فاطمه تمدن

Providing safe drinking water is so essential for human consumption adequately and healthy. Therefore, knowledge of the physicochemical quality of water resources can play a major role in their utilization and consumption for drinking. Measurement and monitoring of water quality parameters is the first step for ensuring safe water. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of drinking water wells of Zarghan plain in Fars province.

For this purpose, the data of meteorology, groundwater level and physicochemical experiments of 12 parameters including Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity, pH, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, Nitrate, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride and Fluoride of ten drinking water wells in Zarghan rural district during 2011-2016 were used.

Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation matrix and one sample t-test using SPSS software. The results of comparing different parameters of water wells in Zarghan area with the national standard during 5-year-period showed that with decreasing groundwater level due to drought, the amount of Magnesium, Chloride, Sodium, Total Hardness and Electrical Conductivity increased and exceeded the maximum standard limit for drinking.

Water wells no. 1, 2, 4 and 7 have a better level of drinking water quality than water wells no. 5, 6, 9 and 10 due to decreasing rain and drought, uncontrolled harvesting of groundwater resources, and differences in the matter nature and type of soil of each part of the area.

The present paper analyzes and evaluates Michael J. Zimmermann's view on the relationship between moral luck and moral responsibility. In moral philosophy, this relationship is considered from conceptual and subjective aspects. Conceptually, in moral luck, people’s moral judgments about each other are based on involuntary and chancy actions while the moral responsibility of these judgments are based on free actions. Moral luck, concerning its subject, faces a problem that involves old discussions about the conflict between determinism and free will and moral responsibility that goes beyond that problem. By accepting freedom as having volition and desire in action and initiating a difference between the degree and scope of moral responsibility, Zimmermann, a well-known philosopher, denies moral luck and defends moral responsibility. He also claims to have solved the problems of moral luck and moral responsibility. This paper, after exploring the meaning and relationship between responsibility and moral luck, explains Zimmerman's view on moral responsibility, freedom, and rejection of moral luck. Ultimately, an assessment of this view will show that, despite Zimmerman's innovations, his extremism in defending moral responsibility has made it difficult to accept his view.

The acid-base properties of these compounds are believed to play an important role in their biological activities. Therefore, calculation of its acidic-basicity has a specific importance in predicting and justifying the pharmaceutical properties of this compound. In this study, the synthesis of sulfacetamide has been carried out from a new multi-steps method in presence of heterogeneous catalyst of nano zinc oxide and homogeneous base catalyst of magnesium hydroxide. The stage and overall yields are better and their reaction time is less than previous procedures. Using heterogeneous catalyst, recoverable nano zinc oxide and magnesium hydroxide in solvent-free condition is a new procedure for better synthesis of this compound. Also in this work, acidic-basicity of sulfacetamide and its derivatives have been studied using high level ab initio calculations. The calculated values have been found in good agreement with experimental data. Therefore, predictions of pharmaceutical properties of these compounds are possible.

By development of bacterial drug-resistance to traditional antibacterial drugs and fungal infections, the need to design, synthesis, and use of new and effective antibacterial and antifungal drugs is increased. Quinazolinone derivatives are heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen atoms that have pharmacological properties such as anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to synthesize of new derivatives of dihydroquinazolinone and study of their anti-bacterial and antifungal properties. This research is an experimental work in which four dihydroquinazolinone derivatives were synthesized, by a new environmental-safe method and identified by various spectroscopic methods. Antibacterial activities of these derivatives were investigated against Escherichia coli gram-negative, and bacillus subtilis gram-positive in comparesion with amikacin. Antifungal activities of these derivatives were investigated against Aspergillus niger fungus and compared with ketoconazole. Both of antifungal and antibacterial activities of these synthetic compounds derivatives was checked by disk diffusion method with measuring the zone inhibition. All synthetic dihydroquinazolinones that were synthesized in high yields and purity, showed good antibacterial and antifungal properties. The compound 1d 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivative of these compounds showed more antimicrobial activities and antifungal comparable with the Amikacin and Ketoconazole standard antibacterial and antifungal drugs. Synthetic dihydroquinazolinone derivatives in this work have good antifungal and antibacterial activities. The higher antifungal and antibacterial activity of 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivative can be related to more hydrophobicity of the phenyl group as a substitution in position 2.

Simultaneous development of technology is composed with environmental hazardous with heavy-metals and organic solvents and thus toxic catalysts/organic solvents must be replaced with biocatalysts and water. Urease is a hydrolase enzyme and urease-urea can be considered a safe source of toxic ammonia in synthesis of nifedipine. Nifedipine is an antihypertensive drug synthesized by four–component reaction of 2 mmol methyl acetoacetate, 2–nitro-benzaldehyde, and ammonia using catalysts and organic solvents. The object of this research is replacement of toxic ammonia with urease-urea and organic solvents with water and study of heavy-metals and organic-solvent inhibition of urease on the synthesis of nifedipine.
In this experimental work, by controlling of yield and time of nifedipine synthesis via reaction of methyl acetoacetate, 2–nitro-benzaldehyde, and urease/urea in water, optimum urease/urea concentration, temperature, and pH for maximum yield were determined. Then, the effect of heavy-metal/organic solvent inhibitors on the production of ammonia and urease-catalyzed synthesis of nifedipine have been investigated.
Based on the yield of nifedipine, the activity of urease for ammonia production depends on parameters such as urease/urea amount, temperature, pH, and kind or concentration of inhibitors. The results accorded urease specificity for maximum dissociation of urea in experiment with 10 mg/mL urease, pH=7, and 70 C° in water, while heavy-metal ion/organic solvent inhibitory of urease showed trends of Hg2>Ag>Cu2>Pb2>Cd2 and acetonitrile>chloroform>dichloromethane to reduce in ammonia concentration and nifedipine.
Urease-urea makes a biocompatible source of ammonia for synthesis of anti–hypertension drug of nifedipine, while inhibitors such as heavy metal cations especially Hg2, organic solvents, and sulfuric acid decrease the reaction rate. Biocompatibility, use of water and no organic solvent/catalyst, high yield and selectivity are advantages of this green method in comparison to previous reported methods.

Due to its position in dry and semi-arid region, Iran has a worse situation than the average of world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of drought on the quantitative and qualitative status of groundwater in Zarghan plain in Fars province. So, the meteorological data, groundwater level data, and physicochemical experiments of 10 drinking wells data of Zarghan rural district in Fars province during the period of 2011-2016 were used. The data was analyzed by Pearson-spearman Correlation matrices via SPSS software. The results showed that there was a significant positivecorrelation between rainfall reduction and lowering of groundwater level with a 3-month delay, and association the groundwater level reduction in the area was 1.11 meters. Also, with the decrease of groundwater level in The study period increased the amount of sodium ion, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate and total hardness increased in a number of wells, which resulted in increased salinity of water due to the reduction of water volume in the groundwater resources, because of drought and the increase in the concentration of salts in the Groundwater. The balance of groundwater is maintained, if the input and output levels of water are equal. However, according to the survey results it is clear that in addition to the lack of rainfall has not been able to compensate. The water deficiency, uncontrolled harvesting of aquifers has also been effective in reducing groundwater levels and increasing in the water salts in the area.

Moral luck is an important issue in meta- ethics. Its conflict to principle of control make challenges to moral moral assessment, moral judgment and moral responsibility. Bernard Williams is the first philosopher who uses the expression "moral luck" and tries to show that the contradiction between “moral” and “luck” is not so serious. Against Kantian’s idea and also our intuitions Williams doesn’t believe that morality is immune of luck and that unlike other values, is accessible to all people. If moral value is accessible to all, according to his idea, it should be not only immune of luck but also supreme. Giving some examples, Williams by concepts like justification, regret and retrospective, shows that morality hasn’t these characteristics. Dividing moral luck into four types: resultant, circumstantial, constitutive and causal, Thomas Nagel puts William's moral luck under the first type and criticizes it. This study seeks to explain Bernard Williams’ viewpoint on moral luck. At first it clears types of moral luck, principle of control and its contradiction with moral luck, then after explaining Williams’ account of moral luck criticizes it. Nagel’s criticisms and others show that although they accept the existence of moral luck and also their account is compatible to williams’ but they deny williams’ success in defending of this phenomenon. Finally, despite of all critiques, it seems that Williams’ failure in defense of moral luck didn’t decrease the importance of this matter, but made some stronger ideas were appeared by Thomas Nagel in this regard.

In this study, the adsorption of active carbon derived from waste sesame seeds coated with polyvinyl alcohol (AC/PVA) was investigated for removing red 198 and blue 19 reactive dyes from textile effluents. The batch process was carried out to identify such parameters as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and initial dye concentration involved in the dye removal adsorption capacity of AC/PVA. Also, batch kinetic and isotherm experiments were conducted. Results indicated that the maximum dye removal was obtained in an acidic pH over 90 min of contact time and that adsorption rates followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics. Blue and red dye concentrations were determined using the spectrophotometric method at 590 and 517 nm, respectively. It may be concluded that AC/PVA is capable of removing blue and red reactive dyes and can be used as an efficient, cheap, and accessible adsorbent for treating textile effluents.

Introducing a powerful antibacterial agent to control pathogenic bacteria especially strains resistant to antibiotics is of paramount importance. The purpose of this study is ZnO nanoparticles synthesis by using ultrasonic waves and evaluation of its antibacterial properties. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using ultrasound irradiation. Then physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles were studied. Antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was investigated for two strains bacteria: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus through standard methods such as placing well and disc diffusions, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Chemical and physical investigation of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles indicated that from nanoscale particles, spherical forms were produced with no impurities. The MIC for E.coli and Staph.aureus were reported as 0.125 mg/ml, and 0.062 mg/ml respectively. The MBC for E.coli and Staph. aureus was reported to be 0.500 mg/ml, and 0.250 mg/ml respectively. In comparison, for the methods of well and disc diffusions, inhibition zone diameter of the well method was more than disc diffusion. High purity zinc oxide nanoparticles can be synthesized by ultrasonic waves and have the significant antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus bacteria. In contrast to Escherichia coli, Staph. aureus showed greater sensitivity against Zinc Oxide nanoparticles.

Free will، as the most pivotal human feature، on the one hand، has been considered، in the West، as the most fundamental condition of moral responsibility، and، on the other، based on the world being deterministic، has opposed determinism. A group of morality philosophers، believing in this opposition، have given the verdicts of exclusiveness to these two concepts، and another group، aiming to solve or repulse this opposition، have tried، with different methods، to make free will and determinism compatible، and they have proposed different statements regarding compatibility. The most important statement has been put forward by John Martin Fisher who suggests semi-compatibility. In his works، he regards free will in moral responsibility as a guiding control and does not consider alternative possibilities. The example of Frankfurt and other similar ones have been highly useful to Fisher in rejecting alternatives. In this paper، after briefly explaining the example of Frankfurt، Fisher’s semi-compatibility will be elaborated. Eventually، it appears that، although Fisher’s understanding has many advantages compared to other statements of compatibility، his ideas are more inclined toward determinism.

The catalytic activity of KOH/borax as homogeneous mixed catalyst was evaluated for the synthesis of biodiesel via transesterification of sesame oil extracted from waste sesame seeds with n-hexane. The effects of catalyst loading، methanol to oil ratio، temperature and reaction time in transesterification were investigated. The highest yield of 87% for biodiesel production was obtained at optimized conditions including 0. 4 wt. % KOH and 10 wt. % Na2B4O7. 10H2O of mixed catalyst loadings، methanol to oil molar ratio of 8:1، reaction time of 2. 5 h and reaction temperature of 65 ˚C.

With no doubt, the element by which we are permitted to admire or blame one for his good or bad actions is freedom. But what the essence of freedom is and how human being can get it, in a world governed by causal determinism, are two questions which most moral philosophers in west have discussed. In this regard some of them believe that compatibility between freedom and causal determinism is impossible, so they have denied one of them in the favor of the other and have established incompatibilism. In contrary, some others, from modern era up now, have tried to make them compatible, in order to revival moral responsibility and prevent from falling in randomness. This view has been called compatibilism. This article studies compatibilism from the viewpoints of philosophers’ such as Hobbes, Hume, Ayer, Frankfurt, Watson, Wolf and Fischer. Finally this paper it cleared that despite the rightness of compatibilism, because of their unsuccessfulness in proposing a true explanation of human freedom and moral responsibility, compatibilists have failed to show that this view is reasonable and justified.