فهرست مطالب فرخ دین قزلی

Plant Protection Organization (PPO) has registered fourteen commercial herbicides formulations for weed control of corn in Iran (Nourbakhsh, 2021). Among these herbicides, eight herbicides contain one active ingredient and the other six have two or three active ingredients including acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme inhibiting groups - similar-auxin groups, photosynthetic inhibitors of photosystem II and inhibitors of fatty acids and cell division, which are sometimes formulated with safeners. Weed species do not similarly respond to herbicides and previous studies showed some existing inherent tolerance, causes the percentage control of some of the weed species being lower than the others (Hadizadeh, 2016). Thus, new herbicides with several active ingredients are suggested to be used to suppress such weeds. The aim of this work was to find the best chemical treatments against weeds in corn production based on using new herbicides dicamba+ mesotrione+ nicosulfuron and comparing their efficacy with the common newly or some of older registered herbicides in the major corn growing areas of Iran.

A field study was conducted in four regions of Iran, including Mashhad, Ahwaz, Zarghan and Kermanshah during 2019 growing season. The statistical layout was a completely randomized block design with four replicates. Seven chemical treatments were mesotrione+s-metalachlor+terbuthylazine (Lumax® 537.5SE post-emergence, 4.5 l ha-1), nicosulfuron+rimsulfuron (Ultima® 75%WG, 175 g ha-1), topramezone (Clio® 29.7%SC, 150 ml ha-1), thiencarbazone+isoxaflutol+cyprosulfamide (Adengo® 46.5%Sc, 440 ml ha-1), and the new herbicide dicamba+mesotrione+nicosulfuron with five recommended doses (Calisto Solid 569.5 WG, 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 g ha-1). A hand-weeded treatment and an unweeded treatment served as controls. Weed density and weed dry weight for each plot were measured four weeks after the last application the herbicides. Corn was harvested from 10 m2 of each plot after removing border plots. Corn grain yield was determined after adjusting the moisture level of grain to 14 %. To measure corn biological yield, samples of 10 corn plants were taken and then were dried in an oven. Data from each region were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS/STAT statistical software and the means were separated by LSD (α=5%).

The results showed a diverse spectrum of weeds (18 species) at the experimental locations. Pigweed species (Amaranthus spp.) were present in all tested locations but were not dominant in Ahwaz. The next dominant weed species were Portulaca oleraceae L. and Chenopodium album L. in Mashhad and Zarghan; Physalis divaricate L. in Ahwaz and Zarghan, Convolvulus arvensis L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., and Corchorus olitorius L. in Ahwaz; Hibiscus trionum L., in Mashhad; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Xanthium strumarium L. in Kermanshah and finally Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., was dominant in Zarghan. Across the experimental locations, dicamba+mesotrione+nicosulfuron was efficient at 700-800 g ha-1 application doses for weed control (75 to 88%). However, when applied at dosage of under 700 gl ha-1, its weed control efficiency was lower (50 to 70%). Topramezone and nicosulfuron+rimsulfuron were inefficient in controlling weeds in all the locations. In contrast, thiencarbazone+isoxaflutol+cyprosulfamide was among the most efficient treatments wich these findings are in agreement with the results of some previous studies (Hadizadeh et al. 2015; Hadizadeh et al., 2020). E. crus-galli was identified as the most difficult-to-control weeds and G. glabra and P. oleraceae were the next ones. None of doses of new herbicide showed injury symptoms on corn.

Dicamba+mesotrione+nicosulfuron (700 and 800 g ha-1) showed 70-85 weed control efficiency averaged in the all experimental locations and it could be recommended to be used in corn field after registration process. Due to environmental concern, it could be applied at lower doses when difficult-to-control weeds were not present. Thiencarbazone+isoxaflutol+cyprosulfamide was found to be the high efficient herbicide. Barnyard grass, licorice and common purslane were difficult-to-control weed species or there were not controlled by new herbicides. We also suggest evaluation of the herbicides for their residual effects on the succeeding crops.

The genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae), with 14 native or cultivated species (total 17 species and subspecies), is distributed in different regions of Iran. Of these, 10 are known as weedy taxa. In the present study, we selected and analyzed the morphological and micromorphological characteristics of the inflorescence and seeds in Iranian Amaranthus taxa to investigate the diversity and to clarify the relationships among them. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of seeds of 16 taxa were presented. In order to determine the similarity of the studied taxa and their classification in relation to the measured characteristics, cluster analysis was used by Ward method. The evaluation of data by Ward clustering and PCA biplot classification methods showed similar results. The results divided the taxa into three main groups, which do not fully correspond to the sections mentioned in the classification of this genus; however, confirm somewhat the close relationships of the taxa.

Weed control by mechanical means can reduce environmental concerns resulting from herbicides application, and also it can help reducing the costs of chemicals and application expenditures. This study was devoted to investigate the suitability of bent leg cultivator for eradication of weeds in sugar beet fields. Field study having seven treatments; bent leg cultivator with 45 mm width, bent leg cultivator with 45 mm width + furrower, bent leg cultivator with 65 mm width, bent leg cultivator with 65 mm width + furrower, conventional cultivator (crescent blade), control of weed in all seasons, and no-weed control were carried out as a complete randomized design in three replications. Field data were used to calculate weed control percentage, sugar beet root yield, sugar content and gross sugar yield. Analysis of data indicated that cultivator geometry affected both percentage of weed control and crop yield. The bent leg cultivator with 65 mm width + furrower, compared to conventional cultivator, increased weed controling (17.0%), root yield (5.5%), sugar content (0.6%), and gross sugar yield (6.1%). Findings showed potential of the new bent leg cultivator in increasing crop yield and decreasing herbicides application.

Some taxonomic and morphologic notes about the genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) in Iran are here presented. More than 400 specimens were examined as well as extensive pieces of literature were analyzed. As a result, 17 taxa were recognized based on available literature. Information about their nomenclature (accepted names, main synonyms, and types), main morphological features and diagnostic keys at species and infraspecific levels were prepared. Pictures of inflorescences, fruits and tepals of all taxa in Iran were also provided in order to obtain undoubted and clear descriptions of Amaranthus taxa in the country and a functional identification key on the basis of the features of the reproductive organs was constructed. The distribution of this genus in Iran has also been briefly discussed.