فاطمه رهبری

The aim of this study was to compare the eight weeks of training of the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) and Mackenzie training on chronic low back pain in women. The present research was carried out as a semi-experimental type and in the field using a pre-test and post-test design in two groups.

In this study, 28 women with a mean age of 28.80±4.51 years, height of 162.97±3.74 and weight of 60.07±3.62 kg were purposefully selected from women with chronic low back pain in Mobarakeh city in the year 2021 and randomly divided into two. The NASM training group (14 people) and the Mackenzie training group (14 people) were divided. Each group performed their specific exercises for eight weeks, three sessions per week and 45 minutes per session. Both groups should complete the Visual Pain Scale and the Quebec Low Back Pain Disability Scale to measure pain before and after eight weeks of training. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-test and independent t-test using SPSS software version 25 and analyzed at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that both visual analog scales of pain and low back pain scale of Quebec in pre-test and post-test were significantly different in both NASM and Mackenzie groups (p <0.05). The results also showed that there was a significant difference between the NASM and Mackenzie groups after visual acuity scale and low back pain disability scale (p <0.05).

The exercise program of both NASM and Mackenzie groups had an effect on reducing back pain in women with chronic low back pain, but this reduction was more in NASM group than Mackenzie group. Therefore, NASM exercises are recommended to reduce back pain in women with a chronic history of back pain.

The purpose of the present study is to explore the content of Persian and Social Studies textbooks in elementary school based on the components of identification in the theory of “Man as Agent”. Informed by this theory, four components of “self-awareness, value, unity and authority” are deduced. According to this theory, human actions shape his or her identity, and cognition, will, and desire are the main drivers of actions. Self-awareness includes indicators of “self-presentation and description of feelings, emotions, desires, needs and abilities, and self-evaluation.” The value component consists of “similarity and difference with others' and 'other self-evaluation'. The unity component comprises “prioritization” and “participation in collective activities.” Finally, the components of authority encompass “choice and decision-making” and “considering the effect and outcome of action." The research method is quantitative content analysis and data analysis was conducted using Shannon entropy technique. The statistical population consisted of the elementary school textbooks of which Persian (reading and writing) and social studies books were selected as the sample. The unit of analysis was textbook pages (text, image, activity or questions). Reliability was calculated from the correlation coefficient (R=0.90. The analysis revealed that in Persian and Social Studies textbooks, there existed 2103 instances of references to the components of identity. The results of data analysis showed that self-awareness and authority had received significantly more attention than the other two components with a significance coefficient of 0.255.  The least attention and significance were related to the value component.  The comparison of textbooks suggested that the highest and lowest frequency of identity components was found in the Sixth grade’s Social Studies and First-Grade’s Composition book.

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the components of Identification in the theory of "human as agent". This study was conducted with qualitative approach and analytical-inferential method. This theory in anthropology has described the image of man in the Qur'an as a hard core. According to this theory, one's actions make him or her an identity. Each individual creates a definite identity in his or her own being in accordance with his / her actions and interaction with the environment. Considering the philosophical effort of human theory as a factor in explaining the human nature and deducing the principles of action from the verses of the Qur'an, we have investigated the components of identity in this theory. In this analysis, four components of self-awareness, value, unity and authority were extracted from the bases of cognition, desire, and action. From the self-awareness component, two indices of “self-presentation and description of feelings, emotions, desires, needs and abilities” and “self-evaluation” were deduced. The valuable component realizes the value of identity through 'other evaluation' and one's perception of 'similarity and difference with others'. Given one's exposure to the multiplicity of situations in life, "prioritizing" causes inner unity and cohesion. On the other hand, individual-social identity is formed in the process of "participation in collective activity" as an indicator of the component of unity. In addition to these three components, identity authority emerges with "choice and decision" and with regard to "effect and outcome of action."

The genus Satureja is one of the main plants in food, pharmaceutical and healthcare industries by having important secondary metabolites. In this study, three Satureja species including S.sahendics, S.hortensis, S. atropatana were cytogenetically investigated. According to the results, the average chromosome lengths of the Satureja species ranged from 1.39 µm in S.sahendica to 4.82 µm in S.atropatana. The largest chromosome was observed in S.atropatana (5.940 µm) and the smallest in S.hortensis (1.022 µm). Between the studied species there were significant differences in long arm length (TL), arm ratio (AR), centromeric index (CI), total form percentage (TF%), difference of range relative length (DRL%), intra-chromosomal symmetry index (A1) and inter-chromosomal asymmetry index (A2). The chromosome types were determined “metacentric” and “submetacentric”. The Karyotype formula in S.sahendica, S.hortensis and S.hortensis species were respectively 14m, 20m+4sm and 4m+2sm. The S.sahendica species had the smallest values of Romero-Zarco index (A1 and A2), which is probably linked to its high capability with hard environmental conditions. In compared to the other species, S.sahendica showed the smallest DRL% and the largest TF%. It can be concluded that S.sahendica has more symmetrical karyotype and is more primitive species than two others. Because of the obvious genomic differences, it is expected that the direct crossing between S. atropatana and shandica with cultivated savory would be impossible and use of these species in savory breeding may need the ploidy manipulation and bridge species.

The phenomenon of climate change is caused by various factors such as swings at the Earth’s climate, natural processes, and human activities. Following that, the solar absorption has been increasing as compared with the radiation of the Sun’s ray, the Earth is getting warmer, and this change is threatening the lives of the present and also the future generation; all these are caused by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) due to the fossil fuel consumption. Since the most important achievements of mankind may be civilization and urbanization and the neighborhood is considered as linchpin of the city frame, firstly, climate change and its factors are described in this paper to relate the aforementioned factors and then the structure of a sustainable neighborhood is examined by defining the concepts of neighborhood and sustainability in order to prevent the continuation of climate change. Achieving the principles and criteria of the neighborhood design requires collaboration of all related specialists, especially architects, urban planners, and the people; then the future generation will be able to meet their own needs and this means sustainable design: future-oriented, environment-oriented, and partnership-oriented.