فرزاد شنبدی

In recent years, researchers in the field of behavioral sciences have paid more attention to the importance of the mental health of the family and its members and the role they play in shaping the dynamics of society. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to predict aggression based on internalized shame and communication skills in mothers with elementary school children.

This descriptive-correlational research was conducted in Bandar Abbas city in 2023 with the statistical population of all mothers with elementary school children. Using convenience sampling, 222 mothers were selected. The data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire, "Aggression Questionnaire", "Internalized Shame Scale" and " Communication Skills Test-Revised ". The content validity of the instruments was confirmed by the qualitative method by asking the opinions of 4 lecturers of the Department of Counseling and Psychology of Hormozgan University. Reliability was checked and confirmed by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data of the research was collected through in-person visits to schools and qualified mothers responding to the instruments. The data was analyzed with SPSS.26.

Internalized shame positively predicted mothers' aggression (P<0.001, β=0.56). Also, among the components of communication skills, only communication with assertiveness positively predicted aggression in mothers. (β>0.001, P=0.29). The results of the regression analysis also showed that 0.46 of the total variance of aggression is explained by internalized shame and communication with assertiveness.

Internalized shame and communication with assertiveness are important predictors of aggression in mothers with elementary school children. 
Therefore, it is suggested that educational methods to reduce internalized shame and improve communication skills, especially the component of communication together with assertiveness, should be considered for mothers with primary school children.

Background and The parenting style has a significant impact on many aspects of children's lives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the positive parenting education based on Sander's approach on happiness and parent-child conflict of students.
The research method is semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design with control group. The statistical population consisted of all male secondary school students in Shiraz during the academic year of 2016-2017. Using a multi-stage sampling method, 30 mothers whose children had low score in the happiness and a high score in parent-child conflict, were selected and assigned into experimental and control groups randomly. Data were collected by Oxford Happiness Inventory (Argyll and Levy, 1990) and Strauss's parent-child conflict questionnaire (1996). The positive parenting style was taught to the experimental group in 8 sessions. Data analysis was performed by using covariance analysis.
The results showed that positive parenting education based on Saunder's approach had a significant effect on increasing happiness and reducing parent-child conflict in students (P Overall, the results of this study confirm and emphasize the usefulness of positive parenting education because of its role in health and happiness and reduction of parent-child conflict.