فهرست مطالب فایزه صحبایی روی

Today, there are various methods to deal with anxiety caused by surgery. Peer education through interpersonal interaction improves morale and thus reduces people's anxiety and also acts as a mediator between the patient and the medical staff.

A total of 60 patients were selected through simple sampling method and according to the inclusion criteria and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. After matching the peers, the training of the intervention group members who were on the surgical list was started by one of each peer under the supervision of the researcher. The control group also benefited from routine hospital training. Data collection tools included two questionnaires, including demographic information and Spielberger anxiety scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS24 software.

The results of independent t-test with a significance level of 0.05 showed that there was no significant difference between the mean of pre-training anxiety in the two groups (p= 0.82). Postoperative anxiety showed a significant difference between intervention and control groups (p<0.001).

The results of this study indicate that peer education has a positive effect on reducing patients' anxiety. Health professionals are always looking for solutions to use and implement it to save time and costs of hospitalization and improve the quality of care services. Awareness of the importance and impact of peer education in reducing patients 'anxiety and the economics of this type of education provides the necessary conditions for the use of peers in reducing patients' problems.

Pressure ulcer is a serious problem in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. It is associated with major complications such as prolonged length of stay and delayed recovery. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence and grade of pressure ulcers in smokers and non-smokers admitted to the intensive care unit.

This study is an analytical cross-sectional study in which 120 patients in two groups (smokers (60) and non-smokers (60)) were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, information sheet based on the division of the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP), and Braden's grading criteria. Data were analyzed by SPSS v.24 software.

The results showed that incidence of pressure ulcers in the smoker group was 46.13 ± 11.01 and in the non-smokers group was 39.2 ± 8.23 and there was a significant difference between the incidence of pressure ulcers in two groups (p≤.0/05). Also, comparing the grade of pressure ulcer, the mean and standard deviation of the smoker group was 23.32 ± 5.92 and the non-smokers group was 14.22 ± 1.21. 11/7% of patients in the smoking group had grades of four pressure ulcers, but in the non-smoking group, none of the patients had grades of four pressure ulcers. The t-test showed a significant difference between the grades of pressure ulcers in two groups (p≤0/05).

The results of this study showed the effect of smoking on increasing incidence and grade of pressure ulcers in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Therefore, it is necessary for the staff of the intensive care units to pay special attention to risk factors and to identify and monitor the hospitalized patients.

The incidence of neural bladder is increasing today and these people need catheterization. Intermittent clean urinary catheterization is a low-risk method for the patients.

This was a descriptive methodological and validation research. For content validity, 10 people were selected by purposive method. For face validity, 25 people were chosen by convenience method Aimed at structural validity, gradual method was used from sounding conductors. For the reliability of the questionnaire, 10 people completed the questionnaire.

First, a draft was developed and two qualitative and quantitative methods were used for face validity. The effect scores of the items were not less than 1.5. None of the items less than 62% were deleted according to the table. In construct validity, exploratory factor analysis and varimax rotation methods were used and the adequacy of sample size was 0.78 by KMO test, and the results of Bartlett sphericity test were significant (4017/486 p <0.001). 5 items with a share of less than 0.4 were removed and factor analysis was performed again and the number of factors was reduced to four with a variance of 40.136. The results of internal consistency of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the whole questionnaire with 32 items were equal to 0.862 and 0.859 for women and men respectively. The results of the stability of the verification tools and the result of the ICC test (0.949) showed a good correlation coefficient for each structure.

The tools designed in this study are valid and reliable and can be used in various studies.

Addiction is one of the most complex diseases of the century that for it's treatment various methods have been proposed. In this regard, one of the non-pharmacological methods with a profound effect on drug withdrawal involves the participation of addicted individuals in a 12-step anonymous addiction recovery program. The purpose of this study was to compare the sustained remission from drug addiction among individuals taking part in an anonymous recovery program and those attending a rehabilitation center for drug withdrawal.

This descriptive study was conducted on 300 participants (150 individuals of the anonymous recovery program and 150 patients of the rehabilitation center) in Mashhad, Iran, using a random sampling technique. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two parts, namely demographic information and information related to sustained remission from drug addiction in the attendees of the two groups.

The obtained results indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups in term of withdrawal from drug abuse  (χ2 = 0.08; P < 0.001). Addiction resumption occurred in 40.7, 48.4, and 10.9% of cases in the first, second, and third months, respectively. Regarding addiction relapses, 42% and 70% of patients in the rehabilitation and anonymous groups failed to accomplish the recovery, respectively. Regarding sustained remission from drug addiction among the investigated subjects, 40% of the cases in the anonymous addict group and 51.6% of individuals in the rehabilitation canter could persistently withdraw from drug abuse for more than  6 and 3 months, respectively.  Accordingly, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of sustained remission from drug addiction (χ2 = 0.08; P < 0.001).

On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that attendance to anonymous addict meetings can be a useful strategy to continue the addiction withdrawal after the detoxification period.

Universities use different tools to evaluate their own teaching practices and many factors are involved in the education process that may affect learning. This study aimed to evaluate educational environment from the view of clinical psychology student of the Science and Research Branch of the Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, based on the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) model.

This descriptive study was conducted on 30 female students of clinical psychology in Islamic Azad University. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling method. Data were collected using DREEM and analyzed using SPSS software.

The majority of samples were 18-23 years old and 76.7% of them were single. The mean and standard deviation of students ' perception score in the 5 domains of learning (total score = 60), teachers (total score = 55), academic ability (total score = 40), educational environment (total score = 50), and social conditions (total score = 35), respectively, were 40.99 ± 13.52, 37.07 ± 10.76, 23.64 ± 8.89, 39.17 ± 14.74, and 22.20 ± 8.78. No statistically significant difference was observed between demographic information and mean educational environment score (P < 0.001).

An important characteristic of the social status of the university is that it directly impacts education. Thus, the improvement of this status must be prioritized by officials. In this respect, holding training and retraining classes in order to gain learning skills and improve educational environments, consulting students, and designing problem management methods may be effective in the educational empowerment of students.

Fear of communication is a common problem among university students. Fear of communication is associated with fear of negative evaluation, decreased social activities and low self-esteem. Fear of communication is the fourth most prevalent psychiatric disorders in Iran, as elsewhere, is highly prevalent among adolescents. Since communication apprehension have a significant negative impact on student's performance detection, diagnosis and early intervention t can be helpful. The aim of this study was to determine the Fear of communication among medical and nursing students of Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehra, Irann. Method and materials: This study was a descriptive comparative study. The sample of the study consisted of 500 students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch participated. Participants were included in the study by cluster sampling method. Half of the students were sophomores and the other half were thirdyear students in the Faculty of Medicine and Nursing. Data were collected by a questionnaire which consisted of demographic information, and (PRCA) 24, a twenty-four statements concerning feelings about communication with others. Most of the participants in the second year, were medical students and most of the third year students were nursing students. The results showed that the most prevalent fear in second year and third year students associated with frightening situations (group discussion, presentation, interpersonal, public speaking). The scores of fear of communication were higher in second year students comparing to third year students. Remarkably, a significant relationship between demographic characteristics such as the field of education, occupation, marital status, parental education, parental occupation and family size were obtained in both groups (P< 0.05). There is a need for early identification of the disorder providing information and education for students and their parents.