فرزام بابایی

The purpose of this research is to measure carbon monoxide in Tehran's Beyhaghi Terminal and modeling the release of this pollutant under various scenarios.

In the first step; 2 scenarios were imagined for this research. One of them is to examine the emission model of carbon monoxide pollutant under current conditions; and the other was to examine the emission model under management conditions and to apply emission reduction strategies. NIOSH method number 6604 was used for sampling. Measurements were made in 2021-2022 and in 3 points sampling was done once a month during the year, three days a month and 3 times a day, and the sampling was done at different times of the day, i.e. morning, noon and evening, according to the increase and decrease of vehicle traffic. And for the purpose of modeling, Austal view, version 7 software was used.

In both scenarios, the distribution of carbon monoxide pollutant (8 hours) shows that the highest concentration of the pollutant is at the origin and terminal location. The pollutant spreads in all directions and the farthest zone of pollutant penetration will be on the eastern side of the terminal at a distance of 1000 meters. Since the amount of pollutant for Beyhaghi terminal is less than domestic and foreign standards, it can be said that the status of this pollutant will not exceed the standard. Of course, the air quality under the second scenario is better than the first scenario, so that after 8 hours, the pollutant concentration does not exceed 4 ppm in any range. Of course, this range will also penetrate less than 300 meters in all directions, with the exception of the eastern direction, which extends to about 600 meters.

Considering that in the first scenario, the amount of carbon monoxide pollution is within the approved standards, but due to the presence of other pollutants and the possibility of synergy between them, it is necessary to pay attention to improving the quality of the environment by using management strategies. For this reason, the second scenario indicates a further reduction of this pollutant. Reducing the stopping time of cars, not turning on the lights and using exhaust absorbent filters help to reduce the emission of carbon monoxide pollutant.

The purpose of this research is to measure air pollutants (especially PM10) in Beyhaqi Terminal of Tehran and to model the release of this pollutant under various conditions.

In order to measure the pollutant of suspended particles with a diameter of 10 microns (PM10), a portable device model Grimm 108/109 was used. In the selected points, sampling was done once a month during the year, three days a month and 3 times a day, and the sampling was done at different times of the day, i.e. morning, noon and evening, according to the increase and decrease of vehicle traffic. And for the purpose of modeling, Austal view, version 7 software was used.

The results showed that the concentration measured in the autumn and winter seasons was higher than the first six months of the year. Since in the standard of the World Health Organization, the daily limit for this pollutant is 50 micrograms per cubic meter, it can be seen that in the first scenario, in some areas (distances less than 300 meters from the source), the concentration of the pollutant exceeded the standard. The rest of the ranges are within the standard range. In the second scenario and based on the emission reduction factor of 70%, it was determined that all areas are within the standard range.

Finally, reducing the stopping time of cars, not turning on lights and using exhaust absorbent filters will help to reduce the emission of suspended particles.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission due to the fossil fuels combustion in the world's manufacturing industries with a share of 30% of emission is considered as one of the important potentials for GHG emission reduction. In this study, using the logarithmic mean of Division index (LMDI) method, in combination with Kaya model, the factors affecting the emissions of Iranian manufacturing industries, including activity factors, industry structure, energy intensity, fuel composition and emission coefficient during the years 1378 to 1398 is identified and studied. According to the results, the effects of the level of industrial activity is the most important drivers for emissions in the industries of manufacturing factories, so that the amount of emissions has increased from 33.22 million tons in 1378 to 67.35 million tons in 1398. The drivers of the industrial structure acted in the opposite direction and decreased from -3.85 million tons in 1999 to -29.73 million tons. Also, greenhouse gas emission in chemical and petrochemical industries, cement factories and non-ferrous metal products increased by 60.38, 55.29 and 37.9 million tons, respectively. Changes in greenhouse gas emission in the oil and coal refining industries have also been almost constant during the period of this study.

Waste materials are produced as a result of human activity and work. Population growth and rising living standards increase the quantity of these substances. In other words, solid waste is an integral part of human life. The growth of technology and more use of natural resources and energy conversion has increased the size and complexity of solid waste production. These wastes must somehow move away from human habitation or re-enter the material and energy cycle. Today, irrational disposal of waste in addition to many disorders of the ecosystem and the emergence of many dangers in the world. Therefore, it is appropriate to take basic steps in this field to protect the environment and reduce economic losses.

 In this study, to achieve general and specific goals, the information collected in the two sections was information related to experts and residents of the two areas of Tehran.

First, Excel software was used to store and analyze information. In this way, the data were entered into Excel software and analyzed, and finally displayed in the form of tables and graphs by regions, and then the criteria and sub-criteria set by experts that the data were collected through a questionnaire. It has been analyzed using super decisions software.

The risk assessment form examines three criteria of environmental, safety, and health in two regions 5 and 22, each of which is effective in terms of safety, health, and the environment with weights in both regions 5 and region 22 of Tehran. The main environmental criteria in Zone 5 and the main safety criteria in Zone 22 are the high weight. Risk assessment form (HAZID method) is the environmental criterion of region 5, the highest risk number with 540 is related to dredging activity, washing elements, sweeping, administrative affairs.

Nowadays, changes in environmentaldynamics including changes in land cover, land use, water supplies and climate are considered to be challenging issues of human communities. Thus, it is especially important to investigate different aspects of land use change and their effects on the past and future trends ofdifferent plains. Identification of previous changes and prediction of future trends help planners and managers to compensate for losses and avoid similar mistakes in future.Therefore, the present study is divided into two parts. In the first part, land usechanges of Lenjanat Plain in the 1990-2015 period are analyzed. In the second part, future land use changes (2015-2035) of the area are investigated.Adjustment coefficient is calculated to show the effect of land use changes on runoff coefficient.  

2.1 Study area and its characteristics Lenjanat Plain is a sub-basin of Gavkhuni Wetland located in the central part of the Iranian plateau with the longitude of 51˚ 8' to 51˚45' E and latitude of 32˚2' to 32˚24' N.   2.2  Land use change In the first step, preprocessing of satellite data and preparation of the information were carried out through geometric and atmospheric correction of the digital imageswith the purpose of correcting errors, removing defects in the images and omitting system errors. Landsat-4 and 5, TM sensor, Landsat-7, ETM+ sensor and Landsat-8 OLI sensor were used to evaluate and predict land use changes in the study area. Image selection was performed based on the availability criteria, and Landsat satellite images were thus obtainedfor 1990, 2005, and 2015. In the next step, unsupervised classification was used to create a general understanding of land use classes in the study area as a useful tool for determining training samples. ENVI software was used to identify suitable training samples for classification. To realize the second goal of the study, Marco integration model and a cellular automaton model were used and future land use changes in Lenjanstudy area were predicted for 2035 based on the base map and the assumption that the current trend in land use changes will continue. For this purpose, the Marco and CA-MARKOV modules were utilizedin IDRISI SELVA. CA-Markov model was used to predict land use changes with spatial contiguity and spatial transitions over time. 

3.1 Measuringland usechanges Finall and use maps represent the percentage and spatial distribution of each landuse type in the study area in the past, and at present. These maps area also used to evaluate the effects of management on the intensity of land use changes in the study area. Man-made surfaces have almost doubled in the region and reached from 3922 to 7202 hectares. In the past, 3922, 22516, 81613 and 367 hectaresof man-made areas (such as residential and industrial), agricultural lands, barren lands, and riverbeds were located in the study area which have reached 7202, 17943, 82793 and 229 hectares, respectively.   3.2 Prediction of future land usechanges Land use types in 2035 were predicted using CA-Markov chain model. Results indicate that manmade surfaces will exhibit a rising trend and increase from 7,202 to 9,122 hectaresduring 2015-2035 period.To determine the compatibility or incompatibility of actual maps and modelingresults, model validation was performed. In this regard, land usesof the study area was predicted for 2015 through the aforementionedmodel and the predicted map was compared with the actual land use map in 2015. In this method, the Kappa index of 0-1 was used to interpret the results.   3.3 Adjustment Factor Before anything else, the present study have determinedland usechangespercentage. Then, runoff coefficient of the forecast period was divided by runoff coefficient of land use changes in the pastto calculate the adjustment factor.Based on the findings of this study and the land use changesforecasted forLenjanat plain in 2035, the adjustment coefficient for the region equals 1.051.

The present study aimed to evaluate various criteria affecting the quantity of water resources. Moreover, it has evaluated and determinedadjustment factor. For this purpose, Lenjan plain was used as a representative of the plainsin the country. Five land use types, including man-made areas (such as residential and industrial), agricultural lands, Barren lands, riverbeds and rock beds were identified for 1990, 2005 and 2015. CA-Markov was applied to predict land use changes for 2035. Adjustment coefficient is also calculated to show the effect of land use changes on runoff coefficient

The present research aimed to make a comparative study on environmental knowledge and attitude of the secondary school students in 2nd grade of biology course in Eco School (Green School) and Non-Eco school. Due to limited number of Eco high schools in Tehran, a pioneer non-governmental school for girls at Tehran Education Organization District 2 was chosen as an Eco school statistical population, and using Cochran sample size formula, a sample size of 50 individuals was estimated for it. After close investigations, proper Non-Eco schools were selected, and a sample size of 42 individuals was obtained for it by using Cochran formula. The descriptive methodology employed in this study was a survey type, relying on a questionnaire for assessment of environmental knowledge as well as a questionnaire for assessment of environmental attitude based on Likert Spectrum. Student's t-distribution and Mann-Whitney tests were also carried out to verify the hypotheses. Finally, the results revealed that the Eco school students’ environmental knowledge in the entire the 5 areas and their environmental attitude were meaningfully higher as compared to Non-Eco School students.

  The present practical research by surveying the evaluating factors of environmental education in NGOs is going to examine the present condition of NGOs according to statistics studies and distinguishing the backwardness reasons of these NGOs in environmental effective training for target societies and addresses. So in this case, the present gaps among the NGOs, government and public, unfortunate reasons to NGOs were recognized and removed.

Environmental education and NGOs are among the studied variables. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed to receive information about the educational activities of the seminaries and another questionnaire was designed to receive the opinions of intellectuals on environmental education and environmental semantics.The sample of this study was 125 NGOs that were selected among 760NGOs by random sampling and 26 environmental education experts filled those questionnaires, after filling the questionnaires at first step descriptive statistics were reported, and then the analysis of data was done by statistical software.

The research shows that probably, the condition of environmental education of NGOs can't perform the necessary education of citizens for protection of environment. The present quality of environmental education produced by NGOs must be re-examined. The determination of evaluating factors causes the promotion of quality of environmental education of NGOs.

 According to the results of indicators investigated in this study, the quality and quantity of trainings provided by environmental NGOs were medium upward, but they aren’t suitable for the lack of citizens, environmental information and awareness. Furthermore the determination of evaluation indicators and the ranking of environmental NGOs cause increasing the quality of environmental education provided to citizens.

The medical device industry plays a special role in promoting the health and safety of the community. Its proper and optimal management can also significantly affect the national development of any country in terms of economics, health, medical education, and research. The present study attempted to evaluate the impact of environmental aspects of the medical device manufacturing unit on the environmental quality of the project by examining the impact of activities, production process, equipment, services, and the coefficient of action.

This descriptive-analytic study was conducted with a practical purpose. To identify the environmental aspects in the process of producing oxygenators, infectious waste disinfection device, and autoclave system, the EFMEA method, severity of the environmental consequence, probability of its occurrence, and probability of its discovery were applied using the Fuzzy AHP method.

The results showed that the RPN was at its highest value of 160 before the control measures. This was due to the excessive energy consumption and air pollutant emission, which reached 40 after taking the control measures. In the process of manufacturing the above-mentioned apparatus, it was found that the welding activity in the production process of normal weight oxygenator was 0.223. The staining activity in the production process of wastes disinfection device with a normal weight of 0.216 and  thewelding activity in the autoclave production process with a normal weight of 0.187 had the highest environmental priority.

According to the results, environmental aspects differ in various devices and we cannot generalize the results by periodization of one device.the environmental consequences, the probability of occurrence and the probability of its discovery by the process of analytical fluidization process (FAHP) has been used.

The process of producing metal scrap, energy consumption, noise generation, pollutant increase in soil, climate, and the result of pollution, the RPN number before the control measures was at the highest value of 160, due to excess energy consumption and The release of airborne pollutants was 40, after control measures. In order to rank the manufacturing process of these machines, it was determined that the welding activity in the production process of an oxygenating machine with a normal weight of 231/0, the staining activity in the process of producing a freezer device with a normal weight of 216/0 and welding activity in the autoclave production process with a normal weight of 187/0 Have the highest environmental priority.

According to the results, the environmental aspects differ in different devices, and one can not prioritize one of these devices to generalize the results for another.