فرزانه عابدی

The slow rate of active deformation and the absence of historical and instrumental moderate to large earthquakes in the Zanjan area have led to an underestimation of the active tectonic and seismotectonic impacts of major tectonic structures such as the Soltanieh and North Zanjan faults. The North Zanjan Fault (NZF), marking the western boundary of the Alborz Mountains, is a dextral reverse fault that directly affects the western districts of Zanjan city, where new urban and industrial sectors are emerging. However, it remains uncertain whether the fault experiences aseismic or seismogenic slip. Obtaining a geologically reliable answer to this question is crucial for our assessment of seismic hazard in the Zanjan region. In the absence of significant seismic activity, and in an effort to characterize the fault's behavior, we conducted an extensive investigation spanning several thousand years of geological activity along the NZF. This study involved a combination of photogrammetric technique, tectonic geomorphology, remote sensing, and field surveys. We utilized a wide array of aerial and specialized datasets, including open-access satellite images (e.g., Google Earth and SASPlanet), Keyhole (KH)9 dataset (1970-1980), 12.50 m ALOSPALSAR Digital Terrain Model, 30 m SRTM data, as well as drone-based Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and ortho-mosaics. Our three-dimensional morphotectonic analysis of both general-scale and newly acquired site-scale DEMs revealed a complex structural pattern for the NZF. This pattern consists of three distinct northern, central, and southern portions, interconnected through arrays of imbricate thrust faults. The primary fault zone has migrated westward from the mountain front into the Quaternary plain. Sharp centimetric lateral and vertical displacements observed in present-day geomorphology suggest abrupt recent movements along the fault, indicating the seismogenic nature of a significant portion of the fault slip. The most recent fault offsets are observed along the southern and central fault zones, where the offsets recorded by active streambeds or gullies do not exceed approximately 0.5 meters vertically and 1.10 meters in total displacements. Assuming a similar order of total displacement for the average slip per event implies a moment magnitude in the range of 6.7 to 7.0 for the last earthquake along the NZF. Our findings provide a solid foundation for future complementary studies on the paleoseismicity and slip rate of the fault. This study demonstrates that multi-scale temporal and spatial datasets can be confidently employed in active tectonic studies on slowly slipping active faults. When accompanied by Quaternary dating, these datasets can unveil the history of faulting in intracontinental regions affected by low rates of active deformation.

Tour guides are considered as representatives of a country that interact directly with tourists. The abilities and expertise of tour guides, especially their geographic literacy, are one of great importance factor for the satisfaction of tourists. Tour guide Provide detailed information about destination for tourists, Tour guide is very important especially for European tourists who travel for the first time to Iran's tourism destination, in this research, the effect of tourism geographic literacy of tour guide on tourism satisfaction has been studied. Geographic literacy indicate to knowledge and skills related to the use of geographic information geographic literacy of tour guide is ability to understand, process, and utilize geospatial data such as locations and place attributes. Geographic literacy can improve our world understanding. Geographic skills allow tour guide to organize tour itinerary effectively. Geographic literacy of tour guide is a systematic view toward tourism destination, tourism attraction, events, situations, and places which turns understanding and comprehension of knowledge into skills. Tour geographic literacy is an important and indispensable ability for tourists when traveling. Tour guide with good geographic knowledge have successful travel. Some travel knowledge and skills, such as understanding of the local travel environment, map reading ability, and use of local transportation, tools are essential for tour guide, Travel guide knowledge refers to the extent of travel knowledge, include of dealing with documents, knowing local tourist attractions, restaurants, lodging, and so on. Travel geoformation processing can be defined as the tourist's ability to gather, interpret, and use travel geographic information for the trip. Information processing proceeds along with the systematic thinking route, and the attitude toward the tourism destination is more durable due to the detailed analysis. In the field of geography, geospatial recognition represents the tour guide ability to locate tourism attraction and places and features on a map, with its emphasis on map recognition. However, travel geospatial recognition involves both map skills and on-site geospatial recognition skills. Therefore, travel geospatial recognition can be defined as the tour guide spatial ability to recognize the tourism destination and its features, and orientation awareness, which can include such skills as reading travel maps, sensing direction, recognizing travel signs and indices, and visualizing routes as a map-like image between tourism attractions.

There purposes this paper is to study Literacy Impact of Tour Guides on the Satisfaction of Tourists and to develop a measurement scale of tour guide by employing quantitative methods and to examine the linkage between Literacy of tour Guides and its consequences. The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of research method, it is a descriptive survey. The statistical population of the study is European tourists in Tehran. Inferential analysis of the data was performed using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For determining the internal consistency of the questioner, the KMO and Bartlett test were used to determine the appropriateness of the sample size and the separation of the factors, and to determine the causal relationship between the variables, the structural equation modeling method was used. The conceptual model of the research is based on Chang et al. Chang et al examined the impact of the geographic tourism visitor's visibility, which has three dimensions of geographical recognition, geographic knowledge and information process, on the satisfaction of tourists. But the present study examines the geographic literacy of tour guides on tourism satisfaction.

this study, the effect of tourism geographic dimensions on satisfaction, perceived risk of European tourists from Tehran in terms of tour guides were studied. The finding of this research suggests that the geographic knowledge of the tour guide will affect the tourist's satisfaction, and reduce the tourist's risk involved and also reducing tourist hesitation and destination risk perception. Also, the findings suggest that the tour information process by tour guide influences the satisfaction of the tourist, the reduce risk involved also reducing tourists' concerns, Previous research also suggests that the process of geographic information such as the use of destination information may affect the satisfaction of tourists. The reason for the rejection of this hypothesis is weakness of communication of tour guide in providing accurate information for tourist. To help resolve this problem it is necessary for tour guide to improve their communication skills.

Very few studies have identified the construct and definition of tour guide. The results of this research recognized geographic knowledge; travel geoformation processing; and travel geospatial recognition. Furthermore, this research also evidenced that tour guide geography knowledge has a positive influence on tourist satisfaction, and has negative effects on tourist hesitation and destination risk perception, suggesting that tour guide geography knowledge is a critical construct in tourism that can impact tourists' psychological and behavioral outcomes. These findings extend the knowledge and theory of tourism research, and fill the research gap of geographic literacy in the field of tourism. Finally, this study also proposes some practical implications and suggestions for future research. With regard to travel geographic knowledge, our results showed that understanding the local travel information such as tourist spots, shopping information, culture, and so on was very important for tourists. However, past studies have found that many tourists do not have adequate local knowledge. So the role of tour guide have become so important. The tour guide is a valuable asset to tourism destination. Many European tourists tend to see their tour guide as the representative of the region or country they chose as a tourist destination. If the tour guide doesn’t have good knowledge and geographic literacy tourist become dissatisfied from travel to destination. Several implications are derived from this study. First, the tourism operators consider geographic literacy impact of tour guides on tourism satisfaction and conduct market segmentation and design different travel products according to the tourist geography literacy. At the same time, because improving tour guide literacy can lead to higher travel satisfaction, this offers destination managers and operators a new marketing direction. Finally, the tour geographic literacy scale can be used to assist for tourists enjoy tourism attraction.

Undoubtedly, with all the changes that have taken place in the social media landscape, advertising has been recognized as the most important financial support for the media, and competition between social networks Facebook, YouTube, Netfix and Amazon to attract tourists on the move. In this study, the impact of advertising in social media, audience participation and oral-to-mouth advertising on the behavioral patterns of European tourists has been studied through cognitive image and emotional image of the Facebook social network. The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of research method, it is a descriptive survey. The statistical population of the study is European tourists in Tehran. the structural equation model was used to determine the causal relationship between the variables. The findings show that tourism advertising has a positive and meaningful effect on the cognitive image of the destination, but the advertisement of the tourism media on the emotional image is unaffected. The audience participation and oral-to-mouth advertisements have a positive impact on the image of the image. It also has a significant impact on the emotional image and emotional image of the behavioral tendencies of tourists. It has a positive and constructive impact on the planning of creativity and innovation in advertising, the recognition of the audience in terms of gender and the choice of advertising, and the creation of tourist websites in the media. Socially acceptable levels are effective in attracting tourists