فهرست مطالب فرزانه ساسان پور

The environment is a constant and absolute phenomenon and has a limited ecological capacity for human use. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the use of available natural resources. One of the appropriate tools in this field is the ecological footprint index. In this regard, the current research has assessed the ecological sustainability of these areas by measuring the footprint of rural settlements in Homail district. The conducted research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect information. The territory under study is the rural settlements inhabited by the Homail district, of which 17 villages were selected using a systematic method (number of households, distance from the city, and natural location). The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula, 360 households. The collected information was analyzed using ecological footprint index in five consumption sectors (housing, food, transportation, built land and consumer goods). Also, factorial variance analysis and LSD post hoc test were used to investigate the effects of natural position on the amount of footprints. The evaluation of the ecological footprint of the region showed that 64.7 percent of the villages surveyed, equivalent to 11 villages, are in unstable and ecological deficit conditions. Kandahar village has the largest deficit and Mian Tang Mansouri village has the largest ecological surplus. Also, the results of examining the interrelationships of the variables showed that there is a significant difference between the effects of the natural location on the total footprint and the biological capacity of the selected villages, and it was found that the forest villages have a larger footprint than the plain and mountain villages.

Enclosed communities, which are also known as gated residential development, gated residential apartment, and settlement, are expanding and have become very popular among home buyers. Enclosed communities have limited public access and privatized public space with the aim of creating security and peace for their residents, and this enclosure has led to the creation of disjointed spaces that are separated and isolated from their outer urban environment. In fact, enclosed neighborhoods are a reflection of an urban unit that is physically, socially, and economically different from its surroundings and lacks cohesion. Examining the negative effects of these communities enclosed within themselves and the surrounding urban areas is a very important issue that has not been addressed much, and land traders and developers have expanded them without paying attention to it and trying to make more profit. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to identify these factors from the point of view of experts and space users, with the aim of investigating the degree of confinement in the neighborhood cohesion of the residents of Ekbatan and Ati Saz.
The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative type. This research has a nest to nest combination. To answer the research question, qualitative-quantitative research method nest by nest is used. In the qualitative method, a semi-structured interview is used to verify the variables extracted from the bases and also to assign the base variables to a case sample, and the obtained results are entered into the ATLAS.TI software to facilitate the coding, and open coding is used to extract the variables with a live approach. , description and interpretation takes place.
In a small part of the obtained variables, a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale (1: the lowest level of perception of the individual about the effect of confinement on neighborhood cohesion; 5: the highest level of perception of the individual about the effect of confinement on neighborhood cohesion) is compiled and distributed among 384 people of space users. In this section, by using the factor analysis method, due to the multiplicity of variables for classification and also the effect of each of them in the residential complex of Ati Saz and Ekbatan, factor analysis with the Varimax method is used, and finally, the correlation of the determined coefficients in both Ekbatan and Ati Saz neighborhoods with Each other is taken and a fitting curve is drawn.
The results of the research show that Ekbatan and Atisaz neighborhoods are considered as one of the prosperous and active communities in Tehran. Also, because of their convenient location, they have been favored by the residents of Tehran. According to the investigations carried out in this research, in both neighborhoods, the factor of social cohesion is considered the most effective factor in the cohesion of the residents of both neighborhoods. The reason for this is that the enclosure and separation of Akbatan and Atysaz neighborhoods from the surrounding neighborhoods, both physically and socially, has caused problems such as social-cultural discontinuity in this area, which has consequences such as the fragmentation of the social fabric. The isolation and insularity of these two neighborhoods has caused the administration of this area to face problems and social participation in urban governance is decreasing. One of the most important problems caused by the lack of communication and connection between Ekbatan and Ati-saz neighborhoods with the surrounding neighborhoods is social disunity and segregation in this area, which, if appropriate decisions are not taken and the need for social cohesion of the area is not taken into account, can cause many problems in the future. The lack of communication and physical connection has also caused a gap in the body tissue and its lack of harmony with the surrounding environment. In addition to the mentioned issues, these neighborhoods also struggle with the issue of access and inefficient public transportation, and this has caused major changes in the process of citizens living in these neighborhoods.
Also, the most important factor affecting the cohesion of these two enclosed neighborhoods is social cohesion. After that, the following factors can be mentioned in order:Coherence in social communication, cohesion in the sense of belonging, cohesion in creating security, cohesion in governing organizations and cohesion in authority.

Over time, cities have sought to increase the welfare and quality of human life and, recently, to preserve the environment through the agricultural, industrial, and technological revolutions. In the 21st century, information and communication technology has become necessary for urban development and planning to improve the quality of life and place. According to the new urban paradigm, using innovative systems, including creating ubiquitous cities with smart convergent systems, is a solution to overcome these urban problems. The ubiquitous city is one of the future cities where physical spaces and electronic spaces converge. This research is of a descriptive-analytical and review type to investigate and analyze the approach of ubiquitous cities in the information and communication technology age. The analysis shows that a ubiquitous city consists of space, place, information and communication technology, and people. The difference between this approach and the old approaches in urban planning is the adoption of information and communication technology as a means of change in the city. This city has specific effects on the city with four social, economic, spatial, and organizational dimensions. In line with dimensions, they are implementing democracy in a real way by creating participation among citizens, determining information and communication technology as a driver and engine of economic growth, removing time and place restrictions, rejecting the central place theory and an approach that both compact and sprawl forms are capable of development. From an organizational point of view, it also helps to balance the city's three social, economic, and spatial dimensions. Therefore, according to the key capabilities of information and communication technology, it is necessary to pay attention to the ubiquitous city approach, especially in capital cities, because it leads to the possibility of solving many problems, including transportation traffic, environmental pollution, and increasing economic competitiveness..

This research was done in order to introduce the new approach of ubiquitous cities with descriptive-analytical method and using data collection in document-library format. The review of international and domestic studies with regard to the ubiquitous cities approach, shows the definitions, dimensions, indicators, elements and management strategies of this approach.

The basic framework of this article is based on the review of international and domestic studies following the ubiquitous city approach, definitions, dimensions, indicators, elements, and management strategies. The findings show that the effects of the ubiquitous city can be investigated in four dimensions of sustainable urban development, including economic, social, spatial, and organizational development. In terms of economy and economic growth, the ubiquitous city is jointly called the engine of economic growth due to the combination of technology and construction industries. South Korea's experience in this field shows that after the Asian economic crisis in 1997 and after the world economic crisis in 2008, in both cases, innovative urban development models were used as solutions to solve the crisis not only at the city level but also at the national level. Socially, in the ubiquitous city, the amount of social preparation, information literacy to use the technologies used in these cities and the services that must be provided must be planned. Issues related to independence, privacy, security, trust, affordability, access, and participation in the benefits of these technologies, infrastructure, and services are significant. What is expected in the ubiquitous city socially is that ubiquitous city projects should be a stimulus for change in participation in urban development that provides an opportunity to implement democracy in a real way. From a spatial point of view, developments outside and different from other principles and thoughts of urban planning are implemented in the ubiquitous city. Suppose the wide and longitudinal city was less effective in the past today. In that case, the ubiquitous city is the only urban form due to its characteristics of eliminating time and space. The issues related to urban compactness or dispersion have yet to be discussed. In other words, a ubiquitous city includes both dense and scattered urban forms. On the other hand, ubiquitous city rejects some urban planning theories, including the central place theory. In this city, issues related to the centrality of science lose their credibility; because it is possible to communicate and receive services from any point of the city without the time and place restrictions. From the organizational point of view, providing services, infrastructures, technologies, and management systems that support the development of the ubiquitous city provides a lot of confidence and capabilities for city managers. Also, creating a balance between three social, economic, and spatial approaches is one of the other key organizational tasks in the ubiquitous city.

Examining the experiences of humanity in the direction of moving towards human development, especially urban development, shows that different approaches have been taken in different periods. What has recently made people focus on cities more than ever before is the discussion of sustainable development. On the other hand, the huge concentration of population in urban areas has added to this importance. Moving from sustainable development to green growth, carbon dioxide reduction, balanced development, virtual city, electronic city, smart city, and the ubiquitous city shows the issue's importance in the contemporary era. The use of information and communication technology has made the ubiquitous city approach different from previous approaches. This technology has caused fundamental changes in the attitude towards urban and even global issues and challenges. When information and communication technology is mentioned in the city context, it includes a set of urban infrastructures, architectures, software, computing and data analysis systems, and systems hardware sets throughout the city that are wireless or networks connected. These technologies are exerted to identify, receive, collect, store, process, combine, analyze, generalize, model, simulate, manage, exchange, and share data to control, understand, explore, and plan modern cities to achieve particular goals. The ubiquitous city's foundation depends on information and communication technology and has specific components and requirements. A certain level of information technology and telecommunication infrastructure is among the foundations of the ubiquitous city. Other technologies and tools are also used in this city according to the needs. The use of big data, cloud computing, supercomputers, advanced fiber optic, satellite infrastructure, etc. are prerequisites for realizing this city. In practical terms, this city's core is the geographic information system and global positioning system. These two technologies are the link between human-human, human-object, and human-city. Regarding the theories behind this approach, the theory of sustainable development and information and communication technology plays a fundamental role. These two theories have influenced many aspects of urban life regarding the built environment, urban system, urban services, and urban forms. The central assumption in this field is that ubiquitous city development is a form of experience and practical implementation through interdisciplinary and specialized knowledge. More precisely, a ubiquitous city as a development approach involves and combines many scientific and theoretical fields from different sectors. In other words, a ubiquitous city is a technology-oriented approach to the future city with extensive capabilities and excessive attractions using the expansion of innovation in various scientific and technological fields. This approach is so broad that scientific research can only cover some related fields. However, the scientific view of urban planning shows that this approach has many effects on human-human, human-object, and human-city relations.

Lake Urmia is one of the most important environmental challenges in Iran, as the most important salt lake in the middle east. So, we see environmental challenges and economic, political-security and social challenges in the northwest of Iran. One  of the ways to restore Lake Urmia to prevent drying and reach the ecological level of the lake is water transfer project from little zab basin to Lake Urmia. The project is implemented in an area where ethnic - religious pluralism is present, considering that this transfer could have different social, economic and political consequences.

Methodology  :

The outcome of this project is studied using qualitative research method of content analysis by interviews of elites, researchers and managers and using open coding technique.

The results indicate that the negative consequences are the disintegration of activity, spatial mobility of the population, the form of ethnic tensions, the formation of fragility in water transport and economic and cultural discourse.

The objectives and uses of water transfer should be clear and not applicable to agricultural development and drinking purposes, because the development of agriculture and drinking uses in the destination can cause unbalanced development in dependence on water in destination and create conflicts and protests at the origin.

The topic of spending leisure time is one of the important needs of citizens in the contemporary era, which faces many problems in developing countries. This research aims to introduce a comprehensive and efficient tool for evaluating and understanding the quality of urban open spaces related to leisure time. The current research is applied and, in terms of method, descriptive-analytical, and has been conducted with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. To collect data, the exploratory walking technique was used in the open spaces of Arak city. In this research, the proposed model for the analysis and investigation of urban open spaces has been compiled and confirmed by using Lisrel software and checking the fit indices of structural models. The results of this research can effectively help urban planners and managers in creating less imperfect open spaces.Based on the findings from examining suitability indicators in the analysis of the quality of open spaces in Arak city, the component of environmental qualities acted independently, while the component of functional qualities—form and experience-aesthetic—are correlated. Additionally, the component of "experiential-aesthetic" qualities has had a greater impact on the quality of open spaces for spending leisure time. Among the 45 indicators of quality examined, the indicator "existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and facilities for creating climatic comfort" has the greatest effect in improving the quality of open spaces for spending leisure time in Arak. This item is considered part of the criterion of "comfort and coziness" from the component of aesthetic-experiential qualities. 

 In addition to the importance they place on working time, citizens also have a special importance in using their time outside of work (leisure). A large part of leisure activities are carried out in open urban spaces, and these spaces have an effective role in promoting a positive quality of urban life due to the opportunities they provide to their users in all fields, especially leisure. In open urban spaces, quality is commensurate with the extent to which users' needs are estimated and the use of opportunities that motivate the design and construction of space, and the challenges of providing high quality services in these spaces seem more difficult when urban planners and designers The demands of the stakeholders are not properly informed. Therefore, in urban open spaces, quality is not only related to facilities, techniques and procedures, but also includes the desires and wishes of users. With the advent of modernity and the rapid growth of urbanization , the issue of leisure in many cities of developing countries has become a major problem. Therefore, the most important necessity of this research is to address this issue and find solutions to evaluate and improve the quality of urban open spaces and take advantage of this potential in order to develop leisure time and meet the needs of users. 

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and methodologically, it is a descriptive-analytical research that has been done with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the process of this research, first, the considered relationships and correlations between the variables of the concept of quality in urban open spaces were proposed as a structural model based on the theoretical foundations of the research. In this model, how the quality indicators affect the constructive criteria and the main components of quality are drawn and then in order to evaluate the significance of the predicted correlations, the necessary data in the study sample (open spaces of Arak city - Iran), with The use of exploratory walking technique has been collected and the structural model has been analyzed and evaluated using the confirmatory factor analysis method (quantitative method) and LISREL software.

In general, in the study of structural models, the purpose is to determine whether the theoretical relationships between the variables that were considered by the researcher in the conceptual framework stage (proposed initial model) have been confirmed by the data or not? Therefore, the result of the study of two structural measurement models and a structural model of path analysis, which is extracted from the proposed model by considering the cause-and-effect relationships of variables and the main purpose of the research. Based on the fit standards obtained from (fit andicated) software file, the mentioned structural models have been approved and as a result, the explanatory power of the proposed model and the quality components of open spaces for spending leisure time in the studied sample (spaces The city of Arak) is also approved.Based on the factor load and the coefficient of effect of the predicted correlations between hidden and obvious variables, in the approved structural models, the most effective components as well as indicators of the concept of quality in urban open spaces were identified. In addition, according to the information obtained from the study of the structural model of the aforementioned path analysis, the independence and dependence of the effect of quality components on the main purpose of the research is also explained.

Based on the structural model of measuring the impact of the main components of qualities on the main purpose of research in urban open spaces, indicates the existence of an acceptable relationship between these variables, and in the open spaces of Arak, among the three main components "functional-formal", " Experimental-aesthetic "and" environmental ", the component" experimental-aesthetic "due to the higher factor load it has gained, has had a greater impact on the quality of open spaces for leisure.The direct and non-correlated effect of the environmental quality component on the quality of urban open spaces for leisure is confirmed, and it can be said that the variables related to the environmental quality component, in the studied sample, act independently and are influenced by other components. Do not have. In similar studies, no research has been found that indicates the independent performance of environmental components compared to other components on the quality of open spaces.Also, according to the approved structural measurement models, it can be said that among the indicators (items) extracted from the research literature, which are considered as obvious variables affecting the quality of urban open spaces, the item "lack of input control" They do not have the necessary fit to the space with the specified timing "and the statement" the presence of general signs and readability in the space ". This means that according to the data extracted from the open spaces of Arak city, these species do not have the explanatory power of the concept of quality in open urban spaces in the studied sample.Considering the factor loads obtained for each of the indicators, in the approved structural models, it can be concluded that the indicator "Existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and the existence of facilities for creating climate comfort", among all 45 items Surveys have the greatest impact on improving the quality of outdoor spaces for leisure, and city managers and planners need to pay more attention to them. This index is a component of the "comfort and convenience" criterion, a component of "experimental-aesthetic" qualities; It is consistent with the studies of Ian Bentley et al. (1990) as "The Possibility of Personalizing Space", Roger Transick (1986) as "Space Enclosure" and Peralia et al. (2019) as "Comfort".

Spatial justice of uses, or in other words, fair, wise, and balanced distribution of urban uses is one of the most important issues of urban planning. The present study is research in terms of purpose and analytical in nature. The library information of this research is collected from books and articles. For the analysis, the per capita index of service users was used, which was calculated and obtained in the GIS software. The statistical population of the research is the eight districts of Qom City. This research has tried to analyze the Spatial justice of service uses in the eight districts of Qom City with the ORESTE technique, based on indicators that are service uses per capita. For this purpose, the indicators were first weighted using Shannon's entropy method, the highest weight was assigned to tourism, and the lowest weight was assigned to the park. After weighing, the ORESTE technique was performed, and Region 7 had the highest and Region 6 had the lowest amount per capita. Then, with the dispersion coefficient, the two-by-two distribution per capita of the service uses of the regions was calculated, and the results showed that regions 2 and 8 have the highest and regions 5 and 7 have the lowest spatial distribution of service uses. Also, with the Spearman correlation coefficient, the correlation between the population of each region and the per capita service users was calculated, which showed a negative correlation, which means that as the population increases, the service users per capita decreases.

AbstractCDS plans and strategic planning is the last version of the evolution of urban planning which with flexibility and participatory approach seeks to build consensus among citizens to create a future vision for urban development. The emphasis of the city development strategy is more on strengthening economic competition, but it also covers poverty reduction, improving the structure of urban management, as well as increasing the quality of environmental aspects. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is based on descriptive-analytical method. The main purpose of this research is evaluating indicators of Mallard's City Development Strategy (urban good governance, livability, bankability and competitiveness). The statistical population of this study is a selection of citizens (380 people) and Mallard city managers (50 employees of the municipality and city council). Research data were collected based on a questionnaire and Cronbach's method was used to evaluate the reliability of the research tool. The results show that among the four-dimensional indicators of Mallard's city development strategy, the index "Security in banking systems to build trust between citizens" with 3.73 had the highest score and the index "Monitoring the maintenance of living standards (per capita income) and capital" with 3.40 had the lowest score. By comparing the four components, the "bankability" component had the best relative conditions and the "urban good governance" component had the worst conditions compared to the other components.Keywords: Urban Development, Mallard City, Strategic Planning, CODAS Model.

From the point of view of strategic resource، based approach, achieving sustainable competitive advantage can be achieved through intangible assets and capital, of which organizational reputation and mental image are the most important of these assets. Mental image is interpreted as a concept of a tourist place that remains in the mind of the tourist using associations. Unfortunately, most studies have considered the mental image of tourist destinations as a cognitive assessment (estimation), only a small number of studies have used both cognitive and emotional components in understanding the overall image of the destination. In general, it is important to consider the cognitive and emotional components of the destination image. Today, a suitable environment is one of the basic indicators and criteria in choosing tourist destinations, which can include all the material and spiritual effects of the human environment (Amanpour et al., 2017). This issue has received less attention in our country. The subject of this study is District 12 of Tehran, this district is central in Tehran. Region 12 is one of the important tourism centers as a valuable and unique capital of historical antiquity, the existence of valuable cultural and religious monuments in the national and international territory and with excellent conditions and is known as one of the major tourism centers in Iran and the world. This study examines the mental image of tourists with emphasis on creative tourism by considering and enumerating the concepts that exist in the mental image literature and the development of creative tourism.

From the beginning of 2020, a new epidemic called Covid-19 affected urban spaces and creating a wave of changes in the physical, spatial and economic dimensions of the city; In a way, it changed from a medical phenomenon to a social and economic phenomenon, followed by the city and urbanization. On the other hand, during the years 2021-2020, the physical distance set by the relevant authorities as the first way to respond to the crisis and to prevent Covid-19 severely affected people's access to urban spaces. Thus, this pandemic encouraged and mobilized the breaking of habits and short-term innovations and quick solutions to urgent problems, so that the epidemic provided real opportunities for rethinking the urban space.  In the meantime, Iran and especially the metropolis of Tehran have not been immune from this crisis Due to the position of Tehran metropolis as the political-administrative capital and decision-making of the country was selected as a case study. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research method and in order to analyze the data and determine the main factors, exploratory factor analysis has been used. Therefore, conducting a study aimed at analyzing the effects of pandemic crisis (Covid-19) in redefining Urban spaces of Tehran in order to identify the factors and components affecting it and improve the ability to deal with pandemic crises in the field of urban spaces is doubly necessary. Results of exploratory factor analysis of 40 research propositions regarding the Analyzing the effects of pandemic crisis (Covid-19) on redefining urban spaces in terms of having a factor load equal to or greater than 0/6 (base criterion) in 3 main areas (redesigning, make smart, multipurpose) Were categorized. Therefore, according to the factor load, their placement in each factor and the relationship between propositions, 3 main factors, redesigning with 29 propositions (41/167% of the total variance), make smart with 7 propositions (15/192%) and multipurpose construction with 4 propositions (9/196%) were identified and identified as the main influential factors in redefining Urban spaces of Tehran.

One of the approaches to restoration of urmia lake to prevent the drought is the transfer of water from part of Zab river to Urmia lake. This water transfer can have different consequences. The purpose of this study is to investigate the future status of water transfer in the Zab river to Urmia lake. The present study is applied and, in terms of nature, is descriptive. Data collection is done through documentary studies and interviews. The data analysis was performed by interaction analysis with software MICMAC. In the research process, variables were classified into four categories: self - governing, independent, dependent and bound. Four scenarios with GBN approach in scenario 1: artemia living with the characteristics of political stability and sustainable security. Second scenario: fire under ashes with the characteristics of the start of a challenge, scenario 3: dry Kabudan with the features of continuation of current status and continuity of it, and the fourth scenario: sad zab with features of unbalanced development, political crisis and insecurity were presented.

Today, in many developing and even developed countries, some border cities towards the central towns and provinces are losing their population and economic, social, and cultural capital, which is the phenomenon of urban shrinkage.

The study is practical in terms of its purpose and qualitative-quantitative in terms of its method. The required data and information have been collected by library methods (identification of variables and drivers) and the Delphi survey. The study is practical in terms of its purpose and qualitative-quantitative in terms of its method. Mic Mac software and Morphol scenario have been used to analyze the data.

The findings show that the drivers of poverty and unemployment, lack of government facilities, lack of attention to border cities, and migration have the highest impact on the process of the urban contraction in Arkavaz.

According to the results, the process of the urban shrinkage of Arkavaz will not have unfavorable future because many scenarios are in unfavorable situations (8 Scenarios). According to these situations, the grounds for the migration of its population, human, and financial capital are available. Catastrophic scenarios are ahead of the significant drivers in various economic, social, natural, and political dimensions. Therefore, with the current trend, the urban shrinkage situation is inevitable. This situation may change with planning, changing strategy, and the impact of unpredictable macro variables. Of course, regarding infrastructure development and management, intermediate to favorable scenarios have been presented that can affect other drivers.

The present research has been conducted with the aim of identifying and evaluating the ecological foundations and their impact on livability of district 1 of Tehran metropolis. Tehran metropolis, like other metropolises, is facing many problems in economic, social, environmental and physical fields, such as reduction of livability and diminishing the importance of ecological foundations in the structure of urban life. The method of this research is descriptive - analytical and it is applied in terms of purpose. By using Topsis technique and AHP hierarchy process, ecological indicators were weighted and ranked based on FUZZY method of the ten regions of district 1. The results show that among these regions district 4 with a value of 0.957 has the highest and  district 8 with a value of 0.243 has the lowest rank in terms of the impact of ecological foundations on livability . It can be concluded that the more and higher quality the ecological foundations are in urban areas, their role will be more in the viability of urban areas. The innovation of this research is to identify the existing ecological foundations in district 1 and use of AHP and FUZZY techniques.

Today, mother cities have great political, economic, commercial and cultural importance and are considered important economic and commercial centers of every country. In Iran, development has not been done in a balanced manner and we are facing an imbalance in the urban hierarchy system in the country, which has caused centralization in some cities of Iran and has caused the balance of spatial distribution and urban hierarchy to collide. One of the ways to solve this problem is to create a balanced form of urban centers, at different levels of settlement, population and function in the territory, in order to create balance in the urban network and hierarchy. In this regard, the city of Khorramabad is considered one of the middle cities in the Maranab series of cities. There are different methods for visualizing its transformation into a mother city, one of these methods is future research with a scenario writing approach.The aim of the current research is to identify the scenarios facing Khorramabad in joining the mother city network.

In general, this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. And the Delphi method, interaction effect analysis, Mic Mac software and Schwartz scenario writing were used.The obtained results show that six factors were selected as the final key factors as well as two uncertainties and finally four scenarios were written.

Due to their constant change and dynamics, cities will always be exposed to serious risks and damages, which require appropriate methods and models to deal with and manage these accidents. In fact, cities need to reach a resilient level in their various dimensions. Resilience has been proposed in urban and regional studies to reduce urban damage. Resilient cities can provide a good starting point by deepening our understanding of the current situation and moving towards more sustainable solutions. Therefore, the current research has used twelve indicators with the aim of identifying and investigating the current state of physical resilience in the eight districts of Gorgan city. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and in order to weight the research indicators, Shannon's entropy technique is used, and to evaluate and prioritize the resilience of each of the areas in terms of urban physical resilience indicators, the decision technique is used. Multi-criteria evaluation of cumulative weight production has been used. The results of the present study show that, among the 8 urban areas, area one with a priority coefficient (0.549) ranks first in terms of urban resilience indicators, area two with a priority coefficient (0.260) ranks second. The fourth region with a score of (0.250) is in the third place, the seventh region with a priority coefficient (0.207), the third region with a priority coefficient (0.238), the sixth region with a priority coefficient (0.228), the eighth region with a coefficient Priority (0.207) and District Five with a priority coefficient (0.198) are ranked f

With the rapid growth of population and urbanization since the last century, the complexity and understanding of the spatial organization of the city, as well as the ability to predict urban events in its spaces, have become difficult and in some cases impossible. Karaj metropolis is one of the major metropolitan areas of Iran that has been experiencing rapid population growth and this has led to complexity of space and consequently to complexity of organization recognition and analysis and its spatial structure and impact of livelihood components. It has become a spatial system. The main purpose of the present study is to identify the role and impact of Karaj's spatial organization on its nuclear viability. The research method is quantitative and descriptive-exploratory. The study area was Karaj metropolis and its main nuclei. The statistical population of this study is citizens living in the sub-nucleus of Karaj. The sample size was 378persons. The data used in this study were collected through library and field research. Data were analyzed using spatial statistics, spatial arrangement, and T-test and Friedman test. The results show that the Karaj metropolitan organization and spatial structure are interconnected and connected to some of the major routes, forming sub-nuclei away from the core and thus transferring the functional and service applications from the center to be the peripheral nucleus. This has affected the viability of the core. Decrease in biodiversity has occurred in different physical, social, economic and environmental dimensions that have affected the environmental and economic aspects less than the other two dimensions, so it can be concluded that the Karaj Spatial Organization has an impact on its viability.

Urban open spaces have a high potential for all kinds of urban activities, including leisure time. This issue has become more important with the growth of urbanization and changes in the lifestyle of citizens. And the introduction of indicators explaining the concept of quality in these spaces, and how the relationships between them can be of special importance for urban planners. The current research is a descriptive-analytical study with a quantitative-qualitative approach. In this research, considering the relationship between the quality of open spaces as a goal, and the objective indicators that explain it, as indicators of the concept of quality, a structural measurement model has been proposed. And by using confirmatory factor analysis, the relationship between the introduced indicators and their impact factor on the purpose of the research has been investigated. Based on the findings, among the 45 indicators counted in the theoretical studies, 7 indicators did not have the necessary explanatory power and were removed. And the indicators of the concept of quality reached the number of 38 indicators. In examining the relationships and how these 38 indicators affect each other, it was found that 11 of these indicators are not correlated with other indicators. Also, by examining the factor loadings calculated for the mentioned indexes, it was observed that the index "the existence of land and facilities for play and excitement for all ages" has the greatest impact on the quality of open spaces with an impact factor of 0.66. This index is one of the indicators that have independent and non-correlated performance. Also, some indicators, such as the index of "entertainment activities, sports and physical fitness" with an impact factor of 0.62, although it is not part of the eleven independent indicators, it still has a high impact factor. This issue can be explained in this way, that the importance of the eleven independent indicators is not due to having a higher impact factor, but this importance is due to their independence and non-overlapping of possible shortcomings by other indicators. Therefore, managers and urban planners should be more sensitive to their situation (independent agents).

Today, an important aspect of developed cities is the construction of large-scale commercial centers such as Megamalls. Abbasabad County is one of the coastal provinces in the north of Iran, which due to the tourism boom in recent years, approximately 18 small and large commercial centers have been built there that seems to have various impacts on economic, physical, social and ecological dimensions of its local communities. In this regard, the main purpose of this essay was to investigate the impacts of Megamalls on these towns. The required data of the applied and descriptive-analytical research were collected through library studies and field studies. The statistical population is the towns of province, which has been estimated to be 386 people selected as sample by using the Cochran formula. Moreover, the final weight of the criteria was determined by nine experts using paired comparison method. Applying the Fuzzy VIKOR model, cities were evaluated and ranked. The result of the research related to the importance of the 78 research criteria showed that the criteria of income, land and housing prices, rent and prices of goods and services are the most important criteria for measuring the sustainability of local communities. In addition, Abbasabad, Salman Shahr and Kelar Abad were ranked first to third in terms of the sustainability of communities with VIKOR with 0.444, 0.450 and 0.533 values, respectively. The average of the sustainability of the whole province with VIKOR at 0.475 shows that the Megamalls have influenced the stability of Abbasabad County and has reduced its stability compared to the time before the construction of the Megamalls.

Globalization and competitiveness have influenced metropolises to consider branding. Branding is a tool for conveying the city’s image and achieving various urban development goals. The world is changing rapidly. Uncertainty is one of its features that should be known. Foresight is necessary to prepare for these uncertainties and develop appropriately and flexibly.

This research is exploratory in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of the nature and method of descriptive-analytical research. The required information was collected through field studies and documents. In the field studies, a researcher-made questionnaire was a data collection tool. The mutual effects analysis method was used in Mic Mac software and the GBN scenario writing method to analyze the data.

The results of the research indicate that among the 64 selected factors, 33 key factors were selected as effective ones, which continuous and effective management, good governance, the city’s role in the national economy, power structure and service delivery methods as effective drivers for branding. The investigation of uncertainties also showed that the increase or decrease of the role of urban associations and informal organizations and community-based groups and social movements, the expansion or non-expansion of Iran's political relations with other countries, and how Iran interacts with the process of globalization.

The increase or decrease of the transnational functions of Qom city are considered as three uncertainties with the highest priority for Qom city. Finally, four scenarios were drawn for the future of the Qom metropolis.

Urban management is one of the issues that need to be reviewed for the management of future cities and it cannot be satisfied with its conventional concept, based on which it evokes the special position and system of city administration in the mind. This concept is one of the areas that are in dire need of future research. Because it is directly tied to the daily life and fate of citizens, and any failure in this field will sometimes cause irreparable damages. The main goal of this research is to present an urban management model based on the indicators of future cities. In terms of the purpose, the present research is an applied research type, and in terms of the type of method, it is considered a mixed research method, which is a combination of two qualitative and quantitative methods. The data collection tool included questionnaires and questionnaires. The statistical population of this research are experts in the field of urban management. Purposive sampling method was used to select sample people. MICMAC-Excel software was used for data analysis. In the first step, a large number of indicators were extracted from the subject literature by reviewing the subject literature and the conducted research. According to the opinion of professors and experts in the field, the initial indicators were adjusted to 76 indicators. In the following, the urban management model was leveled based on the indicators of future cities using structural-interpretive modeling. In the current research, the factors are placed in six levels. In such a way that laws and regulations were placed at the last level and tourism at the first level. In the continuation of the research, a prospective approach has been used

Urban resilience has become a major problem in metropolitan areas in recent years, especially with the prevalence of corona epidemics and increasing environmental pollution. Also, the inefficiency and poor performance of the spatial structure of metropolises has caused environmental problems and problems and reduced the resilience of the urban environment; For this purpose, in this study, the role and effect of the spatial structure of Tabriz metropolis in the resilience of its urban environment have been studied.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The location of the research is the metropolis of Tabriz and its time range was in 2020 and the first half of 2021. The method of collecting research data was field and library. Data analysis methods included kernel density statistics, spatial arrangement analysis, standard deviation elliptical analysis, and the MABAC Fuzzy ranking method.

Findings indicate that the city of Tabriz in terms of criteria for determining the spatial structure is a single core with the dominance of the central part over other parts; Therefore, the environmental resilience of the urban environment was measured in this section. The results of the Fuzzy MABAC ranking also showed that the Q coefficient for commercial and industrial centers was 0.442 and 0.416, respectively, and these coefficients indicate the high impact of commercial and industrial centers on the degree of resilience of the urban environment.

The results showed that the highest air pollution, airborne particles, and environmental instability in the central part of the city are more than in other parts; Therefore, it can be concluded that the spatial structure of the city has a great impact on the degree of resilience of the urban environment.

Today, in the field of cities and urbanization, the information society paradigm is emphasized as a new and dominant paradigm, and it applies its nature through information and communication technology and virtual space, and today's city is defined by two inseparable physical and virtual characteristics according to the information society has done the purpose of the current research is to firstly create a logical insight into knowledge and what is the information age and its possible effects on cities, and secondly to examine the situation of Tehran city in terms of hybridization indicators. The current research method is descriptive and analytical; In this regard, while analyzing the nature of the information age using library studies, this nature has been put to the test through the field method (providing a questionnaire to the mayors of 22 regions) and analyzing the content of four of the upstream projects of Tehran. The results of library studies indicate that cities will undergo fundamental transformation and changes in terms of content and physicality in different social, economic, physical and management sectors and the city space will move towards hybridization. The results of field studies show that the content of none of the plans related to the metropolis of Tehran have not been compiled in accordance with the components of the information age; Also, from the point of view of municipalities, regions 3, 1 and 22 are ranked first to third in terms of having the components of the information age.

Addressing the issue of quality in urban open spaces and evaluating and counting the shortcomings of these spaces, can be of particular importance for managers and urban planners in terms of leisure time. Therefore, introducing a process that can provide a comprehensive evaluation of urban open spaces in terms of environmental qualities and provide the possibility of comparison and ranking of urban open spaces is necessary and is one of the objectives of this study.

This research is a descriptive-survey method with a quantitative-qualitative approach and is a case study. In this study, using the theoretical foundations of the subject, 45 quality indicators, in open urban spaces, were introduced (as an evaluation checklist) and then, using the exploratory walking technique, the mentioned indicators were evaluated in 82 open spaces of Arak city. Necessary data were collected and these data were used to compare and rank the mentioned spaces, and evaluate 45 indicators, using BWM method and TOPSIS technique.

In examining the effect of quality concept indicators in explaining the concept of quality in open urban spaces, for the 45 indicators studied, a weight between 0.03 to 0.67 has been calculated. The lowest weight was related to the indicator "No control of the entrance to the space (with specified schedule)" and the highest weight was related to the indicator "Existence of playgrounds and facilities and excitement for all ages". By applying the calculated weights in the ranking of the studied spaces, the acquired score of each space is determined and the studied open spaces are ranked.

In this study was determined that the open spaces of Laleh Game City, Shohadaye Gomnam Park, Shahr Sanati, Mosalla Complex, City Park, Bazaar, Women's Park, Famous Park, Moallem Park and Rudaki Park are among the top ten spaces in Arak in terms of quality. Considering the acquired score of each space in the ranking of open spaces under study, it can be seen that none of the open spaces in Arak could obtain more than 70% of the desired quality points and about 47% of the studied spaces, scored between 50  to 60%.  And about 38% have less than 50% quality points. These numbers indicate the unfavorable condition of the quality of the open spaces under study and it can be said that the open spaces of Arak city are far from reaching the appropriate condition.

The phenomenon of climate change and global warming is one of the biggest challenges of the present age, which has affected the hydrological cycle on a global and regional scale. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of climate change on torrential rains And Temprature, Rainfall, Run off  in Tehran province. In this study, changes in torrential rainfall in Tehran and the frequency and intensity of torrential rainfall in the future and climate change and the rate of increase of floods on periodic floods have been investigated.

This research has been done in two study discussions (meteorological, hydrological). First, parameters (temperature and precipitation) for synoptic stations (Abali, Shemiran, Mehrabad) for the period (1988-2020) were received from the Meteorological Organization and rainfall and runoff data from hydrometric stations were received from the Tehran Regional Water Authority. Down Scaling model and methods in this research SDSM-DC, Mann-Kendall, Rclimdex, XLSTAT, to simulate future floods and SMADA, HEC-HMS model to simulate floods in current and future periods have been used.

The results showed that the temperature extreme indices in all stations had an increasing trend and the precipitation indices had an increasing trend only in Abali station. But rainfall in Shemiran and Mehrabad stations had a decreasing trend. Examination of rainfall changes using Mann-Kendall test in most months of the year shows a stable trend and jumps are observed in the rainy months, which can be justified by the increase in rainfall frequency. In the CanESM Model 2 simulation, emphasizing the RCP8.5 release scenario, an increasing temperature trend was observed for the coming decades. The highest temperature increase belongs to Mehrabad station with an average temperature increase of 5.1 percent for the period 2021-2083. The highest rainfall for all three stations is estimated in March next year. Therefore, with the increase of temperature trend, changes in the type of precipitation have occurred, which can be affected by urban microclimate. Simulation of the rainfall-runoff model of the basin with the HEC-HMS model showed that the volume of discharge in the future will be reduced by 5 percent and for return periods, the maximum discharge is estimated at 1501.7 cubic meters.

Due to Rainfall behavior is expected to increase in the coming decades, while reducing its fluctuations. It is predicted that the climate of Tehran in the future will have more fluctuations in precipitation and warmer than the current situation, and this increase and frequency of precipitation is likely to increase flood frequency and reinforce its occurrence, while rainfall will occur more accidentally but with greater intensity, leading to environmental and urban hazards.