فرانک لکایی اندی

Ectopic pregnancy is a common complication and one of the causes of pregnancy-related deaths. Considering the increased prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in recent years and the increased risk factors such as assisted reproductive treatment, the present study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in Babol, northern Iran.

This case-control study was performed on pregnant women who were admitted with suspicion for ectopic pregnancy or acute abdomen within a 6-year period. Patients diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy were selected in the case group and the control group was selected from among the pregnant women's medical record during the same years. Patients were examined in terms of age, parity, history of abortion, type of contraception, history of ectopic pregnancy, history of pelvic infections, history of cesarean section, infertility treatment, history of smoking, marriages within the family, medical history and underlying disease.

In this study, 201 patients were examined in each group. The mean age for the case group was 29.75±5.6 and for the control group was 28.62±6.4 years. Among the risk factors, assisted reproductive treatment (OR=10.24, p≤0.001), abdominal and pelvic surgery (OR=2.35, p=0.002), infertility (p=6.76, p<0.001), contraceptive pills (OR=0.61, p<0.001) and nulliparity (OR = 1.61, p=0.019) were associated with increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.

According to the results of this study, the most important risk factors for ectopic pregnancy are the use of hormonal pills to prevent pregnancy and nulliparity, respectively.

Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) is the most prevalent complication in the first trimester of pregnancy that 50 to 90% of pregnant women experience it in some extend. Moreover this problem compromises their familial and social function as well as their physical and mental health. The purpose of this study is to determine factors that affect the incidence rate and severity of NVP.
This cross-sectional study was done on 300 pregnant women at 7 to 8 weeks of gestation who referred to the prenatal clinic of Ayattolah Rouhani Hospital. Data was gathered by a questionnaire and the severity of NVP assessed by using the PUQE scoring system (Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis and nausea). Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version18 using and chi square and Fisher extact tests.
Of the 300 women included in the study 26% had mild, 64.3% moderate and 9.7% had severed NVP. From the variables of this study, husband's job and his education were significantly associated with the incidence of vomiting and the history of gastric disease was significantly associated with the incidence of both nausea and vomiting. 68.1% of women's husbands who had vomiting were self-employers. The lowest rate of vomiting was within the women whose husbands’ education was higher than diploma (16.1%). There was a significant association between the severity of NVP and the number of labors, history of NVP in past pregnancies, husband's job and pregnant woman education level.
According to the high incidence of NVP and its complications, we suggest that pregnant women with these characteristics participate in individual meetings that teach instruct them about symptoms, severity and the way to manage and control them; also we recommend the research about the association of other gastrointestinal disorders with NVP and proper management of them.