فهرست مطالب غلامرضا خیرآبادی

Eating disorders are behavioral nutritional disorders with a psycho-social origin, and are considered as one of the global concerns. This study aims to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and binge eating disorder (BED) in female college students, mediated by distress tolerance. 

This is a descriptive-correlational study using structural equation modeling. The study population consists of all female college students in Isfahan, Iran, of whom 214 were selected as the samples by a convenience sampling method. They completed the Perfectionism Inventory, distress tolerance scale, and binge eating scale.

The results indicated a good fit of the study model. The total effect coefficient (sum of direct and indirect effect coefficients) between adaptive perfectionism and BED was negative and significant (P<0.01, β=-0.286), while the total path coefficient between non-adaptive perfectionism and BED was positive and significant (P<0.01, β=0.329). Therefore, distress tolerance negatively mediated the relationship between adaptive perfectionism and BED, and positively mediated the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and BED.

It is important to pay attention to the mediating role of distress tolerance in the relationship between perfectionism and BED. The therapists should include this component in occupational therapy.

Some temperamental vulnerability factors along with cognitive vulnerability variables are essential to understand depression. Recent conceptualizations for depression, have also focused on emotions and their dysregulation, regarding their potential role in the development, exacerbation, or maintenance of emotional disorders. However, theoretical associations between emotion regulation and the cognitive model's constructs have remained unclear. The present study examined the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between negative affect, dysfunctional attitudes, and negative automatic thoughts with depressive symptoms. The design was descriptive – correlational and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Population of the current study were some volunteer people who lived in Tehran and Isfahan, in that, 250 of them were selected via convenience sampling following a public announcement. After that, participants responded to Beck depression inventory-II, automatic thoughts questionnaire, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, positive and negative affect scale, and dysfunctional attitudes scale. The results of SEM showed that the conceptual model of the research had a good fitness to research data. In addition, all direct and indirect path coefficients were statistically significant. Therefore, the supposed mediating role of emotion dysregulation was approved. According to the results, it can be inferred that emotion dysregulation might be one of the mechanisms through which temperamental and cognitive vulnerability factors lead to depressive symptoms.

Abstract</span></span></span></span></span></span>
Background &

</span> The impact of living in an inappropriate residence is evident in causing mental health issues like depression and other mental disorders, as well as its complications on the individual and social aspects of the people. It seems necessary to investigate the relationships between types of residence, floors, number of units on each floor, and depression. Also, people spend most of their time at their homes. In addition, it is crucial to pay attention to the residential spaces and their effects on mental health with respect to the unwanted attendance of people at their homes due to special situations like the coronavirus outbreak, which makes the houses multifunctional. Analyzing this relationship and concentrating on it by architects while designing procedures can elevate residential desirability toward reducing depression. Considering the significance of housing desirability for improving mental health and preventing mental disorders or complications like depression (due to its high occurrence), this research aims to explore the relationship between the type of housing, floor, and depression rate in residential environments of Isfahan City, Iran.</span></span>

</span> The current study is descriptive–correlational, and the statistical population consists of all residents of 15 municipality districts of Isfahan City. So, 320 residential units were selected for investigation using a random cluster sampling method. The exclusion criteria were as follows: not answering all questions in the questionnaire and living less than one year in the unit, as the features of the residential place exhibit after one year of living in that area.</span>L</span>ovibond Depression Questionnaire (1995) was applied to collect data. In the following, the type of housing, floors, and number of units on each floor, along with other residential environment characteristics, were asked and investigated. Also, at least two completed questionnaires were received from each residential unit. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze data. The Cronbach alpha index, composite reliability, and convergent validity were obtained at 0.974, 0.975, and 0.662 for depression variables, respectively. It should be noted that 0.05 was considered the significance level for all tests.</span> </span></span></span>

</span> Concerning the Kruskal–Wallis</span></span> results, there were significant differences between depression scores based on the four types of residence: housing, apartments up to 3 floors, apartments between 3 to 9 floors, and apartments more than 10 floors (p< 0.001). A significant difference was seen between the mean depression scores of paired housing, apartments up to 3 floors, apartments between 3 to 9 floors, and apartments more than 10 floors groups (p< 0.05). So, it can be said that the people’s depression scores have significant differences regarding the apartments with more than 10 floors, and the people in these apartments are more depressed than others (p<0.001). The depression scores of people who lived on the fifth or upper floors were significantly higher than other groups, and people who lived there were more depressed. Also, there were significant differences between 5 groups of one unit, two units, three units, four units, and five or more units regarding the mean depression scores (p<0.001). The depression score of people living in five or more units on every floor was significantly different from other groups, and people who lived there were more depressed. Also, the number of units at each floor variable and average depression score were different among various groups (p<0.001). Residents of large houses were expected to gain lower depression scores than those who lived in apartment buildings, but the research did not approve of that. </span></span>

</span>There is a significant relationship between the residential floor, the number of units on each floor, and depression score. The results of this research can be used in designing residential environments to prevent depression or avoid its complications.</span></span></span></span>

The perception of illness can affect a person’s mental health and ability to cope with illnesses. Meanwhile, personality traits can affect an individual’s lifestyle and quality of life (QoL). This study aims to investigate the role of illness perception as a mediator between personality variables and QoL in patients with a heart attack.

This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 193 patients with a heart attack at least 6 to 12 months before the study. The patients were selected via the available sampling method from the cardiovascular clinics of Shahid Chamran, Al-Zahra, and Khurshid hospitals in Isfahan City, Iran. The participants were evaluated using the scale of disease perception, the QoL questionnaire, and the 5-factor personality questionnaire. The data were analyzed by the path analysis method.

In this study, 128(66.32%) participants were male and 66(33.68%) were female, with an mean age of 61.4±10.7 years. In the personality dimensions, a significant relationship was observed between neuroticism and disease perception (RW=0.561, P=0.002); however, other personality dimensions had no significant relationship with disease perception. Disease perception had a significant and negative relationship with the quality of life (RW=-0.219, P=0.010). Two dimensions of extraversion (RW=0.755, P=0.000) and agreement (RW=-0.516, P=0.015) had a significant relationship with QoL.

 The results showed that personality variables independently affect the QoL, and only the features of anger, hostility, and worry in the form of neurotic dimensions have a negative effect on the QoL with a strong effect on the perception of the disease.

social environment along with constructed environment can affect mental health. On the other hand depression is the major cause of many illnesses which imposed lots of burden on people and can disturb people’s function. Therefore major aim of this research was to investigate the role of social environment in the relationship between residential environment and depression score of the residents.

Methods and Materials:

descriptive-correlation research method was used for this research. Statistical society was all residents of 15 regions of Isfahan city. 749 persons were selected using random cluster sampling for this research. In the previous research procedure, data was collected using library studies and then through questionnaires, Lovibond Depression Questionnaire (1995), residential environment qualifications evaluation questionnaire and social environment evaluation questionnaire were used. It should be mentioned that at least 2 questionnaires received from each residential unit. Anova correlation and analysis method was used to analysis data.

results showed that there is a relationship between residential and social environment and social environment has a trivial mediator role in the relationship between residential environment and depression.

based on the findings of current research, social environment had a small mediator effect on the relationship between residential environment and depression so it turned out that a part of predictor variable effect (residential environment) on criterion variable (depression) transferred through social environment variable, therefore paying attention to the variable can be used as an environmental factor in reducing residents depression and it is suggested that social environment should be considered in researches about studying the relationship between residential environment and depression.

depression is a disease which affects people’s performance; it has been increased in the last years due to various reasons including living in apartment. Main purpose of this research is to study relation between size of residential place and residents’ depression.

current research plan describes different types of correlation. Statistical population of current research is residents of 15 regions of Esfahan Municipality, in the end 749 people were selected using cluster random sampling. It should be mentioned that two completed questionnaires have been received from at least two persons in each residential complex which include questions for investigating depression point, demography qualifications (age, gender, education, …) and residential environment qualifications like dimension and area, number of bedrooms, ceiling height, and privacy required for the residents. In the following, Anova (analysis of variance) was applied for data analysis.

The results of the analysis showed that increasing the area of residential unit, ceiling height, number of bedrooms and providing necessary privacy decreased depression of residents significantly and it is inversely related to depression.

 in accordance with the results of current research, to provide mental health, dimensions of residential space was more important, therefore it can be said that pay attention to space, increasing area of residential unit, number of bedrooms and providing privacy for residents can be used as environmental factor to elevate mental health and reduce residents depression point.

The importance of the Air Forcechr('39')s ability to protect and defend any country is obvious. The well-performed air force depends on the capabilities, mental and physical health of staff. Family as an environmental factor plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of mental health disorders.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family function and stress, anxiety and depression in Isfahan Air Force pilots during 2019-2020.

In this descriptive study, 120 military air force pilots completed the standard family functioning (FAD), anxiety, stress and depression (DASS) questionnaires. After excluding invalid questionnaires, data were collected from 103 individuals and analyzed in SPSS20. The significant level is considered 0.05.

Linear regression analysis showed that the family function was scored 0.16, 0.05 and 0.05 in in depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. The family function was a significant predictor of depression, anxiety and stress in participants. The results showed that based on beta coefficients , each 0.25, 0.24 and 0.24 change  in family performance score resulted in a significant change in participantschr('39') depression, anxiety and stress scores, respectively (P <0.05).

Based on results of this study, it can be concluded that decreasing family function increases anxiety, depression and stress in pilots. Therefore military families should be considred.

With respect to high depression prevalence and its risks which affects people’s individual and social life, we endeavor to identify related residential environment factors to be able to utilize it towards promoting residential environment using depression reduction approach. The present research has been performed aiming the review of performed studies with the relation between the characteristics of residential area and depression of settlers.

Methods and Materials:

 In this review article to find documents related to the subject of the article, authors assessed previous published articles regularly between 2005 to 2020 about relationship between residential environment and depression and also investigated the studies on Pub Med, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Isi, MDPI, BMC, Magiran, and SID using related key words such as: relationship between built environment, physical environment, living environment, neighborhood, interiors and exteriors, natural environment, residential environment, physical environment with mental health (depression, mental disorders).

Among 99 selected articles about the aforementioned subject, most of them were cross-sectional articles and approved meaningful relationship between at least one of the characteristics of residential environment and depression. From among different aspects of environment characteristics, lack of access to green areas, neighborhood, noise pollution, specifications of built environment, lighting, and walking facilities were more related to depression and this relationship showed some inconsistencies for the beauty of environment, urban environment, access to services, population density and psychological distance interference.

Reviewing the results indicates that characteristics of residential environment in many aspects relate to depression therefore its consideration to promote mental health (depression reduction) of residents of these environments would be necessary.

Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that weakens the relationship between couple and between mother and child and has negative effects on health, quality of life of the affected and family members. Depression in women is highly affected by social and demographic risk factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the congenital risk factors for postpartum depression in Natanz city.

The current study is a descriptive study in which 673 women who referred to Natanz health centers in 2018, were examined two weeks to two months after their delivery. The research tools were 2 questionnaires of standard Edinburgh and demographic information.

The overall prevalence of depression in the study population was obtained to be 7.1%. Maternal illness and preterm birth and sex of baby, were among the factors associated with postpartum depression. The mother's age, education, occupation, wanted or unwanted pregnancy, type of baby feeding, the birth rate, type of delivery, mother's thyroid disease, and baby hospitalization, were not related to maternal depression.

Investigating the factors related to postpartum depression in this research will help the health team for better planning to manage this disorder, and to prevent the disorder, educational and supportive programs should be implemented during pregnancy and after delivery for the mother and those around her, and by timely referral of mothers at risk of postpartum depression, the complications of this disorder could be prevented to some extent.

Appropriate self-care is the base of treatment in hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between psychological factors (personality traits, anxiety, depression and stress) and the self- care of hemodialysis patient.

In a cross-sectional study 125 patients under chronic hemodialysis admitted to Al-Zahra and Noor hospitals of Isfahan city in 2012 were enrolled to the study with regard to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collection tools were including three questionnaires (the five-factor personality inventory (Neo Big-5), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) and Hemodialysis Self-care checklist that  after the choice of samples were given to complete. the data was analyzed by multivariate regression model.

Depression and conscientiousness are significantly correlated with self-care in hemodialysis patients. There is an inverse correlation between self-care and depression and a direct correlation between conscientiousness with self-care.

It seems that pay attention to psychological factors are required in practice with hemodialysis patients.

Depression and anxiety are two common mood disorders in modern societies with global expansion, which reduce the quality of life. A number of recent studies have investigated the relationship between anxiety and depression in patients with asthma. Due to the lack of studies in this area, especially in Iran, we studied this issue in Iranian population. This was a cross-sectional study on 151 patients with asthma referred to lung subspecialty clinics in Isfahan and Shahrekord cities, Iran, in 2016. The participants were included using sequential sampling method. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire was used as an instrument for measuring anxiety and depression. Data were analyzed using t and Spearman correlation tests via SPSS software. 151 patients with asthma entered the study. By controlling demographic characteristics, and considering the underlying disease, the relationship of depression scores with the severity of asthma was not significant. Anxiety scores related to having the disease and gender. It can be concluded that the level of anxiety and depression was not related to the severity of asthma. Considering the high prevalence of asthma and the role of depression and anxiety in people's quality of life, more studies, using different tools to measure the level of anxiety and depression, shows to be needed.

Sleep is an effective factor in physical and psychological health that its lack can cause a malfunction in the daily functioning, as well as loss of overall performance. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 918 students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan University of Technology, and the University of Isfahan in Isfahan City, Iran. Clustered random sampling method was used to select the participants. The instruments used were the demographic questionnaire and sleep health scale. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis and Tukey’s post hoc test. The mean total score of the sleep hygiene questionnaire was 297.90 ± 39.15, which varied from 195 to 425. The mean score of the total score of the questionnaire was higher in students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences compared to other universities (P < 0.050). Girls of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences scored the highest score (P < 0.050). The average score of knowledge of sleep health was significantly higher in students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences than in Isfahan University of Technology (P < 0.001) and in University of Isfahan (P < 0.001). The mean score of sleep hygiene knowledge had a significant and direct relation with different years of study and age (P < 0.050). The average score of sleep attitude was higher in dentistry students than other students (P < 0.001). Results showed that medical students have a better attitude and function of sleep health. Mean scores of attitude, performance, and sleep hygiene were significantly higher in students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences than in other two universities, and the mean score of girls in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences was higher than other groups.

Introduction:

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of Persian version of Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) in three groups of chronic diseases [myocardial infarction (MI), diabetes mellitus, and multiple sclerosis (MS)].

This study was a psychometric study on 135 patients with MI, MS, or diabetes mellitus who were selected through available sampling in Isfahan City, Iran. They completed Persian versions of BIPQ, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS), and the World Health Organization-Brief Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF-26). Then, the data were analyzed.

The reliability of the whole questionnaire and it’s subscales was between 0.59 and 0.73. The correlation coefficients between the BIPQ questionnaire and the HADS scale and the WHO-BREF-26 questionnaire showed a significant correlation. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index was 0.70, indicating the adequacy of the sample size. By using exploratory factor analysis, two main factors (the nature and the recognition of the disease-effect of disease) explained 59% of the total variance.

The Persian version of BIPQ has relatively acceptable reliability and validity for the population of patients with chronic diseases. It can be used in clinical and psychological studies.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and devastating psychiatric disorder worldwide that needs multidimensional interventions. Metacognitive treatment is a new psychotherapeutic approach of some psychiatric disorders. This study was conducted to comparatively evaluate the impact of citalopram and metacognitive interventions on major depressive disorder.
This was a clinical trial study with a pretest/posttest design. After selection of objects, the eligible patients were randomly assigned into three groups of citalopram (n = 12), metacognitive intervention (n = 16), and waiting list (n = 8). One experimental group received ten 1-houre sessions of metacognitive therapy; 10-40 mg citalopram was administered to other group; and third group did not receive any interventions and placed on waiting list. Outcome measures were done using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ30), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) before and after interventions. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA and post hoc tests.
Findings: There was significant difference between the groups in terms of symptom of depression, metacognition, and emotion regulation before and after intervention. In term of metacognition, only metacognitive therapy was useful (P = 0.010). Symptom of depression were improved significantly with metacognitive therapy (P = 0.007); but in pharmacotherapy, despite clinical improvement, there was not any statistically significant improvement (P = 0.070). In addition, emotion regulation was improved with metacognitive therapy (P = 0.020).
Metacognitive therapy could be used in major depressive disorder. In addition, this intervention could lead to higher level of cognitive emotion regulation.

By early detection and performing preventive interventions, it would be possible to significantly prevent side effects and burden of mood disorders. This study aimed to investigate the premorbid signs and symptoms of major mood disorders in a sample of Iranian patients.
All the patients hospitalized due to mood disorders in Noor hospital in Isfahan City, Iran, were interviewed to investigate past history of any psychiatric sign and symptom retrospectively using convenience sampling method. Independent sample t and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data.
Findings: From 175 patients (66 men and 109 women) with the mean age of 34.7 ± 12.1 years, 119 participants were diagnosed as bipolar mood disorder (BMD) and 56 as major depressive disorder (MDD). All the patients (except 1 with major depressive disorder) had at least 1 premorbid sign or symptom. Impulsivity (32.8%), irritability (29.4%), and over-sociality (26.1%) were the most frequent premorbid sign/symptom in the past history of the patients with bipolar mood disorder; impulsivity and irritability significantly increased the risk of the future bipolar mood disorder. Poor coping (78.6%), social isolation (33.9%), and anxiety (30.4%) were the most frequent premorbid sign/symptom among the patients with major depressive disorder; only poor coping significantly increased the risk of the future major depressive disorder.
Considering the high prevalence of premorbid signs and symptoms among Iranian patients with major mood disorders, more attention should be paid to them during childhood and adolescence periods to make early diagnosis and shorten the untreated phase of these disorders.

Depression is the second most prevalent psychological disorder in the elderly. This study was designed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) in the elderly population afflicted with dementia in Isfahan, Iran.
This psychometric study was performed on 110 elderly individuals who were selected randomly from among individuals who were referred to the elderly clinic of Isfahan and were diagnosed as a case of dementia based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) criteria. All participants completed the CSDD, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The collected data were analyzed descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, factor analysis, and the Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software.
Total scale reliability coefficient was 0.85 and the reliability of the factors of depression, psychotic depressive symptoms, sleep disorders, somatic symptoms, and anxiety was 0.77, 0.63, 0.79, 0.62, and 0.47, respectively. The correlation coefficient of GDS and MMSE with total scale of CSDD was obtained as 0.47 (P The Persian version of CSDD contained acceptable psychometric properties in this sample of Iranian elderly individuals with dementia.

Stigma is a mark of disgrace in the society's attitude that discredits a person or a group because of an attribute such as a deformity, color, or mental illness. Stigma can adversely affect all aspects of life. Depression is one of the most common mental health problems. The goal of the current study was to investigate some factors associated with stigma of depression among university students in Isfahan City, Iran, in order to facilitate possible interventions.
This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the stigma of depression in students of University of Isfahan, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, and Art University of Isfahan, and was conducted among 553 participants. We used a questionnaire designed by Griffiths et al. and translated it to Persian to evaluate the personal and perceived stigma.
Findings: Personal stigma was statistically lower in participants with positive history of depression (P = 0.007). It was also lower in married participants (P = 0.030). Perceived stigma was significantly higher in students of University of Isfahan comparing to other universities (P = 0.009).
Positive history of depression, being a married person, and being a student of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences or Art University of Isfahan are protective factors against the stigma of depression in university students in Isfahan City.

The importance of risk factors in the prevention of suicide has been recognized. The aim of this study was to identify important risk factors associated with the repetition of suicide attempts in adolescents and adults using one-inflated positive count model
The subjects of this research consisted of 701 patients (183 adolescents and 518 adults) with at least one unsuccessful suicide attempt in Isfahan, Iran. Data were collected using the þDiagnostic and Statistical ýManual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSMIV). The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and positive one-inflated regression models.
Findings: The one-inflated positive Poisson was the best fitted model for adolescents in this study. The factors of age and family history of suicide had a positive effect, and adjustment disorder, compared to depression disorder, had negative effect on repetition of suicide attempts among adolescents. The results of one-inflated positive negative-binomial model for adults suggests that rural inhabitancy, family history of suicide attempts, and impulsive suicide attempts had positive effects on repetition of suicide attempts. In addition, a higher rate of repetition of suicide attempts was observed in individuals with bipolar disorder than subjects with depression.
The factors of adjustment disorder and age had significant effects in adolescents, and rural inhabitancy and bipolar disorder were effective factors in adults. Moreover, family history of suicide was associated with repeated suicide attempts in both adolescents and adults.

Empathy is the art of understanding people's feelings such that the tone or behavior does not imply sympathy. Considering the importance of empathy in the process of caring patients, this study was designed to assess empathy with patients among medical residents in different specialties in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences for possible future intervention planning.
This descriptive-correlational research was performed in Isfahan City in 2013. All residents were selected through census method (286 people). Participants filled out the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy and demographic information questionnaires. The empathy scale is a 20-item self-report five point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test.
Ultimately, 274 questionnaires were analyzed. The mean score of empathy in the total sample was 76.62±8.82 (total=100). Mann-Whitney test did not show a significant correlation between empathy score and gender (p=0.19). Psychiatry residents had the highest (82.8±64.96) and orthopedics residents received the lowest (72.5±61.72) mean score. There was a significant difference between empathy scores among residents in different specialties (P=0.015).
Regarding the significant correlation of residents’ empathy score and field of study, it could be concluded that empathy is influenced by the clinical education environment and is a teachable subject for medical students.

Aim and Empathy has an important role in better health results, customer satisfaction, improved physician-patient relationship, prevention of job burnout among physicians, and possible patient complaints from doctors. This study aims to evaluate the level of empathy with patients among the faculty members of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted on medical sciences faculty physicians with different specialties at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2013. The participants were selected through census sampling method. The Jefferson Scale of Patient Perceptions of Physician Empathy (JSPPPE) was distributed among 278 physicians via e-mail or in person. Only 73 questionnaires were completed and returned. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis in SPSS software. All P values Findings: The highest and lowest average empathy scores were observed in nephrology professors and neurosurgery and radiology professors, respectively. After the categorization of the various disciplines into three groups of surgery, non-surgery, and psychiatry, the highest empathy score was observed in the group of psychiatry professors, followed by the non-surgical and surgical groups (P = 0.045).
Empathy with patients differed among physicians of different disciplines of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. They did not show empathy and cooperation with their students in completing the questionnaire presented to them.

Aim and One of the serious problems in organizations is absenteeism from work that seems to be affected by personnel’s psychological status and personality characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of psychological and personality factors with absenteeism from work among university staff.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a cross-sectional survey. From among a total of 21504 employees of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (Iran), 250 individuals were selected using quota sampling. With the approval of the management of the human resources and development and other sectors, a demographic characteristics questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) were completed. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using Pearson correlation and point biserial correlation coefficient.
Findings: Absenteeism had a positive significant relationship with stress level, neuroticism, age, work experience, number of children, and employment type (P The finding indicated that absenteeism from work is related to psychological traits and psychopathological symptoms. Absenteeism may be a dysfunctional avoidance response to psychological, social, and mental health status. According to these findings, stress coping skills training in the form of in-service training seems necessary. Moreover, employment analysis and assigning of positions based on psychological status and skills is suggested.

Aim and Despite prominent medical health improvement programs for women of reproductive ages in recent years, the mental health of this group has been neglected. An increasing trend had been observed in the rate of depression among women of reproductive ages. Depression has negative effects on the health status and quality of life (QOL) of women and their family members. Moreover, sociocultural factors in different societies have high impact on depression in women. Due to the abovementioned factors, this study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of postpartum depression and its correlation with some socio-demographic risk factors in women referred to local health centers in Najafabad, Iran. Using the results of this study, recommendations for health plans can be provided based on local risk factors.
Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in the summer of 2004. The study subjects included all mothers of rural areas of Najafabad who had given birth 2-12 months prior to the study
(640 women). The data collection tools consisted of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and a researcher-made socio-demographic questionnaire.
Findings: The total prevalence of depression was 37.2%. Being a housewife, unplanned pregnancy, lack of breastfeeding, prominent congenital malformation of the infant, primiparity, and multiparity (more than 3 births) were the main factors related to postpartum depression in this study. Postpartum depression had no significant relations with mother’s age and level of education, delivery mode, dissatisfaction with infant’s gender, and family economic status.
The numerous previous studies have not provided reliable supporting evidence for the existence of common socio-demographic risk factors for postpartum depression in different societies. Thus, all public health interventions for the prevention of postpartum depression must to be based on regional risk factors.

Aim and Depression is a major postpartum mental disorder. This disorder will have adverse consequences for both generations (mother and child) and may be correlated with breastfeeding. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between postpartum depression and postpartum lactation during the 2 first years of life.
Methods and Materials: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 366 mothers of 18-45 years of age. The subjects were selected through simple random sampling from among women who had medical records in health care centers. The data collection tools included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Demographic-Reproductive Characteristics Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods in SPSS software.
Findings: Among the mothers, 30.4% of non-lactating mothers had depression. However, 19.6% of exclusively breastfeeding mothers and 18.3% of mothers who used breastfeeding in combination with other methods had depression. A significant correlation was observed between the depression scores and the two variables of type and duration of lactation (P Existence of depression among the subjects in this study, and the correlation of maternal depression with lactation status clarify the importance of screening for depression during the breastfeeding period. Thus, in order to benefit from the advantages of breastfeeding and improve infants’ growth and health, the consideration of this issue by health care providers is recommended.

Aim and Continuous education of health provider staffs is over mentioned. This study designed to evaluate the efficacy of a need assessment based educational workshop for a group of nurses in psychiatric wards of educational hospitals in Isfahan regarding to psychiatric disorders.Methods and Materials: This is an interventional study and our samples included all nurses were working in psychiatric wards of Noor & Farabi hospitals in Isfahan. The educational intervention performed in a workshop format including lecture presenting, group work and discussion in both hospitals. Knowledge & attitudes of samples evaluated before, immediate and one month after the workshop using a researcher designed questionnaire. Collected data analysed with Bonferroni, Repeated measure & ANOVA tests using SPSS-19. The mean score of the knowledge's of the samples raised from the base of 63.3± 11.6 to 82.7±12.9 & 73.3± 13.3 immediate and one month after the workshop respectively (p ≤0.001). The mean score of attitude raised meaningfully from the 60.1±8.1 of the base to 63.1±10.7 after intervention and 64.9±11.6 one month later. Educational workshop regarding the psychiatric disorders can cause positive effect on knowledge and attitude of nursing staffs to these disorders and may promote the practice with the psychiatric patients.

Aim and Nurses is one of the essential parts in the management process of psychiatric patients. For this purpose, they need proper knowledge and attitude about psychiatry drugs medical intervention) and nonmedical intervention. So, it is important to promote nurses’ knowledge and attitude by education based on need assessment. This study aimed to define the efficacy of a Medical and nonmedical Intervention workshop for nurses in psychiatric wards of educational hospitals in Isfahan.Methods and Materials: This is a quasi-experimental study. Study population comprised all nurses working in psychiatric wards of Nour and Farabi hospitals in Isfahan in 2012. An educational workshop was held through educational sessions in form of lectures and group discussion in two above-mentioned hospitals. Nurses’ level of knowledge and attitude were investigated by a researcher made questionnaire before, immediately after and three months after intervention. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical tests of repeated measure ANOVA and Bonfrroni. A significant increase was observed in mean scores of nurses’ knowledge immediately after and three months after education compared to before education (P<0.001). Also, the mean of attitude score in 3 Phases have significant deferent (P<0.009). Nurses have high satisfaction (86.3%) of need assessment based education workshop. And it is effective in the science information Revival of nurses The workshop of medical and nonmedical intervention notably affected the promotion of nurses’ knowledge and attitude. With regard to nurses’ satisfaction from the workshop which was held, designing and organizing educational workshops based on a constant needs assessment is suggested for promotion of nursing cares.