فهرست مطالب فاطمه رنجبر

Relying on the theory of social constructionism and emphasizing Foucault's theory of power, this study aims to examine the relationship between the social constructions of gender and embodiment in two novels of 2000's titled "Sorkhi-Ye To Az Man (Your Redness be Mine)" by Sepideh Shamlou and "Az Sheytan Amookht Va Soozand (He Learned From the Devil and Burned)" by Farkhondeh Aghaei. The study sees the atmosphere of the novel as a possibility of living. So, it considers the practice of the novel both as a product and as a tool for discovering human existence in various representations of the construction of gender. The findings mention examples of gender construction that are categorized under titles such as feminization and suffocation with emphasis on the concept of women's inferiority and normative conflict as a sign of the evolving gender. According to the results, the female gender is inferior to the male gender in the novel "Sorkhi-Ye To Az Man based on the discourse atmosphere that governs the story. On the other hand, in contrast to the dominant discourse of the gendered society, the narrator has distanced herself from the imposed subjectivity of the inferior female gender, takes the initiative of constructing her gender, and provides a freer perception of the identity and female gender in the novel Az Sheytan Amookht Va Soozand.

Postpartum depression is the most common psychiatric complication of childbirth, imposing serious impacts on the psychological and physical health of the mother and child. This study aimed to compare decision-making and attention in women with postpartum depression and their healthy counterparts.

The current research was conducted using case-control and causal-comparative research designs. The statistical population of this research was all the mothers referred to the health centers of Tabriz, and 30-40 days had passed since their delivery. Purposeful sampling was employed to select 35 individuals, who were screened by the Postpartum Depression Scale and divided into two groups consisting of mothers with postpartum depression (n = 16) and their healthy counterparts (n = 19), matched in terms of age and education level. The research tools included the Iowa gambling and the Stroop color-word computer tests to measure decision-making and attention, respectively. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The results showed that, overall, there is no significant difference between the two groups in the attention variable. Still, there is a significant difference in some of the subscales of congruent reaction time and incongruent reaction time in the two groups of postpartum depressed women and healthy peers. There is (P < 0.05). Also, the research findings indicate that there was no significant difference in the decision-making variable of both groups, and they showed poor performance.

The findings of this research show that postpartum depression is likely to be associated with problems in attention, and by knowing this correlation, more effective steps can be taken to prevent and provide psychological services to affected people.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy on perceptual and attitudinal body image in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. The study was conducted with multiple baseline single subject design. Using purposed sampling, three participants were selected among the women with body dysmorphic disorder referred to the psychiatric clinics of Tabriz city in 2022. They were assessed by Attitudinal Body Image Questionnaires (MBSRQ) and Perceptual Body Image Questionnaire during the baseline, treatment and follow-up periods. They received an one-hour 8 sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. The findings of the research showed that acceptance and commitment therapy has a positive effect on attitudinal body image with an average reliability change index of 3.62 and recovery percentage of 58.66 and perceptual body image with an average reliability change index of 2.28 and recovery percentage of 62  in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. The results of this research showed that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can improve perceptual and attitudinal body image in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. These findings have practical implications in clinical settings, which have been discussed.

The present research tries to use the descriptive-analytical method and focusing on the metaphorical meanings of elements of mise-en-scene such as composition and arrangement, illustration and gesture, movement, action and elements such as stage lighting or the role of decor in the design of the scene mise-en-scene in the movie "Passengers" by Bahram Bayzaei. to pay The results of the research show that visual experience creates "imaginary" schemas in the human conceptual system; In other words, image schemas originate from human's sensory-perceptual experiences and his interactions with the outside world, or in other words, his embodied experiences, which are used in the movie Passengers to conceptualize "life and death". In the present work, the metaphorical conceptualizations of the film Passengers and the related concepts directly and indirectly go back to the main theme of the work, i.e. blackness and darkness, meaning mourning, and light and brightness meaning life. In fact, in this film, sadness as darkness, emotional relationship as food, death and the road as distance are represented in a one-dimensional way. In all these one-way metaphors, only visual signs are used for representation. Some other metaphors are also represented as human being as a plant, heart as an object, grief as a place or container, road as a human being, objects as living beings and some abstract concepts as physical beings. A combination of auditory signs such as music, writing and visuals have been used to formulate these metaphors.

In recent years, dealing with the topic of gender and expressing gender differences that are sometimes hidden in language and sometimes found legitimacy and public expression is one of the issues that has received a lot of attention. In this regard, many important works that have been created so far in this field are all influenced by Simone de Beauvoir's understandingof the other concept of women's existence.; De Beauvoir's description of the structure of gender as a cultural product and not as a biological essence, as well as his attention to the other social existence of women, has been very important for feminist theorists. It analyzes the historical and economic history of women and men and describes the processes and discourses that cultures use in societies to construct and maintain the conceptual distinction between femininity and masculinity. In Iran, the book "Service and Betrayal of Women" by Shahla Zarleki is one of the few works that have beenpublished in recent years on the issue of gender and femininity. Investigate the biological and social status of women. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine and criticize the mentioned book and the opinions of the author with an analytical-critical view The result of the research shows that Shahla Zarleki, with a different and essentialist look at the issue of gender and gender identity and the re-editing of femininity, becoming a woman and constructing ideological femininity, is at the opposite point of the views of de Beauvoir and contemporary feminists.

Introduction and goal: 

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of reading novels by teenagers on improving cognitive fusion and social adjustment of female students of the first year of high school in Shiraz in Iran.

The quasi-experimental research method was a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included all female students of the first year of high school in Fars province. In order to determine the sample size, 40youth members of artistic cultural centers of the Center for Intellectual Development of Children and Adolescents were selected using available sampling method and were randomly placed in groups of 20 people as evidence and experiment.In order to carry out the experimental project, 9 titles of novels from the collection of novels for teenagers today were introduced to the teenagers of the experimental group and read by them. After reading each book title, a book discussion session was held. The research tool was Gillanders et al.'s cognitive fusion questionnaire (2015) and Sinha and Singh's students' social adjustment questionnaire (1993). Data analysis was done in two stages: descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate covariance analysis test).

The results of this research showed that by studying teenage novels, the mean values of both cognitive-fusion and social adjustment variables have decreased in the post-test compared to before the implementation of the experimental plan. Also, based on covariance analysis, the effect of studying teenage novels on improving cognitive fusion was 0.82 and increased social adjustment was 0.78 in female students aged 13to 15.

Reflecting on the basic needs of students in accordance with the current conditions and expectations based on the document of fundamental transformation in indirect and effective education and considering the impact of reading teenage novels; Allocating an hour from the extracurriculars of teenagers to non-curricular studies in order to prevent and improve the inevitable disorders caused by the growth process of students in schools is suggested by planners at the macro level.

Literature is one of the most important fields that has a completely two-faceted face in influencing and being influenced by social phenomena. Events such as war have been shown in many literary texts of different nations, and writers and poets have reacted with a sympathetic attitude to the nation's resistance or protest against the beginning and continuation of the war. From the total literature of a country, there are stories or poems that can be classified as military fiction based on the subject. This type of literature often occurs during a war whose history has also passed" (Hanif, 2009: 293). Looking at the poetry of the Islamic revolution in Iran, it can be determined that after the end of the eight-year war and the country's entry into the atmosphere of general reconstruction, art and literature also experienced a new stage and new conditions (Kafi, 2005: 185-187). At the macro level, naming events such as war has a meaningful relationship with the quality and strength of nations in facing hardships and victories and preserving national identity. While war as a part of human life is a platform for the creation of artwork and it cannot be considered apart from the flow of life. On the other hand, with the change of generational objects, the methods of transferring concepts and ideas also change. One of the ways to investigate and analyze the change in discourses and approaches in the transfer of thought is "descriptive analysis" of the works published today for the current generation. Unlike the "Historical" method, this descriptive method does not pay attention to the evolution of the literary work throughout history, but tries to describe the functional angles of the work based on linguistic actions.

In this article, the poem "Tehran, Tehran" written by "Andisheh Fooladvand" in the collection "Shoot Buddy" (2013) is analyzed with a descriptive analytical method and from the perspective of "cognitive discourse". In this approach, the relationship between discourse, conversation and cognition, that is, the relationship between textual discourse structure on the one hand and the mental activities of processing, storing and retrieving information on the other hand, is described by using discourse knowledge and "cognitive applied science" analysis.

In order to introduce the metaphorical context of the poem "Tehran, Tehran", we discussed how concepts such as patriotism, war, resistance, etc. are constructed in the field of sustainable literature. The purpose of this study is to show the capacities of text representation in the discourse of the participants in the discourse. A discourse that has been from the first generation of revolution and war and is considered a narrator of contemporary historical events.Following Chief (1994), Tomlin and others (1997) relied on a kind of epistemology of dialogue by raising the issue of conversational discourse. which deals with the study of linguistic realms, existence, dimensions of knowledge and human linguistic capacities to control the flow of information and understand the truth of the world. Diane Pontrotto, (2013) in an article titled "Cohesive role of cognitive metaphor in conversational discourse" pointed out the speaker's ability to control the flow of information at four levels. According to Tomlin and Pontrotto, the conversation and flow of information exchange is placed in the field of cognition. In other words, the concepts during the production and reception of conversational discourse are based on mutual understanding (going back and forth) that appear in the four levels of information flow. These four levels are 1. Rhetorical level, 2. Referential level, 3. Thematic level, 4. Focus level. In these four levels, the narrator (poet) uses hidden correspondences in language to create ontological concepts and intellectual knowledge with the audience (Pontroto, 2010: 335-335). His goal is not the mere significations of "in time", in other words, he does not simply refer to the generational relations and values of his time, but rather speaks of a category that has an active and fruitful member in the context of the audience's society. Because he knows that the reduction of verbal communication causes a disruption in the identification process, a reduction in emotional commonalities, a lack of commitment to one's own culture, and generational intolerance (Sharfi, 2003:112).

The social world is a product of discourses, and every discourse is trying to establish its meanings; Which signifier wins depends on the signifiers that are used in various discourses. The analysis and analysis of Tehran's poetry with the approach of conversational discourse shows that "Foolavand" has created a two-way interaction of metaphorical and musical concepts due to the appropriate use of natural language and the right knowledge of the way of knowing and talking for the third generation discourse and has produced stable hegemony by advancing certain signs. The narrator of the poem, who has understood the period of eight years of stability, as a representative of a generation that has sent its childhood to "quarantine", understanding the social context of today's society, he speaks knowingly about the troubles of the age, including chaos, doubt and crisis, smoke and prosperity, etc., to make the audience agree with him. By expressing these signs in the social context of the poem, he takes the reader to the artistic context so that all generations who are in a new discourse space, have the same ideals as the first generation. Linguistic signs in the use of spoken language, such as: There, the question, I know, etc., have distinguished poetry from the formal context of language. Using music, imagery, rhyme and tone, the poet has brought the style of today's discourse to the stage in order to create the audience's connection for discourse empathy.

Johann Zechendorff (1580-1662) was the head of the Sevi Kau Latin School, a linguist and a Lutheran Christian. He was one of the pioneers in the field of Arabic and Islamic studies in the territory of the Kingdom of Germany in the Roman Empire. The translation of the Saff and Naba Surahs into Latin, as well as the translation of the commentary of the Qari’ah and Asr Surahs, are among his printed works, which were printed with wooden letters with difficulty. He made a lot of efforts to prepare the complete printed version of the Quran along with the Latin translation; however, due to unknown reasons, he failed to publish the complete Quran. So far, the activities and works of Johann Zechendorf as the pioneers of Islamic studies have not been considered and analyzed in Persian studies. This research, with a descriptive-library method, reviewed the works and activities of Zechendorff in the field of Arabic education and the translation of the Quran into Latin, and based on the previous research of Asaph Ben-Tov, Roberto Tottoli and Reinhold Glei, he endeavored to determine the position of this German orientalist in the field of Arabic education and outlined Islamic studies. In addition to the brief description and introduction of Zeschendorff’s works, the results indicate that although he started his translation in the early stages intending to reject it, in the later stages and after getting to know Baydawi’s exegesis, he changed his approach, which could be the cause of his isolation in the final stages of his life

Overweight and obesity in children are the underlying cause of cardiovascular problems that occur through Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) dysfunction, However, physical training has a beneficial effect on the ANS. These changes can be measured through Heart Rate Variability (HRV) indices. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of five weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on HRV and Rate Pressure Product (RPP) of overweight girls.

In this research, overweight students in the range of +2 < BMI Z- SCORE <1+ participated in the Experimental and the Control groups. Before and after five weeks of HIIT intervention, the participants underwent the Shuttle Run test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption and the Six-Minute Walking test to estimate maximal fat oxidation (MFO) during exercise. Root Mean Square of Successive Difference (RMSSD) of the R-R wave interval of the heartbeat was recorded to measure resting HRV and also systolic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded to measure resting RPP in the first and the last week. Data analysis was done using dependent t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with a significance level of p<0.05.

the results showed that in the training group, five weeks of HIIT intervention caused significant changes in RMSSD, RPP, and MFO of overweight girls (P<0.05). However, in the control group, the indices did not change significantly (P>0.05).

RMSSD, RPP, and MFO indices can be used as suitable and efficient alternatives to identify children at risk and therapeutic processes before puberty.

The purpose of this study was to Designing and Assessment Suuccession Management Model of managers in The Intellectual Development Of Children And Young Adults. This research was of Mixed Method and exploratory type. In the qualitative part, by using the case and exploratory study method, the dimensions and components of the succession were identified and in the quantitative part, they were evaluated by the descriptive-survey method.In the qualitative stage; The statistical population was the university experts and managers of this organization, and 16 of them were interviewed by purposive sampling of theoretical saturation; Data analysis was performed using content analysis method based on Brownow-Clark method and Maxqda software. In order to validate the themes of the alignment method; Its reliability was achieved with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.990. Quantitative statistical population consisted of 839 people including all senior managers, provincial managers and officials of cultural centers across the country. According to Morgan's table, 259 people were selected by random sampling method. Data were collected at this stage using a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis and evaluation of the designed model; Equation modeling was performed with partial least squares approach with SPSS and Smart PLS software. Three themes  pervasive , 9 organizing themes and 53 basic themes were identified for the research model, In terms of analyzing opportunities and needs(Includes future research, strategic alignment, managerial requirements and leadership style), value context (includes organization culture, organization health and the moral virtue of the manager) and the implementation of strategies(includes talent identification, education and development, monitoring and evaluation) were categorized. Also the analysis showed the results , This model has a desirable quality and can introduce a suitable framework for the implementation of staff succession at different levels of management of The Intellectual Development Of Children And Young Adults.

The purpose of this study was to identify the components of succession management in cultural organizations. A case study was conducted at the Center for Intellectual Development of Children and Adolescents. Qualitative research method and participants in this section include experts and academic specialists in the field of management, staff and executive managers of this organization. The sampling method was purposeful and based on theoretical saturation; Accordingly, informed people were interviewed and continued until the data was saturated and no new data was available. The sample size became saturated after interviewing 11 people; But to be sure, the interview lasted up to 16 people. The method of interview analysis was performed using the method of thematic analysis (basic, organizational and comprehensive themes) based on Brown and Clark methods and all key components were extracted and classified in the network of themes using maxqda software. According to the results, the topics related to succession management include needs analysis and strategies (futures research, strategic alignment, managerial requirements and leadership style), value context (organizational culture, organizational health, managerial moral virtue), implementation of strategies (talent identification, Development - training and improvement and monitoring and evaluation).

Ontological and epistemological foundations in the field of self-sacrifice and martyrdom culture are referred to the collection of Islamic knowledge that are used to determine the aims, principles, areas, stages, factors, obstacles, and methods of sacrifice and martyrdom culture which are explained and investigated in the field of nature of being, the reason for being, and the purpose of being.

This study was performed by the library study method and searching related keywords in Persian and English databases, and the main topics were extracted and categorized.

Among the most important foundations of the ontology of the social system of the Holy Qur'an, the principle of monotheism, purposefulness, being hierarchical, the existence of mutual relations in the universe, and obedience of the legislative system to the developmental system can be mentioned, and the summary findings can be the main basis of the values of the self-sacrifice and martyrdom culture.

The main basis of these values in Islam is the three principles of monotheism, justice, and resurrection. Self-sacrifice and martyrdom are formed through the Islamic values established in society, and until Islamic values and axes are not dominant in society, it is not possible to expect the formation of a self-sacrifice and martyrdom culture in society.

Intercropping is a well-known agro-ecological practice for its dramatic effect on pest and weed control, increasing productivity as well as enhancing resources (radiation, water and nitrogen) use efficiency. All these beneficial effects are the results of increased species diversity which presumably would be higher with introducing more component species. On the other hand, crop growth analysis provides indices for quantifying the rate of dry matter production and allocation of dry matter to the other organs, particularly to leaves. It seems that growth indices of intercropped species relative to their pure stands could be useful for better understanding of higher productivity of more diverse intercrops.The objective of this study was comparison of growth indices and dry matter allocation as well as land equivalent ratio of fennel (Foeniculum vulgar), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and sesame (Sesamum indicum) grown in monoculture or intercropping systems. 

The experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications and seven treatments including pure fennel (F), pure sesame (S), pure bean (B), row intercropping with 1:1 ratio of FB, SB and FS as well as 1:1:1 intercrop of FSB. All treatments were sown in recommended planting date and density. Total aboveground materials of each plot were sampled in 5 randomly selected plants in two-weekly intervals and repeated seven times during growth period. Green leaf area index (GAI) and total aboveground dry matter (DM) were measured for each species in sole and intercropped plots. Time course of LAI and DM was estimated by fitting logistic peak and sigmoid functions to the measured values for each species, respectively. Crop growth rate (CGR; g m-2 d-1) of each species was estimated as the first derivative of the sigmoid function. Economic yield of species was measured by harvesting the whole plots and used for calculation of land equivalent ratio (LER) for intercropping treatments. 

Results showed that for all studied species, the growth indices were lower in intercropping compared to monoculture. Maximum GAI (1.28), dry matter (184.6 g.m2) and crop growth rate (5.2 g.m-2.day-1) for fennel was observed in pure stand. For sesame, the highest GAI (4.2) was obtained in the sesame – fennel intercrop, however, maximum dry matter (1023 g.m-2) and crop growth rate (24.5 g.m-2.day-1) were achieved in the pure stand of sesame. Similarly in bean, maximum GAI (3.8), dry matter (546.39 g m-2) and crop growth rate were observed in pure stand. However, the lowest GAI (0.61), dry matter (54 g m-2) and crop growth rate (1.6 g m-2 day-1) of fennel was observed in fennel-sesame and fennel-sesame–bean intercrops, respectively. The minimum GAI (3.24), dry matter (286 g.m-2) and crop growth rate (6.6 g.m-2.day-1) of sesame was obtained in fennel- sesame- bean, fennel- sesame and fennel- sesame- bean, respectively. The minimum LAI (3.08), dry matter (110 g.m-2) and crop growth rate (3.26 g m-2day-1) of sesame was observed in fennel- sesame- bean treatment. Despite the lower growth indices, LER was grater that 1 in all intercrops with a highest value (1.09) in sesame – bean showing the better allocation of dry matter between component species of intercropping. 

While the LAI, DM and CGR was lower when species were intercropped, the overall rate of dry matter production of intercropping systems was about 28%, on average, higher as compared with pure stands leading to almost 10% higher productivity. Addition of the third species into intercrops has no significant effect on productivity. However, it seems that using species with diverse functional traits to increase functional diversity could cause higher productivity of intercropping systems.

A transparent and realistic representation of the self-sacrifice and martyrdom culture requires identifying and rooting out harms and providing appropriate solutions to prevent or correct them. The aim of this study is to introduce the factors and barriers to promoting the self-sacrifice and martyrdom culture and to achieve the worthiest approach to preventing and correcting the threatening anomalies of the pure culture.

This part of the study is a qualitative and documentary analysis and has been done by searching reliable internal sources.

In a comprehensive review, four macro factors including "cultural", "economic", "political", and "international", and four specific factors including "strategic and policy-making", "environmental-social", "managerial and executive", and "promotion methods" were selected for this part of the study, and the damages related to each factor were identified.

The generalization of the humanizing culture of self-sacrifice and martyrdom to the general culture, educational, training, scientific, and administrative system of the country will be possible through honoring the memory of the martyrs and the epic of their stability and self-sacrifice and identifying, preventing and solving problems, challenges, and obstacles of this genuine culture.

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as a member of Malvaceae family is a subtropical medicinal plant. This plant is self-pollinated and sensitive to cold. Bolls of Roselle are used in food and pharmaceutical industries. One of the most important purpose to achieve high quality and quantity yield is evaluation of nutritional systems and irrigation management for plants. The use of chemicals in the production of medicinal plants in addition to environmental pollution, decreases the quality of drug. Furthermore, sustainable agriculture, by replacing organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers, increasing the efficiency of inputs such as water, and fertility and soil health, preserving the environment and increasing product quality and protect resources. Drought stress is one of the most important problems in crop production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Effective management of nutrition and irrigation and planting of drought resistant plants is one of the effective proceeding to increase water use efficiency in semi-arid regions. Roselle is relatively drought-tolerant plants, so that cultivation of this plant is common in Sistan and Baluchestan province of Iran. So, studying the ecological and agronomic needs of this plant in new areas is important. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield and yield components of this plant in response to application of nutritional resources and irrigation management.

In order to study the yield and water use efficiency for Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), an experiment was conducted with 12 treatments as strip plot based on complete block design with three replications at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in year 2014-2015. Experimental factors included: nutritional management in four levels (chemical fertilizer, cow manure, cow manure+ chemical fertilizer and control) and irrigation management in three level (30, 70 and 100% of water requirement of Roselle). Roselle seeds were planted in seedling trays at greenhouse in February 2014. Then seedlings transferred to field in last April 2015. The distance between rows and plants were 75 and 25 cm, respectively. Chemical fertilizer (150, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1 Triple super phosphate, Potassium sulfate and Urea, respectively), and cow manure (32 ton.ha-1) were used at depth of 30 cm. Then, different water requirement of Roselle is determined and the water volume of irrigation will be recorded in each irrigation cycle by the contour, furthermore, water use efficiency was calculated. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by using of Minitab Ver.16. Also, means comparison were compared by Duncan multiple range test at 5% level.

Results indicated significant effects of treatments on most of the traits of Roselle. The maximum plant height (89.3 cm), number of lateral branch (6. 6 number), dry sepal yield (860.1 kg.ha-1), biomass yield (7197 kg.ha-1), harvest index (11.9%) and water use efficiency based on bolls and biomass yield (0.11 and 0.89 kg.m3) of Roselle obtained in cow manure + chemical fertilizer treatment. Also, providing of 100% of the plant's water requirement induced the highest height (91.5 cm), number of bolls on main and lateral branch (20.0 and 47.5 number), sepal yield (672.7 kg.ha-1) and biomass yield (6944 kg.ha-1) of Roselle. Combined application compared to single application of nutritional sources increased 16, 18, 35, 20 and 20%, respectively, height, number of lateral branches, bolls yield, biomass yield and harvest index of Roselle. Furthermore, results of interaction effects showed that application of cow manure + chemical fertilizer with providing of 100% of the plant's water requirement obtained the maximum number of lateral branch (8.5 number), bolls yield (934 kg.ha-1) and biomass yield (7920 kg.ha-1) of Roselle. The highest amount of water use efficiency based on sepal and biomass yield (0.2 and 1.5 kg.m3) obtained by application of cow manure + chemical fertilizer and providing of 30% of the plant's water requirement.

Totally, results showed that combined application and providing of 100% of the plant's water requirement improved the most traits of Roselle. Also, combined application of nutritional sources decreased water consumption and increased water use efficiency.

In Islamic culture, self-sacrifice and martyrdom are two the level of human perfection. Sacrifice is loss or something you give up, usually for the sake of a better cause or the offering of the life of a human being to a deity. Sacrifice is on a par with other religious duties through which man can reach the highest human level and be praised by God. Martyrdom is "consciously and selectively sacrificing one's life for the sake of a holy and pure ideal" for the sake of God in the words of the Qur'an ", which includes the pleasure of God", and one who attains such a position is a "martyr".

The study method is descriptive, field, survey and applied. This part of the study has been done with a focused group discussion with elites and experts, as well as search in the library and reliable internal sources.

In this section, the concepts of "Islamic value", "human value", "purpose and purposefulness", "martyr and martyrdom", "self-sacrifice and sacrifice", "freedom and liberty"; at the level of lexical semantics, and "the status of intuition and divine presence"; and "the good life (hayat tayyiba)"; "sacrifice and martyrdom in the Holy Quran and Islamic traditions"; and "dimensions of sacrifice"; at the level of analytical semantics is presented. All of these general concepts are also relevant in the fields of health.  

"Martyrdom" is the peak of the pyramid of human values. In the divine worldview, death and martyrdom for the sake of God are better than all the world and its accumulations.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. This syndrome may affect cognitive function and impair spatial memory. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to evaluate spatial memory in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

This correlation descriptive study was performed in 2013 on 50 women with polycystic syndrome and 50 women without polycystic syndrome who were selected among those referring to specialized obstetrics and gynecology clinics. PCO criterion was used to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome and Computer Spatial Working Memory Test was used to assess spatial memory. Then the score of spatial memory of the two groups were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and independent t-test, Chi-square and Pearson correlation test. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Mean scores of spatial memory test in case and control groups were 0.52±0.88± 0.39±06 and, respectively. The difference in cognitive performance between the case and control groups was statistically significant (P <0.0001) and women with this syndrome had better performance than the control group. Also, spatial memory scores were significantly correlated with age (p = 0.002), but not significantly correlated with education level (p = 0.99) and body mass index (p = 0.38).

Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome had better spatial memory, but since this capability originates from a pathological process, it does not imply an overall improvement in cognitive function, so, comprehensive follow up of these patients and possible complications of the disease may be necessary.