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Good agricultural practice (GAP) is a certification system for agriculture, specifying procedures (and attendant documentation) that must be implemented to create food for consumers or further processing that is safe and wholesome, using sustainable methods. While there are numerous competing definitions of what methods constitute good agricultural practice, there are several broadly accepted schemes that producers can adhere too. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) uses good agricultural practice as a collection of principles applying to on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economical, social and environmental sustainability. Introduction of GAP is particularly desirable when there is chronic overuse and misuse of agricultural pesticides. Governments seek to reduce the use of pesticides by promoting alternative methods of pest management, while at the same time ensuring a steady production of safe and wholesome food.

This research was carried out with the general aim of developing Good agricultural practice strategies in Lorestan province. In this research, using analytical studies and literature, the four points of SWOT i.e. strength, weakness, opportunity and threat were identified and prioritized using AHP technique. The statistical population of the research included experts and specialists knowledgeable about the subject in relevant organizations, including agricultural jihad, agricultural research center, environment, university and subject experts in Lorestan province. The sampling method of the study was in accordance with the principles of strategic research through targeted sampling, and finally 26 people were selected for the study. Data analysis was done in the form of SWOT-AHP technique using Expert Choice software.

The findings of the research showed that in the evaluation of the criteria, the points of threat, weakness, strength and opportunity were assigned the first to fourth priorities, and the weights obtained from the results of these points indicate the dominance of the risky environment over the useful. In addition, in the prioritization of strategic areas, the results showed that WT strategy means defensive strategy (minimum-minimum), ST strategy means contingent strategy (maximum-minimum), WO means adaptive strategy (minimum-maximum strategy) and finally The last strategy based on the SO axis is the aggressive strategy (maximum - maximum).

In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for policy makers in the field of agriculture and environment because a strategic plan has been developed in the field of developing appropriate agricultural operations.

This research was carried out with the general purpose of the role social capital in the use of good agricultural practice. The statistical population of the research included all the farmers of Khorram Abad county. Sample size using Cochran's sampling formula, 380 farmers were selected for the study by stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS software. The results showed that the studied farmers do not use good agricultural practice well, and the behaviors of "not burning crop residues" and "using biological and biological fertilizers" are used more than other good agricultural practice. In addition, the results of the regression coefficient showed that the dimensions of social capital (social participation, social norm, social awareness, collective action, social trust) can explain 63.9% of the variance of good agricultural practice. In general, it can be said that the results of this research can provide new insights for policymakers in this field in order to expand sustainable agricultural operations.

This causal relationship study was conducted with the aim of the view of wheat farmers in Khorramabad city regarding the relationship with agricultural promoters. The statistical population was all wheat farmers in Khorramabad (N = 12500). Using Cochran's sampling formula, 240 of them were selected by stratified random sampling with proportional assignment. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a survey of faculty members of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and its reliability was used using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using SPSSwin18 software. The majority of farmers believed that the promoters' recommendations were not in their best interests. In addition, the grouping results showed that the studied farmers did not have a positive view of the relationship with the promoters because more than 70% of them had a negative and neutral view in this regard.This causal relationship study was conducted with the aim of the view of wheat farmers in Khorramabad city regarding the relationship with agricultural promoters. The statistical population was all wheat farmers in Khorramabad (N = 12500). Using Cochran's sampling formula, 240 of them were selected by stratified random sampling with proportional assignment. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a survey of faculty members of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and its reliability was used using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using SPSSwin18 software. The majority of farmers believed that the promoters' recommendations were not in their best interests. In addition, the grouping results showed that the studied farmers did not have a positive view of the relationship with the promoters because more than 70% of them had a negative and neutral view in this regard.

This research was conducted to explain the environmental attitudes of rural women in Zagros forests. The statistical population of this research included all rural women over 15 years old living in the margins of Zagros forests in Lorestan province, whose livelihood was, directly and indirectly, dependent on Zagros forests (N = 231000). Sample size was determined using Kerjci and Morgan table. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster sampling with proportional assignment (based on forest area in each city). The main research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.698-0.880). Data analysis was performed by SPSS software. The results of correlation analysis showed that education, forest dependence, social norms, sense of belonging, social responsibility, social participation, social environmentalism, self-efficacy and environmental knowledge and information have a positive and significant relationship with rural women's attitudes toward forest protection. In addition, the regression results showed that among all the known factors, four factors of self-efficacy, social responsibility, social environmentalism and forest dependence were the most influential factors on the attitude of rural women so that these four factors are able to explain 60.3% of the total variance of the factors. In general, it can be said that due to the high importance of the self-efficacy variable in explaining the protective attitude of rural women, it is necessary to strengthen their professional skills by properly teaching forest protection methods among rural women.

This study was conducted with the aim of the Analysis of the challenges of applying sustainable environmental operations. The statistical population of the study was all households of wheat farmers in Khorramabad County (N = 12500). The sample size was determined using Cochran's sampling formula of 240 heads of farmers' households. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was determined by a panel of experts including faculty members of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Agricultural Sciences, and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, and its reliability for communication channels and water protection behavior were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability method, respectively.  Data analysis was performed in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS and Lisrel8.54 software. The results of this prioritization of the challenges of implementing sustainable environmental operations based on farmers' perspectives showed that the most important challenges in this sector included "inappropriate organizational structure for effective policy making" and "lack of extension and training courses". In addition, the results of factor analysis classified the known challenges into three factors: educational and professional challenges, policy and institutional challenges, and economic and supportive challenges, of which 42.69% explained the variance of all factors

The cultivation of edible mushrooms is expanding rapidly due to its nutritional and medicinal values as well as its economic benefits. However, lack of knowledge and principled management may cause many problems for producers or even bring them closer to the bankruptcy brink. The first step to improve the efficiency of units is finding an appropriate method to measure it. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is one of the methods that is widely used to evaluate the relative efficiency of a homogenous set of DMUs. Despite the many advantages of this model, the high sensitivity of DEA to even a small change in the data reduces the validity of its results. In fact the conventional DEA assumes that input and output data are without any deviation. However, the observed values of the input and output data in real-life problems are sometimes imprecise or vague. So In this paper, to deal with uncertainty in data the linear robust optimization framework of Bertsimas and Sim (2004) was used to compare technical efficiency of Iranian mushroom-producing provinces and determine the optimum use of inputs.
According to the purpose of this study, a robust data envelopment analysis (RDEA) model with imprecise inputs and outputs was used. The method is based on the robust optimization approach of Bertsimas and Sim (2004) which with the introduction of the conservative parameter (Γ) for each constraint, adjusts robustness in an optimisation model against the level of conservatism of the solution. The value of Γ is dependent on the maximum probability of constraint violation (p) and numbers of uncertain data in every constraint (n). So this RDEA model allows adjustment of level of robustness of the solution to trade-off between protection against constraint violation and conservatism of efficiency scores. In order to estimate the models, the GAMS software was used and related data was gathered from Statistical Center of Iran.
In this paper to distinguish the causes of technical inefficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency were measured. According to the results of this model, at all levels of P, the pure technical efficiency was higher than the scale efficiency and technical efficiency, and its value was higher than 98% in all cases. This indicates that mushroom producers have a high level of knowledge and skills in this field and shows that the cause of low technical efficiency of the producers is their non-optimal scale. In addition, according to the results of both RDEA and DEA models, the most important input that has caused the inefficiency of the units is the "seed cost" input and with optimal use of this input, the cost of that can be reduced by about 70% (in ε=0.1 and P=1). Another result of this study is that with the reduction of the Probability of constraint violation, the rate of technical efficiency has decreased. For example in ε=0.1, if P is reclined from 1 (no protection against uncertainty) to 0.8 and 0.1, the average technical efficiency is reduced from 93% to 89% and 85% respectively. Also when ε is increased from 10 to 20 and 30 percent (in P=0.1) the average technical efficiency is reduced from 85 to 83 and 82 percent. On the contrary by reducing P, the percentages of reduction compare to the actual value is increased. For instance by reducing P from 1 to 0.8 and 0.1 the percentages of reduction of "seed cost" are decreased from 70% to 78% and 80% respectively. This results highlights the importance of using RDEA models to more conformity of the results to the real world.
Based on the results the low technical efficiency of the producers is because of their non-optimal scale. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the optimal size unit for those who want to enter this activity. On the other hand, the policymakers should improve access to facilities so the small units could enlarge their unit if it's necessary. Also considering the experience of successful mushroom farms, self-reliance in production of mushroom seeds can greatly reduce inefficiency of the units. Eventually considering that the level of uncertainty has a great impact on the efficiency results and the optimal level of inputs, future researches on the appropriate level of uncertainty according to the real conditions of production can improve the results of the RDEA model.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-regulated learning strategies on students' academic delay of gratification and optimism. This quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest with the control group. The population of this study consisted of all second grade female students in the first period of high school in Khorramabad (2014-2015) which among them two classes, using a multistage cluster random sampling method, as test and control groups were selected. The tools used in this study Bembenutty academic delay of gratification scale (1998) and Tschannen-Moran et al academic optimism questionnaire (2013). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate analysis of covariance and univariate analysis of covariance) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that self-regulated learning strategies training Increasing student’s academic delay of gratification and academic optimism (P<0/001). Accordingly, it is recommended to teachers to Train Self-regulated learning strategies to their students during the course of their education.

Identification and measurement of emotional factors affecting academic achievement is one of the most active and important areas in educational psychology, which academic optimism is one of the new structures in the field of positive psychology in this regard. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of Tschannen‐Moran et al Academic Optimism Scale (2013). The questionnaire includes 28 questions that measure three components of academic emphasis, student trust to teachers, and unity to the school. The subjects of this study were 385 students of first grade high school in Khorramabad city during the academic year 2015-2016 (186 boys and 199 girls) who were selected by relative stratified sampling method based on gender and region. The instrument used in this study was the Tschannen‐Moran Optimism Scale (2013). Confirmatory factor analysis method through the main components method to check the validity of the questionnaire and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient to check the reliability of the questionnaire were used. The results of factor analysis showed that three components are revealed by removing four questions from the whole questionnaire and factor analysis of the rest of the questions and results rotation with varimax method. Also, the results of the parallel analysis were used to identify the exact components that the results of this analysis also confirmed these three components. It was also found that the whole questionnaire and its components had high reliability. In a general view, the results of the study showed that the "academic optimism questionnaire" is suitable for students to measure this feature, and to some extent it can meet the needs of the present.

academic burnout and exhaustion is one of the major challenges of education, that affects motivation, in this regards, study of academic burnout and its consequences is important. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among academic burnout, academic engagement and performance in students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences.
This is a descriptive -correlation study. The study population included all students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (n=2600). samples were 335 of different faculties, that selected by stratified sampling. To collect data, academic engagement questionnaire of schaufeli et.al and the academic burnout questionnaire of Bersou et.al were applied. In addition, the academic performance was measured using the students GPA. Eventually, data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the stepwise multiple regression analysis by the means of SPSS-19 software.
results showed that the mean values of variables for academic burnout, academic engagement and academic performance were 41/08, 50/97 and 15.93, respectively. There is a significant negative relationship between academic burnout and academic engagement (P The results of the research demonstrate relationship among academic burnout, academic engagement and performance of students therefore, reducing burnout can improve and increase engagement and performance, and educational managers in universities of medical sciences consider burnout in educational planning to increase engagement