فهرست مطالب غلامرضا طلیسچی

Enclosed communities, which are also known as gated residential development, gated residential apartment, and settlement, are expanding and have become very popular among home buyers. Enclosed communities have limited public access and privatized public space with the aim of creating security and peace for their residents, and this enclosure has led to the creation of disjointed spaces that are separated and isolated from their outer urban environment. In fact, enclosed neighborhoods are a reflection of an urban unit that is physically, socially, and economically different from its surroundings and lacks cohesion. Examining the negative effects of these communities enclosed within themselves and the surrounding urban areas is a very important issue that has not been addressed much, and land traders and developers have expanded them without paying attention to it and trying to make more profit. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to identify these factors from the point of view of experts and space users, with the aim of investigating the degree of confinement in the neighborhood cohesion of the residents of Ekbatan and Ati Saz.
The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative type. This research has a nest to nest combination. To answer the research question, qualitative-quantitative research method nest by nest is used. In the qualitative method, a semi-structured interview is used to verify the variables extracted from the bases and also to assign the base variables to a case sample, and the obtained results are entered into the ATLAS.TI software to facilitate the coding, and open coding is used to extract the variables with a live approach. , description and interpretation takes place.
In a small part of the obtained variables, a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale (1: the lowest level of perception of the individual about the effect of confinement on neighborhood cohesion; 5: the highest level of perception of the individual about the effect of confinement on neighborhood cohesion) is compiled and distributed among 384 people of space users. In this section, by using the factor analysis method, due to the multiplicity of variables for classification and also the effect of each of them in the residential complex of Ati Saz and Ekbatan, factor analysis with the Varimax method is used, and finally, the correlation of the determined coefficients in both Ekbatan and Ati Saz neighborhoods with Each other is taken and a fitting curve is drawn.
The results of the research show that Ekbatan and Atisaz neighborhoods are considered as one of the prosperous and active communities in Tehran. Also, because of their convenient location, they have been favored by the residents of Tehran. According to the investigations carried out in this research, in both neighborhoods, the factor of social cohesion is considered the most effective factor in the cohesion of the residents of both neighborhoods. The reason for this is that the enclosure and separation of Akbatan and Atysaz neighborhoods from the surrounding neighborhoods, both physically and socially, has caused problems such as social-cultural discontinuity in this area, which has consequences such as the fragmentation of the social fabric. The isolation and insularity of these two neighborhoods has caused the administration of this area to face problems and social participation in urban governance is decreasing. One of the most important problems caused by the lack of communication and connection between Ekbatan and Ati-saz neighborhoods with the surrounding neighborhoods is social disunity and segregation in this area, which, if appropriate decisions are not taken and the need for social cohesion of the area is not taken into account, can cause many problems in the future. The lack of communication and physical connection has also caused a gap in the body tissue and its lack of harmony with the surrounding environment. In addition to the mentioned issues, these neighborhoods also struggle with the issue of access and inefficient public transportation, and this has caused major changes in the process of citizens living in these neighborhoods.
Also, the most important factor affecting the cohesion of these two enclosed neighborhoods is social cohesion. After that, the following factors can be mentioned in order:Coherence in social communication, cohesion in the sense of belonging, cohesion in creating security, cohesion in governing organizations and cohesion in authority.

Problem statement: 

Judgment and evaluation of architectural designs have been among the challenges that designers and architects deal with. This challenge is more serious at the professional level due to the sensitivity of designs and these scales. In general, the lack of comprehensive and clear criteria for evaluating and judging architectural designs is named as the most substantial reason causing this issue. The intellectual foundations of the study have been shaped based on the following questions: What criteria are used to judge and evaluate architectural designs? Are design providers or participants in governmental organizations satisfied with the top design chosenor is this choice the outcome of the personal interests of the jury, political rents, and popularity of consultant companies or competitors? Finally, is the top design selected based on certain criteria and regulations that are everyone’s favorite? 

The study attempts toidentify the mechanism, criteria, and characteristics of the jury that judges these designs, and finally develop the proposed checklist forjudging and evaluating public building’ design in governmental organizations. 

The datawere obtained from analysis of open and semi-in-depth interviews with architecture experts. This study uses the practical method of “Grounded Theory” in architectural studies to identify the judgment criteria for public buildings’ design in governmental organizations based on the interpretations provided by architecture experts. 

Research findings and categories point to the characteristics of the jurors and their judgment technique. The results show that when professional and competent jurors are employed to judge the architectural designs, the judgment process and its criteria are done accurately with fewer problems. Ultimately, the core category or theme titled “The selected legitimate and competent jury” has been presented in addition to the criteria and conditions involved in the judgment process, as well as the characteristics of the jurors who judge these designs.

The main goal of this research is to identify the environmental factors that influence the formation of creative ability of 7-11 year old students in Ilam city.

The present research is of a mixed exploratory type (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of its practical purpose. In the qualitative stage, using the qualitative method of theme analysis based on the opinions of research experts (selected in a purposeful way), the evaluation and identification of environmental patterns effective on the formation of creative ability in students have been evaluated, and the results of the theme analysis are four patterns of natural and artificial elements of the environment. , the natural structural characteristics of the environment, the determining factors of environmental behavior and the physical dimensions of the space were presented for the proposed qualitative model. In line with the results of the theme analysis, a researcher-made scenario regarding the influence and influence of the identified patterns on the formation of students' creative ability has been used using the fuzzy Dimetal technique.

The findings showed that the adaptability component that has the highest amount of D+R is the most interactive. It has the same relationship with other indicators as well as the heat and humidity component which has the highest D-R value; It has the greatest influence on other indicators. Also, in the same dimensions, the dimension of physical-spatial factors) has the most interaction with other dimensions, and also the dimension (determining factors of environmental behavior) that has the most influence on other dimensions.

The environment is considered as an important factor in creating the fields of learning and creativity.

Natural forms and structures have always been a source of human inspiration for the creation of space. The present study focuses on one of the most important sources of inspiration from nature, namely Rotational Symmetrical Synclastic shells (RSS), and deals with the formal and structural optimality of these shells and their role in architecture. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical and simulation. It also uses primary sources and case studies in nature, such as bird eggs to analyse the form and structure of natural RSS shells, and to determine how to use their capacities in architecture. To this end, the article first addresses the typology of RSS shells. Then, the formal principles of RSS shells in nature are examined, which include various formal structures. Then, the typology of these shells in past and contemporary architecture is examined, including different types of arches and domes based on compressive or tensile behaviour. Another objective was to study the formal and structural optimality parameters in nature and architecture. It is very important for architects and designers in this field to have data control in order to achieve optimal and innovative forms and structures. Due to the variety of RSS shells, the focus of this research has been on spherical and parabolic examples. In the study of the "circular parabolic" shells, first, the required parameters were defined. The parametric definition of "spherical" and "circular parabolic" surfaces showed that the optimality of the shell surface can be achieved by adjusting parameters. In order to identify the optimality parameters of RSS shells in nature, bird eggs were examined as a case study. Various studies have shown that many parameters are effective in the optimal formation of bird eggs, such as: clutch size, roll factor, Hand Wing Index (HWI), degree of conical or elliptical egg elongation, and structure of the egg, among others. On the other hand, changing in numerical parameters also showed that by increasing the height of the egg, surface optimality in relation to volume can be increased. In examining such natural RSS shells, which are great examples of natural structures, we arrived at hidden rules and parameters. Some of these have been implemented in architecture, while others have not yet been considered. The ones that have generally been implemented are: achieving formal and structural optimality with maximum resistance in large openings, using the least materials and having minimum surface area, reducing resistance to lateral wind forces in minimal formal and structural contact, and having an optimal form in response to environmental and weather conditions. However, the findings show that there are other rules, which should also be considered by architects, such as design and implementation of context-sensitive in-situ shells and prefabricated shells focused on the specificities of each context, and utilizing new technologies to achieve maximum optimization of form and structure in RSS shell architecture. Thus, by examining natural RSS shells, it may be possible to achieve new and more efficient architectural ideas and design processes.

The present study aimed to design and apply the instructional model of procedural knowledge based on two systemic and constructivist approaches to compare the effectiveness of these approaches by evaluating the educational activities of architectural freshman students and to identify the appropriate approach to adopt an effective instructional model to improve design ability. Architectural basic design (I) lesson was considered as a case study in this research. Instructional design with a systemic approach was then carried out using the teaching model of procedural knowledge of Moradi (2010) and then with a constructivist approach using the model of Jonassen (1999). The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included first year undergraduate students of architectural engineering in universities of Hamadan province. Among them, 30 students of architectural basic design (I) lesson of Islamic Azad University, Hamadan Branch were selected as a sample by available sampling methods, but were assigned randomly. The data collection tool was a researcher-made test to measure students' performance, which was approved by experts. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (mean, variance, standard deviation, etc.) and inferential tests (covariance and its assumptions) with the help of SPSS software (2021) version 22. The results showed that the instructional model of procedural knowledge based on a systemic approach can be more effective in improving the design ability of architectural freshman students who have little basic knowledge than the constructive model by changing the cognitive structures.

According to the prevailing view in architectural and urban studies, the bazaar is described as the backbone of the spatial and social structure of Iranian cities. However, various studies on public spaces, especially commercial centers in Iran, show that despite the small growth of these buildings; They have serious weaknesses in the field of quality. In a way that has caused the degradation of qualitative components and the failure of many spaces designed in the contemporary era has been seen. Recognizing this issue and the lack of behavioral-spatial studies in markets and commercial centers in this article, we have tried to study the relationship between environmental quality in various dimensions, including space with current activities in traditional markets and new commercial centers. Because there seems to be a significant relationship between the type of current activities and the success of the behavioral camp. The research method is mixed and based on observing the range of current activities, spatial configuration analysis and questioning of space users. The study area includes the traditional market of Boroujerd and Diplomat Shopping Center have been selected as two architectural models. For this purpose, 2 behavioral camps in the traditional market and 1 camp in the Diplomat Center were studied. Space Syntax analysis variables included "Integration ", "depth" and "connection". According to Jan Gehl's theory, current activities are divided into three groups: "mandatory", "optional" and "social", and the quality of the environment is divided into four categories: "objective-structural", "objective-functional", and "objective-environmental", "Mental-spatial", "mental-semantic" is divided. The hypotheses were tested using correlation analysis method in SPSS.23 software. It was concluded that the studied behavioral camps, due to their high physical quality, allow the occurrence of selective activities that are more dependent on the physical and physical conditions of the environment than other activities. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between voluntary and interconnected activities in the studied behavioral camps.

Evaluating and judging architectural designs has always been challenging. This challenge exists at all stages and levels of architecture, both in academic and professional communities. Due to the lack of criteria, guidelines or standard and codified regulations for judging and evaluating projects, objections to the results of judging and ultimately confusion of designers and participants is evident. Due to the essential differences between the field of architecture and other disciplines, there is no scientific and codified mechanism for judging and evaluating architectural designs. Judging of projects is generally based on personal tastes, tacit knowledge and previous experience of judges and the expectations and orders of the employer of the project. The present study uses Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate and judge the architectural designs submitted to government agencies. This method, by transforming complex problems into a hierarchy of its constituent factors, achieves the appropriate solution that is most relevant to the objectives. Accordingly, in the first stage, through library studies and preparation of a questionnaire, the criteria presented in the architectural plans in government institutions by experts and experts of the technical office were extracted. Then, through the method of hierarchical analysis, the two criteria are compared and finally the relative weight of each criterion is calculated. And then the final score of each criterion is determined for evaluation and judging. The results show that AHP (hierarchical analysis) technique, due to its simplicity, flexibility and simultaneous application of quantitative and qualitative criteria, can be used in evaluating and judging architectural designs.

There are multiple challenges in teaching and learning the basic architectural design studio, since students are at their novice skill level, and they are unfamiliar with the nature of the design knowledge and the interaction with their teachers. The most important activity in these studios, which leads to developing the students’ novice design skills, is the “teacher-student interactions” during the student’s progress. “Donald Schon”, a philosopher and researcher in the field of design education, has described one of the main theories in teaching the design studios. The results of Schon’s research show that “action with reflection” is the main knowledge-making factor in the studio. According to Schon’s theory, different levels of reflection take place in the context of teacher-student interaction. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze these interactions to improve and facilitate education in basic design studios. Understanding the different aspects of these interactions as well as their effective components can be operative in improving the training of novice designers.

Linkography method is the latest and most accurate method to analyze the designer’s way of thinking when faced with a design problem by analyzing design sessions. Linkography is a structural-applied method for examining and analyzing the production of design ideas as a communication network. This method was first studied and introduced by Goldschmidt (1990) to study the design protocols and then accepted by other researchers. A linkograph illustrates the design movements and the relationship between the designs. In this method, what has happened audibly between the teacher and the student during the design critique session is written and the resulting text is coded (FBS). In 1990, Jane Jero introduced the FBS encoding method, which is compatible with the linkography method. In FBS coding, codes are design issues, and their relationship defines design processes. Linkography is a method that transforms the conceptual connection between codes into illustrated representations and thus allows the analysis and identification of the designers’ thinking. In this research, linkography method is applied to scrutinize and analyze the interactions between novice students and their teachers in the basic architectural design studio.

The results show that establishing positive and constructive interactions between the teacher and students improves the students’ design skills and facilitates their brainstorming. The context in which the “dialogue” between the teacher and the novice students takes place can provide the conditions for this type of interaction. In general, the teacher takes the lead in the studio in three roles: friend, coach, and commander. As a friend, the teacher always encourages the student’s performance positively, and this leads to a permanent agreement between the two. However, this type of communication rarely improves the design ability of the novice student and is more effective in expanding the social and emotional connections. As a commander, the teacher treats the students based on competence and power. In this case, the students try to fulfill the teacher’s wishes without hesitation to attract attention or avoid reprimand. As a result, their design skills do not improve, and if a positive result is achieved in the design process, this result belongs to the teacher and not the student. As a coach, the main teacher’s task is to guide, advise and facilitate. By having sufficient experience and knowledge, the teacher anticipates the problem situation and guides the student to face these situations. At the same time, there is a space for conversation, and the students can explain their ideas and opinions. Placing the teacher and the student in such a situation creates positive interactions, and the process of reflection in practice is realized in a context of positive interactions.

Providing the context for establishing positive and constructive interactions in the basic architectural design studio depends on the emergence of individual and behavioral components of the teacher’s and the student’s behavior. The results of the present study have identified and introduced these components. For the students, components such as: culture, background, knowledge, experience, visual and spatial perception, gender, and values are effective in interactions. For the teachers, components such as: culture, knowledge, experience, and values are influential. The behavioral components of the teacher and the student are also different. Based on Schon’s text analysis and the results of the analysis of the session, the “good student” has behavioral characteristics such as: Trusting the teacher, Having practical attention and listening to the teacher, Discounting their previous ideas, Showing reflective imitation of the teacher’s performance, Admiring the teacher (not for attention or the fear of reprimand, but because of merits), Recognizing the teacher as a source of knowledge and competence, Showing mutual respect.The teacher also has different behavioral components and plans in the studio. As mentioned in the previous section, the effective teacher’s role in establishing fruitful interactions is the “coaching role”. The teacher’s presence as a guide in the studios leads to a dialogue between the teacher and the novice students. The conversation about the progress of the design project is an important part of the interaction between the teacher and the student. Hence,  the behavioral components of the “coaching role” are:Guidance and supervision, facilitation, Creating a safe ambiance for the student to explain their opinions and ideas, Not using the monophonic instruments of power, Avoiding hierarchy, Predicting possible future situations in the design process, Creating equal opportunities in conversation, Reflecting on student practice, Not giving explicit expression of positions and desires (because the subconscious leads to imitation of a novice student without reflection).

In this study, we examined the sensibility and body perception in the experience of architectural space in the traditional market of Kermanshah. The method of this research is qualitative and using the phenomenological approach seeks to analyze the representation of sensory and bodily perception in the experience of architectural space. The method of data collection is semi-structured and semi-in-depth interviews. The sample size was selected based on theoretical saturation logic and at the same time as the interviews, 16 people were selected, 7 of whom were women and 9 of whom were men. The data analysis method of this research is thematic analysis. The results of this research were presented in the form of a conceptual model in three states of substrates / conditions and the spatial and spatial position and position were presented in the form of 3 categories. Adaptation in the form of body surroundings and emotions in the security and spirit of the market space was presented. Kermanshah market environment includes the person's body with its shape and structure and gives security to the person's body and the person defines himself in the open environment with sensory and conscious communication, in relation to the past and also meeting human needs. The spirit of this place will communicate

The effect of architectural components and tourists' perception and interpretation of the conditions, processes and consequences of the destination formation are of great importance. In this research, the destination is traditional accommodations that attract tourists' attention. We conducted this study using a qualitative approach; our aim was to understand the tourists' mental image of Kashan traditional accommodations in online media, and to explain the role of place representation in these media and design a model for it. We collected the research data through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 32 domestic and foreign tourists, experienced tour guides, content production experts and managers of traditional residences, as well as through our field observations. We applied Corbin and Strauss's innovative grounded theory to analyze the data and present the final theory. Based on this method and through open, centralized and selective coding, we draw the research findings and presented in the form of a paradigm model consisting of three dimensions of conditions, strategies and consequences. Our findings include 9 sub-categories, including cyberspace, place-based representation, cultural tourism, geographical base of destination, managerial factors, tourist, place evaluation, online interaction and exchange, and promotion of architectural tourism. The main category of this research is mediated experience of place, which includes sub-categories. We designed a conceptual model to explain the relationships between categories. Recognition of the effective architectural components in the representation of the buildings was rendered by explaining the formation of tourists' mental image of the traditional accommodations of Kashan in online media. The results of this study can help architects and tourism professionals to understand the tourists' perceptions and needs of traditional accommodations in online media.

Human beings have always used natural forms as inspiration for the design of their space. Today, technology has improved the integration of natural forms in architecture and has allowed designers to achieve more complex forms found in nature. The present study focuses on one of the most important sources of inspiration from nature, i.e. synclastic surfaces and explicates how the formal and structural concepts of these surfaces are used in architecture compared to other surfaces. The research method of this paper is comparative and descriptive-analy‌‌‌‌‌‌tical, and it uses primary resources and examples to show how the form and structure of natural synclastic surfaces can influence contemporary architecture.The paper begins by categorizing surfaces (shells) based on their curvature and shape, and then uses examples found in nature, to explains the different typologies of synclastic shells according to their form and construction method. The paper categorizes natural synclastic surfaces into three types: A-random form, B- based on non-Euclidean geometry and C- combined. If the construction of the synclastic surface is accidental, then its structure is uncertain and unstable. Synclastic surfaces based on non-Euclidean geometry are divided into two categories of A-symmetric and regular elliptical/spherical geometry and B-asymmetric elliptical/spherical geometry. The morphological structure of the first typology has: 1- rotational symmetry 2-transitional symmetry 3-reflective symmetry 4-rotational-reflective symmetry 5-scale symmetry and fractals. The morphological structure of the second category, which is asymmetric, is such that it only has proportions and geometric rules. In combined morphologies, harmony in structure and totality gives the synclastic surface its formal structure. In the next step, different examples of synclastic shells in architecture are illustrated. To do this, the typology of arched and domed roofs, as examples of curved shells, and also the typology of synclastic surfaces in contemporary architecture is presented. Furthermore, the formal typology of synclastic surfaces in contemporary architecture, based on their technology and structural logic, is extracted. The paper argues that by recognizing and utilizing the potentials of synclastic surfaces in nature, and by using new design methods, construction techniques and technologies, it is possible to achieve more optimal and formally complex synclastic shell structures in architecture. These structures would be lighter, yet more durable, gravitationally balanced and due to their variety and flexibility, can exhibit an intelligent and responsive design, which is more in tune with contextual conditions. Synclastic shells are not only rooted in nature but have also been used extensively in traditional Iranian architecture. Devoting attention to this type of structure in architecture improves the optimization of form and structure, and it also contributes to the evolution of the Iranian architectural language. By researching this type of shell structures, a new architecture can be created that provides both innovation and evolution of past concepts in form, structure and design philosophy. The results of this research show that there are a variety of synclastic surfaces and shells in nature that have escaped our attention, which can be important models for new ideas in architectural education, design and construction.

The study of natural shells has long been considered by architects. This research focuses on investigation and recognition of "Rotationally Symmetrical Synclastic" shells (RSS shells). It aims to promote and introduce the structural capabilities of RSS shells in architecture in order to promote the use of the bird eggshell pattern in nature.

The research method is mixture of the descriptive-analytical and the comparative methodology; with the use of the primary sources, MATLAB analytical software, and parametric analysis of the optimality of bird eggshell surfaces as examples of natural RSS shells. The research method is set to introduce how to use the optimal and functional capabilities of these surfaces in architecture.

First, an introduction of RSS shells and their morphology is presented with an emphasis on bird eggshells. Next, the issue of bird eggshell optimality and the usability of optimal forms and structures of these shells in architecture is discussed. Finally, after interpreting and analyzing the data, a parametric analysis of the optimality of eggshell surfaces was carried out, which informed the use of similar RSS shells in architecture.

By using digital analysis tools in parametric modeling of bird eggshells, more optimal RSS shells can be achieved in contemporary architecture. Shells with minimal materials and the ability to run faster and easier than other shells, which can be suitable coverings for large spans.

Understanding the representation components of the historical buildings in cyberspace and their impact on the mental image of the tourists is a significant fact in tourism recognition and management. A part of this subject is the impact of place representation on the destination image of the tourist. In this research, the destination is traditional accommodations that attract tourists' attention. The current research aims to study the effect of historical buildings' representation in cyberspace on tourists' destination image. This research is one of the first studies in architectural tourism that has made traditional accommodations the subject and destination of tourists.

The content analysis method was applied in this qualitative research. Qualitative research approaches are commonly used when there is little current understanding of a complex phenomenon. Content analysis is one of the many methods used in qualitative research. The main advantages of content analysis are that it is content-sensitive, can be applied in highly flexible research designs, and is used to analyze many types of qualitative data. The participants were 18 domestic tourists and seven foreign tourists who found one of Kashan's traditional accommodations in cyberspace for the first time and selected that as their settlement. Data collection was done via semi-structured interviews and continued until reaching saturation.

Four main categories were obtained from data analysis: 1) architectural representation, 2) representation of the semantic attributes, 3) representation of the activities and events, 4) representation method. The results of this study disclosed that place-based representation and highlighting the representation of physical components define different dimensions of human-environment interaction at semantic levels. Place-based representation plays a vital role in how the monument is presented and the audience understands it. The study has revealed that the representation of the physical features of the environment effectively creates a sense of place and the formation of the desired destination image. The concept of place-based representation pays attention to the effects of buildings, humans, and time on each other. It stresses that the human narrative is not far from the architectural narrative.

T The results of this study can contribute to the experts and tourism managers in improving the content production and marketing of the settlements in cyberspace and architects in the representation of the historical buildings to understand better the tourists' mental image from the traditional accommodations via cyberspace. Therefore, the improvement of architectural tourism knowledge will be provided. Paying attention to the dimensions of the concept of place-based representation as one of the most significant concepts and practical issues in promoting environmental perception and environmental psychology will be effective and can be used to understand the environment in cyberspace better. The meanings and concepts that the person decodes after perceiving the place in cyberspace due to the place-oriented representation are among the factors that create levels of sense of place.

The aim of this study was to explain the role of place representation in shaping the mental image of tourists from traditional residences. Representing the architecture of traditional residences in cyberspace as one of the most important sources of effective information in shaping the image of tourist destinations is of great importance. Today, traditional resorts as one of the most important tourist attractions of historic cities, are of interest to tourists. These tourists make extensive use of the visual and verbal information contained in the online media to identify and select their destinations. Using a qualitative approach, in addition to field observations, research data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 32 domestic and foreign tourists, experienced tour guides, content production experts, and managers of traditional accommodations. To analyze the data and present the final theory, the data theory method of Corbin and Strauss Innovative Foundation was used. Based on this method, through open, central and selective coding, research findings were drawn and presented in the form of a paradigm model consisting of three dimensions of conditions, strategies and consequences. The findings include 9 sub-categories, consisting of cyberspace, location-based representation, cultural tourism, geographical context of the destination, managerial factors, tourism, location-based evaluation, online interaction and exchange, and mental image enhancement. The main category of this research is location-based experience, which includes the sub-categories. Providing a conceptual model to explain the relationships between categories shows that the category of location-based representation, as the most important reason for creating experience through space, allows the development of perceptions of the environment, which is classified into three categories: architectural representation, representation of semantic aspects and representation of activities and events. The role of architectural representation was done by explaining how the mental image of tourists is formed from traditional accommodations in cyberspace. The results of this study can help architects to understand the perceptions and knowledge of tourists of traditional accommodations in cyberspace, as well as how historical monuments are represented in the media.

One of the main issues in social psychology is the study of values. “Value as a guide of behavior” is a fundamental principle in social psychology. The history of this principle is almost one century. The study of values has also been incorporated into other disciplines, one of which is architecture. Since the 1970s, in the architectural realm, “design as a reflective practice” has represented this view, nonetheless, the discussion of values is yet to be studied in Iran’s architecture. This research sought to answer the following question: “What are the main values of the experts of Iranian Architectural Design Society and What are the origins of these design values and what is the dominant value paradigm of this society”.Research

This study aimed to identify the prevailing pattern of values and intellectual and practical frameworks of the designers of the Iranian Architectural Design Society. This article seeks to clarify and examine the values, origins of values and ideas and practices consistent with the values of expert designers in society.Research

The current research was a qualitative field study, in which the data was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviewing and analyzed using the grounded theory. “MAXQDA 2018” was used to analyze the data.

Results indicated “Novelty” is the core value of expert designers, after which “environmental, historical, traditional and social values” is of high significance to these designers. “Contextual Futurism” is the term used to introduce the final set of values in its paradigm form. Designer values are shaped by the personal endeavor, academia and work in the profession. The acceptance of the elite is more important than the satisfaction of the users and the general public.

Coordination of education categories and activities of novice students in architectural primary design studios is indispensable and can lead to the designing ability development and transition towards professionalism and proficiency. The objective is a conceptual framework for architectural education based on the categories of architectural education and novice studentschr('39') activities in architecture primary design studios. The article used qualitative content analysis at the level of words and concepts. To formulate the framework and find the inner meaning of the attitudes and priorities of architectural education in teaching methods, architectural education, and design process. The data collection method is a documentation method; 84 references are searched many times and are related to architectural knowledge, novice, design ability, design process, and design thinking are selected. The article developed a conceptual framework of architectural education for novice students by analyzing texts, collecting internal and external scientific information, and examining the architectural design studiochr('39')s position following the extraction and inference of architectural education categories and design studio activities. After identifying the research objective and question, content analysis and interpretation was made in three stages. Coding was done by studying the common texts, words and concepts, and analysis, separation, integration, and aggregation. Education conceptual categories were formed in the architectural design studios. Educational activities were finally found to cover the categories, and the final framework of education was formulated. Content analysis and definition of categories, activities and the relationship between them were used. Via representing the data collection protocol, the analysis and coding process has contributed to the research reliability. The research findings reveal six categories using analysis, table, and form, including ability, architectural thinking, studio effectiveness, collaborative learning, media, and assessment. Each of these categories has sub-categories that designate the novice studentschr('39') design needs. Activities to enhance the needs of a novice student of architecture were found to fit and cover several categories, including six series of activities studies, building analysis, model building, sketches, various media, and expression evaluation. The design process takes place in an intricate reciprocal motion in the human mind. Inspired by expert architectschr('39') work, convergent and divergent thinking, and reflection on the design process, collaboration, and critique in the studio activities, novice students, eventually develop ideas, create a space, and generate a schema. In this way, individual abilities to construct concepts and understand the problem of design are improved.

Proper training can put design learners in the right direction. It also enhances the power of drawing. Objective of this study was the effectiveness of architectural studio-based learning on increasing drawing power and metacognition abilities of students. This research seeks to answer these questions: Can architectural studio-based learning increase student design ability? Can architectural studio-based learning increase metacognition abilities? The method of this research was a quasi- experimental design with pre-test, post-test based on action research. The population was all students from Azad Islamic University of Hamedan in Architecture Studio course. To do research was used from metacognition test in four dimensions: Awareness, Cognitive Strategy, Planning and Check yourself and from Drawing test. The students randomly (15 person in each group) assigned to the experimental group and control group. Used experimental methods After Group of Eight meeting them and also used from Kolmogorov- Smirnoff test and Leven test for presumption calculation and for Hypothesis analysis from MANOVA. Results showed that architectural studio-based learning have been effective in increasing designing power and there are significant differences between the two groups. Also Results of this research indicated the importance of architectural studio-based learning on metacognition abilities in four dimensions: Awareness, Cognitive Strategy, Planning and self-evaluation. In addition, Architectural training based on studios can increase power of drawing in Architecture students and also can help to these students in presentation designing and drawing. Although most of the learning problems is reason of cognition disabilities in students. architectural studio-based learning is one of the cognition strategies that can influence on cognition ability and analytical; and lead to academic achievement.

Most of the learning problems is reason of intelligence, creativity and visual disabilities in students. Semantic-symbolic instruction is one of the cignition strategies that can influence on cognition ability. Objective of this study was the effectiveness of semantic – symbolic model on increasing power of drawing and cognitive intelligence of Architecture students.

The Method of the reseacha quasi- experimental design with pre- test, post-test and Follow up with the control group, respectively. The population was all students from Azad Islamic University of Hamedan in Architecture course. Test creativity Inventory and visual test is used. The students with low number in drawing funtional randomly (15 person in each group) assigned to the experimental group and control group.

Used experimental methods After Group of Eight meeting them and also used from Kolmograf- Smeirnof test and Leven test for preassumption calculation and for Hypothesis analysis from MANOVA. Results showed that Cognitive strategies have been effective in increasing visual power and there are significant differences between the two groups but on intelligence don’t influence on intelligence.

Results of this research indicated the importance of learning based on semantic- symbolic model on power of drawing and cognitive intelligence in geometric visualization of Architecture students and in addition can help to this students in designing and drawing. But isnot influenced on intelligence.

Every year, thousands of individuals leave their houses for studying in universities and experiencing a new environment. In the course of such relocation, one of the main challenges of individuals is the lack of adaptation to the new environment. The present study has been carried out with the objective of explaining the relationship between public open spaces in the faculties and the students’ place attachment. Based on the study’s theoretical model, place attachment is an emotional, cognitive and behavioral bond between the students and the faculty. On the other hand, the faculty’s public open spaces have been defined as the resultant of the physical factors. The study’s theoretical model was subjected to test in the fine arts faculty of Tehran University using the survey research method. To gather the data, use was made of a closed-ended questionnaire. Moreover, Structural Equation Modeling was the method of choice for analyzing the answers. In the current research paper, the measurement model of students’ place attachment and the faculty’s public open spaces were seminally tested; their fit indices were subsequently evaluated and the study’s structural model was eventually examined. The study findings indicated that the public open spaces have a significant effect on the students’ attachment to place. Corresponding to the study findings, the favorability of the meeting spaces is the most important factor forming and strengthening the attachment to place in the university students. Favorable meeting spaces set the ground for interaction establishment opportunities so they can enhance the social interactions between the students that can per se effectively influence the students’ attachment to place. Therefore, according to the study results that indicated the main role of social interactions in the formation of attachment to place in the students, the designing of the faculties’ public open spaces should be conducted in such a way that it can result in face-to-face interactions amongst the students to the maximum possible extent. Furthermore, the study results indicated that the favorability of the meeting spaces significantly associated with the existence of artistic or architectural elements and suitability of the green spaces. Artistic or architectural elements play their role by the formation of a distinct and meaningful environmental personality for the students and the green spaces by creating visual fascination.

The phenomenological approach, which is based on the existence of mankind, studies the presence of mankind in the universe (Dasein) and its relationship with the surrounding world. It also investigates the existing boundaries –as important components of spatial structures– between mankind and the surrounding environment as well as those between different phenomena. By creating enclosure, boundaries change “space” into “place” and they affect the character and landscape of place by developing spatial order. Creation of place and features such as the inside, the outside, boundary, enclosure, realm and path, have led to formation of different structures and subsequently formation of meaningful places. Boundary is a necessary structure and condition for formation of place. This paper will explore the qualities of the relationship between the inside and the outside in general and the notion of boundary in particular. From Heidegger’s point of view, space turns into place by means of the presence of an “object”. The existence of a place creates an inside which in turn gains meaning in contrast to the outer environment. Without this presence, space is just a meaningless and a logical spectrum. However, manifestation of a presence or an object immediately turns space into a place. In this sense, a place is part of the expanse of space, which has gained meaning by a specific presence, be it the shade of a tree in a plain or a path which is distinguishable from its surrounding environment due to its different texture. Every person begins to perceive and understand the surrounding environment from their early days of life and gradually develops the manner of this perception and understanding. For humans, the five senses are the means of understanding the surrounding environment and thus the boundary between mankind and the environment, which divides and connects the two at the same time. The phenomenological approach seeks to understand different phenomena and their relationship as well as the relationship between mankind and the world which encompasses these phenomena. It leads humans to revisit their perceptions and feelings in order to gain a qualitative understanding of the world.Conducted with a phenomenological approach and based on first-hand field observations with an existential focus, this research seeks to develop a framework for gaining deep and proper understanding of the spatial nature and qualitative features of place. Therefore, the aim is to investigate the role of boundaries in different places (natural and built) and the role of people’s understanding of the structure of these boundaries in their interventions and efforts for improving the quality of built places. Approaching the subject from the viewpoint of understanding the surrounding world and deriving from phenomenological studies, the author attempts to analyze her place of living as a phenomenon, explain it based on her learnings of this approach and distinguish and identify the existing boundaries in this place. For this purpose, first, the literature of place phenomenology, place structure and understanding of place will be reviewed; then, the structure of the author’s habitat (located in Malayer City, Hamadan Province) –a plain that has facilitated formation of vineyards around the city– will be described and explored based on mentioned approach and phenomenological criteria. Then, the relationship between people and natural/built places and the boundaries in these places will be analyzed. Finally, a possible solution for improving the relationship between the three phenomena of mankind, natural place and built place (in this case dried fruits packaging workshops in the region under study) will be proposed. When environmental interventions are accompanied by proper perception and understanding of the surroundings, place becomes a source of peace and security and it can be much more successful in attracting more individuals. People would feel at home and relaxed and the final outcome would be a place formed from its spatial bedrock that can satisfactorily meet the visual, environmental and psychological needs of its visitors. A person’s proper understanding of the structure of the surrounding environment and its boundaries alongside the accurate perception of various sensory elements such as odors, sounds, etc. can help them grasp and recognize the sense of “being at a place” with clarity. The author’s phenomenological attempt for better understanding the area of study and the needs of its residents has led to formation of ideas and suggestions which can help improve the condition of raisin processing factories and workshops in the area in a manner that the employees can easily work and enjoy the surrounding natural environment and landscapes. Implementations of these suggestions can undoubtedly improve the condition of the workforce and the procedure of work in these manufacturing units. Not only will they be able to avoid defacing the natural landscape, but also they can help improve the environment by means of carefully planned interventions and proper use of environmental potentials for the betterment of the mutual relationship between mankind and natural/built places.

Privacy as a human need, is the result of adjustment of the interaction between human environment, which under the influence of current patterns of activity and cultural background, leads to a favorable atmosphere. Adjusting the privacy in Iranian homes is one of the fundamental features of Iranian architecture, which has had a profound effect on the formation of the spatial organization and the physical elements of traditional houses. However, the climatic and cultural diversity of the Iranian geographic region has caused different types of Iranian homes. The similar situation in the marginal cities of the Caspian Sea has caused the development of extroverted architecture. The extraterrestrial architecture of the rural homes of Gilan has provided a distinctly desirable privacy setting, in accordance with the requirements of Islamic belief and indigenous culture. In other words, the privacy setting in these homes is unique in terms of spatial structure and architectural elements and is different from introverted houses in the central regions of Iran. Architectural solutions to these types of homes in the provision of privacy have not yet been studied by researchers. For this reason, this paper outlines and describes the setting of privacy and its mechanisms, and looks at how to realize the desirable privacy in the works of the outsourcing architectural index in the rural homes of Gilan. The study first identified the spatial structure and architectural features of the selected buildings using library resources and field observations. Then, the researchers, through presence in the field of research, have focused on the evidence behind the behavior and reactions of the inhabitants, and tried to reveal the profound meanings of empirical data obtained from interviews and observations.The findings of this research show that adjusting the privacy plays an important role in the formation of spatial structure and architectural elements of extroverted houses. The presence of trees and hedge around the yard somewhat prevents the view of the interior and causes the enclosure of the space and determines the boundaries of the house, farm, and rice fields. Rotating inputs break the view into the building, and as a result, the visual connection to the building is lost. Bөltө prevents others from entering the house. Also, the stairs in the minor axis cause fractures and reduced visibility when entering the room. Ivan and Kotum and Esbo in the front of the room, causing plenty of space and staging the presence of people at home. Basically, Tallar and Tallar room, which are the guest›s place of stay, are in the seconf floor. Yelka and Jirben, the place of kitchen and the living room are placed in the ground floor or the first half floor. In addition to their core functions, these elements lead to a communication sequence, lack of visual aristocracy, and space contention, and thus the private sphere of the family is preserved.

Understanding Islamic architecture requires perception and receiving space, and the space of Islamic architecture contains meanings that can not be understood only by the senses. Space, as the most basic concept of architecture, is always conceived in a specific definite, which is received through sensory perception, so it has a certain limit, and finite. On the other hand, mosques are the most important building of the Islamic era, where Muslims gather together for prayer and contain symbols and meanings. Which must be discovered through rational perception and through revelation. In this way, the concept of space in Islamic architecture, especially the architecture of mosques, is a fundamental issue. understanding and obtaining the meaning of space is the result of the twofold confrontation between perception. In order to explain such a challenge, this article is devoted to explaining the finite and infinite of the spatial structure of Iranian mosques during the Safavid period. Therefore, this study uses a qualitative approach in the form of a case study with field observations and library documents to explain, analyze and obtain the structure of space in Safavid period mosques as one of the golden architectural periods of Iran. Imam Mosque of Isfahan, as an example of mosques with courtyard and porch, and Sheikh Lotfollah mosque, a case of mosques lacking these elements were selected from the Safavid era. The findings of this study indicate that space is received variously in Iran's architectures. So that, space, in terms of perceptual perception, is finite. This finite and the physicalization of space result from the perception of the bound via the five senses. In proportion to the small world, the object surround the space. From this perspective, in addition to focusing on dynamism, the bound contains centering, space breaks, plurality and multi-spacing. But beyond that, in Islamic architecture, there is a rational perception that leads to obtaining the meaning. In this perception, the bound does not constrain Iranian and Muslim people. The bound and space get together, space is unlimited and unlimited. The infinity of space in Islamic architecture is proportional to the great world. In this revelation, the Islamic space means the presence of one and the only divine. In fact, in the rational and intuitive perception, space is unit, discreet, eternal and infinite. But in sensory perception, space is finite, inward, small, and multiplicity.

Gender or Sex? Is there a difference between them? Do opposite sexes feel dramatically different about the same places or the same built environment at the same time? Are there any diversities between understanding and perception? Is there a possibility of existing different perceptions between different genders of a same built environment? The distinction between sex and gender (the anatomy of an individual’s reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics), which can refer to either social roles based on the sex of the person (gender role) or personal identification of one’s own gender based on an internal awareness (gender identity). The sex and gender distinction is not universal. In ordinary speech, sex and gender are often used interchangeably. In one hand the term perception (from the Latin perception) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information, or the environment. Perception is not only the passive receipt of these signals, but it is also shaped by the recipient’s learning, memory, expectation, and attention. On the other hand there is the term understanding. Understanding is a psychological process related to an abstract or physical object, such as a person, situation, or message whereby one is able to think about it and use concepts to deal adequately with that object. Understanding is a relation between the knower and an object of understanding. Understanding implies abilities and dispositions with respect to an object of knowledge that are sufficient to support intelligent behaviors. The present paper aims to well achieve the necessary items in a built environment’s design, which has been designed properly for both genders (male and female). Thus such built environment is an outcome of considering and cognizing the differences between two genders’ perceptions. It should be emphasized that a built environment’s perception is one of the most important and complex aspects of the recognition and measurement of built environment. Meanwhile, one of the most important aspects of these differences and another significant feature is gender, and it seems that gender is related to people’s attitudes and perceptions of a phenomena. Therefor as a result of such differences it can be inferred that, different people in confrontation with a built environment may have different perceptions. It seems that such complicated issues have not been studied independently while the beneficial results of such advantageous experiments can have a significant impact on improving the quality of human environment. Therefor this brief study intends to properly respond the following questions: “is there any meaningful association between gender and the perception of the built environment? Are there any significant difference in the features of a place, in the perception of the built environment by the inquiry samples, among the sexes?” To achieve the answers of the proposed questions analyzing a public place where both genders may attend equally should be chosen. Of course there are many various places with different functions where both males and females might widely attend. We chose cultural centers out of the many functional built environments that are being used by both genders. The cultural centers were selected in different locations in Tehran and Groups of male and female respondents have been used due to evaluate implication of the perception of the built environment. The convincing reason of choosing different location is to prevent the regional factor to influence this survey. The method is semantic differential or SD. It is a type of a rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts. The connotations are used to derive the attitude towards the given objects, event or concept. The semantic differential is today’s one of the most widely used scales used in the measurement of attitudes. One of the reasons is the versatility of the items. The bipolar adjective pairs can be used for a wide variety of subjects. Based on the results of this research, people in dealing with the built environment are considerably sensitive about all aspects of that place, visual categories, and emotional, cognitive and functional aspects. This issue should be noticeably considered by designers. Therefor they should consider a suitable approach that all users’ senses are properly stimulated. This could lead to more complete and evocate understandings of the built environment. Taking everything into consideration the results of this study can lead to achieve remarkably the differences of female and male perceptions, and with considering these significant differences, to improve the quality of both sexes presence.