فهرست مطالب غلامرضا سبزقبایی

Haur-Al-Azim, an important ecosystem in the southwest of Iran, suffered numerous wildfires in 2018. This study aims to model the dispersal of smoke resulting from those wildfires. In order to achieve this, the emission rate of particulate matter was calculated utilizing MODIS products. The study made use of data from seven climate stations in Iran and Iraq, together with local ecological conditions and emission rates, to simulate 24-hour means of PM10 through the use of the CALMET/CALPUFF package model. The study found that on September 9, 2018, the highest emission rate was measure at 0.0024 g/m2/s. This resulted in more than 42700 individuals being exposed to PM10 concentrations that exceeded the standard. Integrating remote sensing data into an air pollution modeling system can be used as an identification method to asses air quality from a spatial and temporal perspective.

Increasing the volume of municipal solid waste on a global scale and the consequently environmental challenges followed by the lack of appropriate waste management systems in some societies, increase the importance of using environmental friendly waste management systems in different region of the world. The followed aim of present study is to use the life cycle assessment methodology to investigate different ways of disposal and refining of municipal solid waste in Omidieh city.

For this purpose, in line with the goals and scope defined in the life cycle process, three scenarios as: landfill, compost and landfill, compost, recycling and landfill were defined and life cycle inventory was performed using the IWM-2 model. In the last stage, the environmental impact assessment of each scenario investigated as six categories based on ISO14042 guidelines framework.

 The findings of present study indicate that by processing the different fraction of municipal solid waste with compost and recycling, not only can reduce the volume of landfill waste significantly, but also can minimizing the environmental effects of municipal solid waste for third scenario compared to the other two scenarios.

The results of the life cycle assessment process performed in present study clearly shows the suitability of third scenario for neglecting the environmental effects of municipal solid waste management system in Omidieh city.

Industrialization of todays societies, resulted in increased use of machinery and excessive use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides in agriculture. Life cycle assessment is one of the environmental assessment methods that is used to assess processes, products and services. Life cycle assessment method in this study is used to evaluate the environmental effects of bean production with sprinkler and flood irrigation methods in the crop year of 2016-2017 using the effects of global warming, acidification, land euotrophication, depletion of fossil, phosphate and water resources exploited in Yasuj city. The results showed that the final index of the three groups of environmental impact factors (global warming, acidification and land euotrophication) in rainfed more than flood farming and the indices of the three groups of resource depletion effects (fossil, phosphate and water depletions in both croppimg system. The environmental indices for sprinkler, flooding and flood irrigations were 0.634, 0.513, 1.14 and 2.26 respectively. Elimination of unnecessary operations in the planting process and reduction of fuel consumption, irrigation in the last hours and the beginning of the day when evaporation is low, the use of biological methods to remove pests and attention to general recommendations for chemical fertilizers can be effective in reducing environmental effects.

Life cycle assessment is a well-known and accurate way to compare the environmental effects of various activities, including the management of agricultural systems.

the present study was reviewed during the crop years 2011-2017. for this purpose, environmental impact analysis, iSO 14040 method was studied in four steps and six impact groups per functional unit equivalent to the production of one ton of lettuce, cabbage and bell peppers.

for this purpose, the highest values of environmental index and resource depletion index were related to lettuce and bell pepper products with values of 0.172 and 0.578, respectively. caps with values of 0.001 and 0.424, respectively, had the highest potential for environmental damage. therefore, in order to manage the amount of fertilizers used, the source of nitrogen supply as well as the time of use must be in accordance with the needs of the crop and agricultural soil to reduce nitrogen losses in any way and also adjust the equipment used to apply fertilizers.

it is ensured that the fertilizer is properly and well placed in the soil and replacing part of it with organic and non-chemical resources in agricultural ecosystems in order to reduce environmental pollution in dezful is necessary and inevitable.

The development of urbanization and the growing population of cities and consequently the large increase in the volume of municipal waste, has made solid waste management an important problem in urban planning. Waste is an inevitable product of any society and waste management is one of the main needs of that society. The present study in 2021-2022 has used the life cycle evaluation approach and SWOT matrix in order to select the best scenario of Behbahan city’s waste management system.

The study area produces an average of 120 tons of waste per day, of which 91% of waste is collected during the day and 9% at night. Per capita waste production is more than 900 grams per person. The share of waste production for each sector is as following: the residential sector is 76%, commercial 7%, industrial 5%, educational 2%, horticulture 6% and office and services 4%. 75% to 83% of residential waste is perishable materials and according to the analysis, about 79% of Behbahan city’s waste are perishable materials. Life cycle evaluation was carried out for the 5 following scenarios: 1- Recycling, compost and unhygienic landfill 2- Recycling, compost and sanitary landfill 3- Recycling and unsanitary landfill, 4- Recycling, incinerator and sanitary landfill 5- Recycling, anaerobic compost and digestion, incinerator and sanitary burial. Life cycle logging was done using IWM-2 model. Also, SWOT model was used to analyze the performance and status of gaps. It was considered to identify the threats and opportunities in the external environment of a system and to identify its internal strengths and weaknesses based on municipal waste management in order to assess the situation of the study area. Required data were collected by reviewing sources, preparing a questionnaire and field visits.

In this study, the third scenario is the current situation in the region and in terms of toxic emissions and ecological indicators, among all scenarios, it is the most environmental hazardous. Energy consumption in the first and fifth scenarios was higher than other scenarios due to unsanitary burial. The third and fifth scenarios have the most and the least role in methane production, respectively. According to the ecological index, the scenario of recycling, compost and anaerobic digestion, incinerator and sanitary burial is the best scenario. The third scenario is the worst-case scenario with the highest pollution load. The most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats according to the SWOT model are the use of appropriate urban transport machinery, lack of information about recycling and compost and landfilling of hospital and industrial waste with municipal waste, respectively. The implementation of the compost project was achieved using new technologies, abiding existing environmental laws and regulations and considering the proximity of municipal waste disposal to rural and residential areas.

The results obtained from the life cycle and the SWOT matrix can only be presented to decision makers through an environmental point of view. In order to make comprehensive decisions, economic and social factors must also be combined with environmental factors in evaluation and decision-making. Therefore, life cycle impact assessment methods and different models that exist to perform this assessment can be used to select and compare different waste management options and provide the best and most effective option for implementation, both ecologically and economically.

Life cycle assessment is a method for assessing the environmental impact of crop production. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental effects of cabbage production in Dezful county using life cycle assessment during the 90-96 crop years.

Out of 260 people in the statistical population the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 52 people. Relevant information was collected through face-to-face referral and presentation of a questionnaire from the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture and Farmers of Dezful.Based on the method presented in ISO14040, the LCA was calculated in four steps: defining the objectives and scope of study, life cycle auditing, impact assessment and integration and interpretation of results.Depletion of water resources, fossil resources, phosphate resources and potash resources. After normalization and weighting, environmental index and resource depletion index were calculated.

The final index of the groups of the effects of global warming, acidity, depletion of water resources, fossil, phosphate and potash were calculated as 0.0011, 0.1010, 0.0021, 0.002, 0.1175 and 0.0093, respectively. Environmental index (Eco-Index) and resource depletion (RDI) were 0.0111 and 0.1309,respectively. Acidity groups and sources of phosphate depletion had the highest potential for environmental damage in the form of environmental impact groups to depletion of resources, respectively.

Managing the optimal use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and replacing them with various organic fertilizers, as well as the use of biofertilizers can help reduce the negative environmental effects of cabbage production in Dezful county.

In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the effects of pesticides on non-target organisms. Residues from the use of chemical pesticides have polluted the environment and put the health of humans and birds at serious risk. The main purpose of this study is to review and analyze the studies on the effects of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides on birds, humans and the environment.

The method of data collection in this study includes library and documentary review and content analysis of studies conducted in this field.

The three main groups of chemical pesticides are organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate. Organochlorines were not used in different countries for a long time due to their long-term stability in the nature. But some of them, such as Aldrin, Lindane and Endosulfan, are still used in developing countries. Most organochlorines inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the brain and affect the central nervous system. Organophosphates and carbamates do not accumulate in the food chain and are less stable, thus replacing organochlorine with high stability. Both organophosphate and carbamate pesticides inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

Chemical pesticides, including organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate, cause endocrine disorders in humans and birds, as well as behavioral changes and compromise the immune system.

The study was conducted to evaluate the environmental effects of the production process of two types of the most important legumes (beans and lentils) in Yasuj.

The location of bean and lentil farms in Mokhtar village was 5 km from Yasuj city, which was studied in the 2016-2017 crop year. Necessary information was obtained through questionnaires, interviews with farmers, referring to the Agricultural Jihad in Yasuj and statistics of the Agricultural Jihad Organization. The life cycle assessment method was used to assess the environmental impact according to ISO 14040 standard. The study groups included global warming, acidification, land eutrophication, depletion of fossil resources, depletion of phosphate resources and depletion of water resources

The results showed that the value of the final index of all the affected groups (except for fossil fuel depletion) in the bean production process was higher than the value of lentil production indices and the final index of the effect of depletion of phosphate resources had the highest value among the affected groups. .The )ECO-X  (Environmental Index for Bean  0.634 and for lentil 0.061 was calculated .also The Resource Drain Index (RDI) was also obtained for bean 1.14 and for lentils 0.661.

fuel consumption and chemical inputs  had significant effects on environmental pollution, which can be achieved by using low-tillage and non-tillage methods while saving energy and playing an important role in soil organic matter and improving its fertility.

The imbalance between water supply and demand in the country has challenged water resource management, especially in the agricultural sector. In this regard, international trade in agricultural products and the displacement of water in them, which is called virtual water, can be one of the ways of water management. In this research, the study of water ecology and virtual water indexes in rice and wheat production in Khuzestan province have been investigated. To estimate the net blue product requirement (CWR), the amount of vegetation factor (Kc) and root depth of products are used by the FAO standard software (CROPWAT.8). An interview method and a questionnaire were used to obtain information from farmers in the area. For this purpose, 152 people were sampled by Cochran formula. The "top-down" method was used to calculate the ecological footprint of the region. In this method, the water ecological footprints of each area, including two components of internal water ecological footprint (WFi) and external water ecological footprint (WFe) were investigated. The results of the study and comparison of wheat and rice plants in different plains of Khuzestan province indicate the high potential of the province in producing wheat needed by the province and its excess export to the province. Also, the results showed that rice cultivation in Khuzestan province, except in very limited areas in Haftgel and Baghmalek parts, is not economical due to the high consumption of water. Therefore, in agricultural development plans, it is necessary to prevent the cultivation of rice.

Hospitals as one of the most important sensitive populated areas must be located in areas within standard air quality. The aim of this study was assessing Abadan hospitals outdoor air quality affected by oil refinery using CALPUFF (California Puff) model.

This descriptive study was performed on the dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the catalyst unit of Abadan oil refinery for 12 months of 2018. Upper and surface climate data, land cover map, physical properties of smokestacks and emission rate of pollutants were used as input data in CALPUFF modeling system.

Based on the results, the highest level of SO2-1hr occurred in January and in the other months this pollutant was higher than the standard limit. Maximum concentration of NO2-1hr was observed in January that was higher than the standard level. SO2-1hr and NO2-1hr had limited distribution in 1500 meters buffer of smokestacks. Outdoor air pollutants concentration in hospital areas were lower than the standards limit.

Admissible level of pollutants in the hospitals ambient outdoor was due to large area of oil refinery land and limitation of pollutants propagation in average monthly. Using advanced air pollution models can be useful in awareness increasing and the vulnerability reducing of medical centers.

Urban rivers are one of the most important spaces that potentially reflect the presence of nature in the city and provide the ability to draw natural elements among the artificial elements. In addition to their natural changes, rivers undergo many changes due to human activities. One of the most important changes that are imposed on rivers is the improper use of their resources for use in construction activities. Thousands of tons of sand are harvested daily from the bed and banks of the country's rivers, which has various negative consequences. Among the most important of these consequences are the changes in the morphology of the river, river mud and threat to the life of aquatic animals and birds, loosening of the bed edges and threats to the inhabitants of the river, destruction of structures around the river, reduced tourism and ...This study was conducted in the summer of 1397 and the study area in this study was part of the Bashar River, which is located within the city of Yasuj. There are 9 sand factories in this area, all of which were illegally extracting sand from the riverbed. According to the pictures taken by the Environment Department of Yasuj city, the changes in the river during sand extraction and after the closure of the factories were identified. The results showed that after the closure of the factories, the vegetation of the river area was somewhat restored and the aquatic and bird species found a better situation in terms of quantity and quality characteristics.

The use of environmental impact assessment methods is one of the important tools in environmental management studies and the reduction of potentially harmful environmental factors in sensitive areas such as wetlands to achieve sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of spatial composition and distribution of Miankaleh International Wetland and also to evaluate the efficiency of land features measurements to assess environmental effects.

For this purpose, first Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images of ETM + and OLI sensors related to 2001 and 2016 were prepared. Then, by performing the necessary processing and preprocessing, the land use map was prepared and the raster maps were entered into FRAGSTATS 4.2 software was performed.

According to the results, it can be said that the water zone of the wetland (which is the most important part of the wetland) and consequently the wetlands of the wetland have a large area and has not become fine and stained, but during the study period Deleted part of its domain. The use of vegetation and man-made lands has also disrupted the natural environment by creating new spots and fragmentation. Agricultural use has not been in the form of spots and the increase in its area has been in the form of large spots.

According to the stated results, proper management in the wetland environment is not implemented. Because the current management of Miankaleh wetland is a hardware and old management, also due to the location of this wetland in two provinces, it does not have an integrated management and the management plan is scattered and multiple. As a result, by creating an integrated and coherent management plan, the problems of this wetland can be overcome to some extent. The present study well showed that land use measurements are a suitable tool for assessing environmental impacts in the shortest time.

Wetlands are sensitive and valuable ecosystems but today their safety and their sustainability have been harshly influenced by various natural and human factors. Using environmental risk assessment is an important tool in studies of environmental management and recognition and reduction of the potentially harmful environmental factors to achieve sustainable development. This research was conducted to identify and assess the risks and grading of environmental sustainability of the international wetlands of the southern coast of Iran in the provinces of Khuzestan and Hormozgan. Accordingly, to identify and prioritize the risks  the Delphi methodology, to prioritize and calculate the weight of the indicators the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) process, and the ELECTRE technique were used to rank the wetlands based on unfavorable environmental conditions. The results showed that 27 factors of pressure and threat were identified for The International Wetland of Shadegan, Khur_e_ Omayyeh and Khur_e_Mousa Estuary, Khur-e-khuran International wetland, Salty, Sweet and Minab Rivers International Wetlands, Gaz and Hara Rivers Estuary International wetland and Shidvar International Wetland. The results of the paired comparisons between the threats of the studied wetlands show that the first to fifth ranking threats are related to the discharge and disposal of waste in the wetland, climate change and drought, oil pollution, dam construction, and the reduction of vegetation density, and other indicators are in the next ranks. Finally, the analysis and comparison for the ranking of the studied wetlands based on the ELECTRE method showed that The International Wetland of Shadegan, Khur_e_ Omayyeh and Khur_e_Mousa Estuary suffer the highest threat and pressure and Shidvar International Wetland has a more favorable ecological condition.

Modeling with software is a fast way to predict the extent of material release range and simulate its consequences. Due the arrival of the large number of dangerous goods, including styrene, from the petrochemical industries to the port of Imam Khomeini, it is necessary to evaluate the consequences and potential damages of this material.This study was conducted in 2014 in Imam Khomeini Port Container Terminal with the aim of predicting and estimating the possible human and environmental consequences of the release of this hazardous material during transportation process.

In this study, with the use of PHAST and ALOHA softwares, the effect of toxicity of styrene was studied as a dangerous good entered into the container terminal. The analysis was performed by identifying the range of areas with highest adverse effects.

According to the results, the extent of pollution coverage (the forbidden region) was at least in a radius of 67 meters and the best place for placement of support groups was in a radius of 329 meters of dangerous goods area. The study also showed that based on the coverage of the risk range in these modeling, ALOHA software had a high environmental sensitivity, because the amount of LOCs considered in the consequence of the explosion was lower and it considered more danger zones. Finally, management measures were pointed to prevent or reduce the potential consequences of hazardous goods storage sites and warehouses in the study area.

The environmental outcomes of dangerous goods containers in Imam Khomeini port are likely to be probable. So that the release consequences of these materials can cause a lot of environmental damage and accidents. Therefore, it can be said that modeling using software in this study played a key role in managing the area of hazardous materials containers.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an approach to study the environmental impacts of product production or activities that are calculated based on two indicators of resource consumption and emissions. This study aims to investigate the environmental effects of the production of Bell pepper using The Life Cycle Assessment Technique was conducted during the years 2011-2017. The first information was obtained through the organization of Jihad-e-Agriculture and interviews and interviews from 260 statistical population with 152 farmers who were determined by the Cochran formula in Dezful In order to analyze environmental impacts, the ISO 14040 method was used for a functional unit equivalent to one ton of Bell pepper. The global warming, acidity, evacuation of water resources, fossil, phosphate and potassium comprise six groups of studied effect. The results showed that CO2 and NH3 pollutants in the form of groups of effect of global warming and acidity in the Bell pepper culture system had the highest effect. The values ​​of environmental index (EcoX) and resource depletion index (RDI) were calculated 0.0492 and 0.4806, respectively. The effects of sensitivity and phosphate discharging sources respectively have the highest potential for environmental damage in the group of environmental impacts and Evacuated resources. Therefore, management of the use of urea fertilizer and the replacement of some of it with organic and non-chemical resources in agricultural indigenous peoples in order to reduce the environmental pollution of Iran is indispensable and inevitable.

The majority of the Earth's surface is covered by water bodies whose beds provide very diverse habitats for aquatic. Since benthos communities choose particular type of bed as their habitat, study of sediments and organisms in the substrate environment can help the environmental assessments. This study was performed to assess the ecological condition of the muddy substrates using macrobenthos communities in Sajafi region of the Persian Gulf. Sampling was done in fall 2009 at 20 stations with 3 replicates at each station to determine organic matter and grain size of the sediments. Measurement of water chemical and physical factors and identification of macrobenthoses were carried out using Hach-HQ40d and Grab devices. Diversity indices of Shannon - Wiener, Simpson, Camargo uniformity, Margalef and Menhink species richness were calculated. Nonparametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the distribution of the data, the oneway ANOVA and Spearman correlation tests were used to compare and evaluate the relationships among diversity and density indices, chemical and physical factors and sediment parameters, and Welch pattern was used for assessing the environmental pollution. Totally 8 groups of Benthos comprising 81 species were identified. The most frequency percent belonged to Gastropoda with 43.03%, Polychaeta with 29.31 % and Bivalvia with 20.53%, respectively. The highest value of Shannon index at station 11 was 4.523. The highest values ​​of diversity and dominance of Simpson, Camargo evenness, and Margalef and Menhink richness indices were 0.948, 0.158, 0.828, 5.830 and 2.830 respectively. The maximum and minimum values ​​of frequency were 4920 and 560 macrobenthos per square meter, at Stations 10 and 17 respectively. Discussion and According to the results of the measured indices, which confirmed the high diversity of macrobenthos in the muddy bed of Sajafi area, it can be concluded that the study area has a high potential to preserve the environmental richness of benthic invertebrates.

The accidents involving the transport of hazardous goods in ports have always been one of the human and environmental threats. The purpose of this research is to study the consequences of incidents involving dangerous goods by modeling and prediction of catastrophic consequences of these goods using the Software valid of management, so in addition to the affected area of the various outcomes of these goods, To provide the necessary management measures to reduce human and environmental toll on keeping dangerous goods in ports and warehouses to be paid.   The study performed from PHAST and ALOHA software in the container terminal in the region of Bandar Imam Khomeini and, to verify the consequences of styrene of toxicity of dangerous goods, was used. According to the results of this study, the extent of pollution coverage (the forbidden region) at least a radius of 79 meters and the best place for placement the Support groups are a radius of 106 meters, around the area dangerous goods. Finally, to offer management practices to avoid or reduce the consequences of possible sites and warehouses storing goods in the study area was dangerous. In this study, methanol reservoir was introduced as the main focus of risk; therefore, the implementation of safety rules, eliminating mechanical failures, personal protection and education, and effective measures to prevent and fight fire are proposed for decreasing the probable losses and fatalities are necessary. As well as measures such as drainage design and appropriate land cover of hazardous goods and predictions for emergency evacuation with regard to atmospheric conditions (speed and wind direction) were recommended.

Protected areas and national parks play an essential role in protecting natural ecosystems and are an effective tool for the conservation of endangered species and the threats posed by human activities. These areas can help protect biodiversity by preserving environmental processes against Turmoil (Orozco et al., 2016). Currently, protected areas are considered as an important component in landscape (Echeverria et al., 2008) and should be evaluated periodically because they are protected for their natural values and can provide many benefits to communities (Pfaff et al., 2009). The risks monitoring in protected areas and national parks is very important in order to understand how they are, their impact on nature, the processes of reconstruction and restoration and to protect them in the long run. Assessing the risk in the ecological resources and ecological conditions of such areas helps managers make the necessary decisions (Jones et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009). Multi-criteria decision-making techniques are used today for risk assessment in many studies. A review of the history of using multi-criteria decision making methods in risk assessment shows that these methods have been used alone or with other methods for risk assessment in different cases (Makvandi et al., 2013). The most popular multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique is the TOPSIS method (see Hsu et al., 2010; Manouchehri & Shia, 2013). The general objective of the present study is the application of TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making method for assessing environmental risks of ​​Dez National Park and protected area. In this regard, the most important risks of Dez National Park and protected area ​​are studied in terms of severity, probability and sensitivity of the receiving environment.

Dez Area with an area of 22013 hectares (total national parks and protected areas) in geographical position 22 and 48 to 46 and 48 degrees east longitude and 34, 31 to 12 and 32 degrees north latitude with north-south direction in narrow strip on both sides of the Dez River extends (Khuzestan Department of Environment, 2016(.
In In this study, the existing risks in the area through field visits, interviews with environmental experts and environmentalists present in the area, as well as existing reports and with use of Delphi technique in two parts of natural and environmental disasters were identified.In this research, the assessment and ranking of environmental risks of Dez Protected Area and National Park using TOPSIS method were based on three indicators of intensity of effect, probability of occurrence and sensitivity of the receiving environment. After determining the priority of the regional risks, for, the components of the number of categories and length of the category were determined based on relations 1 and 2 (see Makvandi et al., 2013) in order to determine their degree of risk.
1 + 3.3 log (n) = rank number             n= total number of risks                                     (1)
Category / smallest amount of risk - the largest amount of risk = Length of the category (2)

According to the field surveys, similar reports and experts' views, 33 initial risks were classified into two groups of natural and environmental disasters in this study. Then, using Delphi methodology and scoring the studied factors, 26 risk factors including 5 natural risks, 2 physico-chemical risks, 3 biological risks, 15 socio-economic risks and 3 cultural risks were rated as high as 3 and were accepted. The results showed that the risk of unauthorized hunting with a coefficient of proximity of 0/876811 has the highest risk of the area, while the risk of intentional and unintentional fire with a coefficient of proximity of 0/180761 has the lowest priority. Also, the highest natural risk in the area is drought with a coefficient of proximity of 0/6128228. The risks of Dez Area are affected by five unpredictable, significant, tolerable, modest, and minor categories in which tolerable risks are allocated as the most frequency percentage.

What is considered in sustainable development is the set of conditions leading to a favorable situation, and this goal is pursued in three areas: biological, cultural and economic. The view of environmental management based on natural resource management expresses that human beings need natural resources and the use of these resources still needs many years to come. Using TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making technique, the hazards were identified and evaluated in Dez Protected Area and National Park. Due to the precise planning and integrated management with regard to the characteristics of the area, it is possible to preserve this particular ecosystem, as well as its sensitive and unique habitats, plant and animal species, and also to guarantee the survival of the human communities in this area. Although the management of each region would have a unique ecosystem, knowing the experiences of the regions and applying the knowledge and methods of international organizations and academic studies in protected areas would enchance the process of sustainable development along with maximum protection of biodiversity.

In this research, it was attempted to evaluate the Tourism Carrying Capacity in the Khaleej-Fars park of Foulad Shahr as one of the urban parks. The main purpose of this research is to compare the different types of tourist carrying capacity using the IUCN method and identify its weaknesses and strengths as a way to improve its management. Data was collected through field surveys, questionnaires, climatic statistics of Zarrin-Shahr Weather Station and experts' opinion. The results of using the IUCN guidelines showed that the Khaleej-Fars park with an area of 93000 square meters with a physical carrying capacity of 325872 people, has a real carrying capacity of 78183 people and an effective carrying capacity of 39091 people per year. Also, the service capacity of the park was more than the management carrying capacity. Therefore, before designing and implementing infrastructure and facilities in urban parks, it is recommended to estimate the effective carrying capacity firstly, and then designing and application of facilities in accordance with principles and in proportion to the capacity of the road.

Wetland ecosystems, especially marine coastal wetlands of the most important and also the most vulnerable are the world's environmental resources. Which has always been sensitive to the fragility of coastal areas, high population density and intensive human activities are faced with the threat of destruction. Based on this, monitoring the trend of the changes in wetlands and their surrounding lands can be effective in the management of these valuable ecosystems. Investigating the environmental risk is a suitable instrument for evaluating and ensuring understanding of the relationships between stressor factors and environmental effects especially in wetland ecosystems. In general, application of methods of evaluating environmental risk is one of the important tools in studying environmental management along with identifying and mitigating potential environmental damaging factors in wetland regions in order to achieve sustainable development. Today, multi-criteria decision-making methods are employed in evaluating the risk in many studies.This study is based on multi-criteria decision-making methods to identify and analyze the risks threatening Tyab- Minab International wetland located in Hormozgan province was conducted. Based on the methodology to identify and prioritize risks Delphi, AHP and TOPSIS techniques were used to determine the risk priority number. In the first phase of this study, to identify and screen the main criteria of project selection, Delphi method was used. In this study, the panel of interest was determined based on a combination of experts with different expertise and out of a sample of 20 individuals, in which experts with various expertise gave a score from 1 to 5 (Likert scale) to each criterion. In this way, 32 criteria were identified as the most important and considerable risk for Minab Wetland and further proceeded to the second phase for prioritization and analysis. In this stage, multi-criteria decision-making methods were used, in which hierarchical analysis process was employed for prioritizing the criteria using Expert Choice 11 software. The indices of risk evaluation including the impact intensity, incidence probability, and the sensitivity of the receptive environment in environmental risk evaluation of wetlands do not have an equal value and significance. For this purpose, to weight the factors effective in estimating risk level and for prioritization of risk options, the technique for order of preference by similarly to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and Excel software were benefited from for calculations. The spectrum of scoring to each of the indices of incidence probability, impact intensity, and the sensitivity of the receiving environment was chosen from very low (1) to very high (9) based on hour spectrum. Following investigation of the types and frequency of indices along with the method of score determination of these indices, three indices of risk intensity (C1), risk incidence probability (C2), and the sensitivity of the receiving environment (C3) were chosen for risk ranking using TOPSIS model. Next, after determination of risk priority number using TOPSIS, the risk levels were calculated and evaluated using normal distribution method for each risk. To determine the degree of risk-taking, risks are organized in a descending order, where the elements of the number of the class and the length of the class are determined based on Relations 1 and 2 (n is the number of risks). Next, the risks are categorized based on these classes. Considering the concept of ALARP, the risks under investigation are divided into high risks, medium risks, and low risks. In this study, considering the number and length of classes, the studied risks were categorized in six levels (critical, intolerable, considerable, medium, tolerable, and trivial risks).   (2) (1) the number of classes=1+3.3 log (n) the length of the classes= the greatest risk value - the smallest risk value/the number of classes In the first step, the final indices of the wetland's environmental risk were identified and the development of hierarchical tree and classification of the risks threatening wetlands along with their incidence probability in two groups of natural and environmental criteria was performed. Eventually, the final weight of criteria resulting from paired comparisons was obtained in Expert Choice 11 to achieve the score of incidence probability of each risk. Based on the results, among the natural, social, economic, physiochemical, biological, and cultural criteria, drought and climate change, increase urban and rural development, Smugling of fuel, oil pollution, reduce the density of vegetation, indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater were of high priority. The results obtained from ranking the the risks threatening Minab Wetland using TOPSIS suggest that oil pollution, dam construction upstream, persistent drought and climate change, and sometimes alcohol and fuel smuggling and illegal overfishing the priorities are first to fifth. Also Results showed that the respectively based on (Cj+) oil pollution (0/9109), dam construction (0/8121), the drought and climate changes (0/8063) and the smuggling of fuel (0/7520) are in Unbearable level. Overall, the results indicated that same as this research, wetland ecosystems are subject to many threatening factors, resulting in ecological imbalance and abnormal appearance of the wetland, putting the wetland entity into danger of extinction in terms of fauna and flora. Nowadays, for assessment of environmental risk, various methods are used, each of which has positive and negative points given the studied environment and the conditions governing it. Therefore, one cannot reject or approve one method with total confidence. By employing novel methods in risk evaluation, the intensity of risk incidences and, in turn, the damages and losses incurred to the environment can be prevented or at least mitigated. Further, it is also possible to move in line with proper and optimal management of environmental resources, especially wetlands and with sustainable development. Undoubtedly, understanding and recognition of the factors threatening wetlands, according to the importance and the impact of them, Prevent and cope with the threats and accurate project preparation and implementation of wetland conservation plans and environmental management.

To conserve and manage wetland resources, it is important to inventory and monitor wetlands and their adjacent uplands. Satellite remote sensing has several advantages for monitoring wetland resources. Therefore, in order to implement better management and in order to protect the wisely of Miankaleh wetland, the evaluation and monitoring of the dynamic changes of this wetland using satellite imagery and remote sensing was done. For this purpose, the Landsat images (OLI and ETM sensors) of 15 years’ timescale (2001 -2016) provided. After geometric and atmospheric correction of these images, supervised classification with maximum likelihood method was done and these images were classified in to 5 classes Including bayer and wet lands, man making, vegetation, agriculture and aquatic zone. The results showed that there was a wide change in the wetland’s area during the 15-year period Due to land use changes and contamination has been caused. During the study period, the aqutic zone has been reduced by 11879 hectares and wetlands with the highest area of 5.52 Percent and vegetation cover with 0.55 Percent of the least increase in area. As a result, due to the process of changes in the level of the wetland, it is necessary to prevent the destruction and destruction of this wetland with proper and integrated management and planning.

Wetlands are the intermediate lands between drought and aquatic ecosystems and are the most fertile and most productive ecosystems on earth (Germandy et al., 2008). Management of wetlands for conservation includes the conservation of wetlands from direct human pressures and the maintenance of natural processes in the vicinity of wetland. Monitoring the changes in wetlands and their surrounding lands can be useful for managing these valuable ecosystems (Sabzghabaei et al., 2015). In order to better protect the sustainable development, the necessity of differentiation and recognition of the characteristics of wetlands makes it possible to determine the resources, source of origin, location and factors of their destruction, so that they can be managed with a proper understanding of them. (Lambin and Gist, 2006). If society wants sustainable development in the first stage, we must acquire a complete knowledge of our environment, and in the second stage we must work with strategic planning to maintain it (Jafari, 2015). Strategic planning models are unlimited, but almost all of them are inspired by the SWOT analytical model (Chang and Huang, 2006). From the perspective of this model, an effective strategy will maximize strengths and opportunities and minimize the weaknesses and threats (Ganjali et al., 2014). Hour_ Al_ Azim wetland is located in the common border region of Iran and Iraq in the southwest of Iran and in the county of Dashte Azadegan of Khuzestan province (Behroozirad, 2008). Over the past decade, due to the intensification of human activities, in particular the development of the Azadegan oilfield and the pressures of human societies on the studied wetland, there have been profound changes in the region. This research was conducted with the aim of developing appropriate conservation strategies for Hour_ Al_ Azim wetland.

City has long been regarded as one of the human achievements by civilizations. Urban structure is part of the basic and mainconcepts of urban engineering knowledge and, in fact, is the foundation of its formation, and it is of great importance that some urban planners in developed countries regard it as equal to the spatial planning of the city. Today, lots of driving forces exert pressure on the environment. Change in land use and land cover is one of the pressures caused by driving factors such as population and its increase. The destruction of urban landscape, and change in land use and land cover are cases that constantly pressure the environmentof the country. Land use change is a complex and dynamic process thatinterconnect natural and human systems, therefore it directly relatesto many environmental issues that are globally significant. So, it can be stated that changes in urban structure has always been one of the most important factors, by whichmanhas influenced his environment. Given the role of environment in human life, precise information about the environmental change and the process of their changes should be achieved,which, can determine the extent of the expansion and destruction of resources, and guide these changes in appropriate courses by predicting urban structure changes. In this research, an eight-year period ofthe Google Earth images from Digital Globe, Astrium satellites for the years 2007-2015 was used to model the changes of the urban structure in the study area.
These images were then digitized to identify the desired uses. The required preprocessing was carried out by implementing the rules of topology, and the map of user changes for the two periods of 2007 and 2015 was prepared by inserting the images into the ENVE software, and land use was located in 12 educational, religious, park and green spaces, Residential, agricultural, gardens, industrial, sports, tree cover, wasteland and industrial land classes.Then, the transfer force modeling was carried out using the Perceptron of Multi-layer Artificial Neural Networks and 11 variables that include slope, direction, elevation, distance from residential areas, distance from agricultural lands, distance from the gardens, distance from the water zone, distance from the tree cover, distance from barren lands and distance from the road. Then, theassignment of changes to each use was calculated using the Markov Chain, and the modeling for the year 1402 was carried out using the hard prediction and calibration periodmodelofthe years1386to1394.At the end, the urban structureof 1402 was predicted using the Calibration period of 1386 to 1394. The results of monitoring the changes showed that agricultural uses (437) and tree cover (9) have decreased, while other uses have increased during two study periods. The reasons for these changes can be largely due to the increase in population and the increase in the needs of the population along with the agricultural not being cost effective, and the roads, wastelands, gardens, educational, religious, water zones, parks and green spaces, industrial, sports and residential uses have had an increasing trend. The results of modeling the transition forceusing artificial neural network showed high accuracy in most of the sub-models. The total error in modeling was obtained for the year 1394, which illustrates the high adaptability of the projected image of the model with the image of the ground reality and the acceptability of the model.The results of modeling for the year 1402 indicatea very high increase in the use of residential (195 hectares) and garden (104 hectares), and a significant reduction of 33 hectares in agricultural use. In general, it can be stated that the trend of Changes in the urban structure ofGhaemshahr, especially in agricultural and residential sectors is enormous, which leads to the degradation and destruction of the natural environment and the fragmentation of communication corridors that guarantee the balance and sustainability of wild life and the environment. All of these factors are due tothe poor urban and environmental management, including control, supervision and monitoring and the lack of proper planning. The findings of this research call for the necessity of more attention to the sustainable exploitation of the land and preventing its destruction in this city. The results obtained from the prediction of the future also indicate the reliability and validity of the model that is fully consistent with the reality and can be used as an executive model in the future vision planningfor the city ofQaemshahr, and it is possible to prevent damages to the city and its nature through proper urban planning and decision-making of managers.