was significant on all measured traits except oil percentage, ratio of nut to seed coat, protein percentage and number of days to physiological maturity. The effect of genotype was significant on all traits except head diameter, number of seeds per m2, oil yield, protein percentage and harvest index. Interaction of plant density and genotype was significant on oil yield, biologic yield and number of days to physiological maturity (p<0.01). The highest yield (3500.52 kg/ha) was produced in by plants/m2 and Arm-mok18-85 genotype. In general, results indicated that there was no significant difference for seed yield between 10 and 12 plants/m2 densities. Therefore, to decrease seed consumption, it seems that 10 plants/m2 could be recommended.

Suitable seedbed preparation and adequate rate of seeding are necessary to obtain desirable plant population. These management practices are more important for plants with small seeds such as rapeseed. In this research, the effect of different tillage systems and seeding rates on machinery parameters, grain yield and yield components of rapeseed, cv. Orient, was studied in a split-split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with three replications at the Kabutarabad Agricultural Research Station, Isfahan, Iran in 2003-2004 cropping season. Four primary tillage systems: moldboard plow to a depth of 20-25 cm, chisel to a depth of 15-20 cm and 8-10 cm and disk to a depth of 8-10 cm were assigned to main plots and two secondary tillage

disk and rotary tiller to a depth of 8-10 cm and three seeding rates; 4, 8 and 12 (kg.ha-1) were randomized sub-plots and sub-sub plots, respectively. Tillage methods showed no significant effect on mean weighed diameter of clods. Disk and rotary tiller had maximum and minimum machinery effective field capacity, respectively. By increasing seeding rate from 4 to 8 and then to 12 kg.ha-1, number of days from planting to the end of flowering and flowering duration decreased. Increases in seeding rate increased plant population. Using of 8 kg.ha-1 of seeds produced higher grain yield (2521 kg.ha-1) than 4 kg.ha-1 seeds (2400 kg.ha-1), but was not significantly different from 12 kg.ha-1 (2426 kg.ha-1). Based on these results, it might be concluded that disk harrow method as the secondary tillage with 8 kg.ha-1of seeds as desireable agronomic practices under conditions similar to this study. However, when rotary tiller is used, the seeding rate might decrease to less than 8 kg.ha-1

Knowledge of the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of soybean cultivars with different growth habits and maturity groups is essential for the selection of a suitable variety as well as for providing optimum conditions for their growth. In 1994 in a field located in Kholenjan of Isfahan, Iran, nine indeterminate type cultivars belonging to different maturity groups, namely Williams, Wood Worth, Hack, Zane, Black Hawk, Bonus, Steel, S.R.F. and Harcor and one determinate cultivar belonging to maturity group III namely Hobbit, in a complete block design with four replications were evaluated. Indeterminate cultivars and higher maturity group cultivars produced more dry matter. On the whole, indeterminate cultivars with later maturity had longer main stem with more nodes, pods and grains. The determinate cultivar had more lateral branches, and more pods and grains in them but these traits did not show any specific trend in different maturity groups. Height of the first pod from ground surface in indeterminate cultivars was more than that of determinate cultivars. Number of pods per each node of main stem, number of grains per each pod of lateral branch and number of nodes per lateral branch showed no significant difference among cultivars. Classification of these cultivars based on the above characteristics showed that cultivars with different growth habits had basic differences and also that some cultivars showed some similarity to maturity groups which did not exist in the present study.