فرشاد بهرامی اصل

NO2 and SO2 as gaseous air pollutants are involved in many global air accidents, and are respiratory tract irritants that can cause numerous health effects in humans. Therefore, due to the necessity of studies in this field and the absence of any similar study in the city of Hamadan, the aim of this study was quantification of health effects attributed to NO2 and SO2 in Hamadan city of Iran during years 2014 and 2015.
This was a cross-sectional study. Primarily, required criteria pollutants and meteorological data were obtained from the environmental protection agency and meteorological agency of Hamadan city, respectively. The obtained data were validated using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Required statistical indices were calculated and according to baseline incidence, relative risk and exposed populations, the different effects of pollutants were assessed.
According to the results, the average annual concentration of NO2 and SO2 was 1.7 and 1.6 times more than the standard, respectively. With central relative risk, the estimated attributed portion for total mortality attributed to NO2 and SO2 was 1.74 and 0.92, respectively, which is equal to death of 51.9 and 27.3 individuals during years 2014 and 2015, respectively.
As a result, it should be stated that most of the adverse health effects attributed to SO2 and NO2 were observed in concentration ranges from 20 to 49 and 40 to 89 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively. This indicated that the concentration distribution of NO2 was wider than SO2. It can also be concluded that investigated pollutants (NO2 and SO2) had significant adverse effects on the residents of Hamadan city and before further increase in the effects, preventive measures should be taken by relevant authorities

Poor air quality has a lot of damage on the environment and humans. Awareness of the air quality situation reduces health effects of air pollution. This study was performed with the aim of the comparative investigation of Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) and its application in seven major cities of Iran in 2011.
This study was a descriptive–analytic one. First, the required data of four criteria pollutants were taken from Department of Environment in seven major cities of Iran. The data were validated by the World Health Organization criteria. The air quality health index was measured based on the instructions and classified into low, medium, high and very high degrees according to the air quality standard tables.
The results demonstrate that according to air quality health index, the level of air pollution in seven major cities of Iran has been undesirable and air quality has exceeded the standard level in Ahvaz 85%, Arak73%, Tehran70%, Esfahan60%, Shiraz 47%, Tabriz 43% and, Mashhad 29% of days.
Due to poor air quality and health consequences resulting from it, importance of Air Quality Health Index is explored in planning to control and reduce air pollution and awareness of peoples from daily status of air quality and its health effects.

according to World Health Organization estimations¡ 3.7 million deaths were attributable to ambient air pollution annually¡ that shows pollutants associated with high rate of mortality and morbidity. So¡ present study with aim of quantifying and estimating health impacts attributable to two pollutant of PM2.5 and CO in 8 industrial cities of Iran during 2011 by AirQ model were performed.
At first¡ required data were taken from Department of Environment in understudy cities. With coding in excel¡ analysis and calculation of statistical parameters was performed for quantifying¡ and information imported to AirQ model. Finally results of total mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular disease presented in tables and graphs format.
According to results¡ with increasing each 10&mug/m3 concentration of PM2.5 and 1mg/m3 increasing in CO¡ risk of mortality increased 1.5% and 0.7% respectively. Cumulative of total mortality attributable to PM2.5 in Isfahan and Shiraz was estimated 585 and 454 cases that this rate is allocated of 5.42% of all deaths in these cities. Sum of cumulative cases of mortality for CO in Isfahan¡ Tehran and Shiraz estimated 14 (2.15%)¡ 24 (0.86 %) and 3 cases (0.69%) respectively.
The study emphasized that PM2.5 and CO as well as other pollutants have adverse affect on human health. Among 8 under study cities¡ Ahwaz had lowest mortality attributable to CO and highest mortality attributable to PM2.5¡ which it can be due to either continuing of days with higher concentration of particulate or higher average of this pollutant in Ahwaz city.

Metronidazole, as one of the most widely used antibiotics in the world, in addition to various benefits, has significant adverse effects on the environment and animals. The catalytic ozonation process is one of the most successful methods for antibiotics removal. However, it should be noted that this process, like other oxidation processes, has some byproducts that can be toxic in the process effluent.
Under optimum conditions for catalytic ozonation in the presence of MgO nanoparticles, 1 sample was obtained from a reactor after 10 minutes of ozonation. The sample was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GS-MS) and the intermediates were identified. The mineralization rate was determined using TOC analysis and the toxicity changes were calculated through bioassay with Daphnia magna.
Findings: In the present study, 4 compositions were identified as oxidation intermediates. The mineralization rate was about 93.5% and the 48-hour toxicity unit decreased from 1.24 in the influent to 0.32 in the effluent.
A high mineralization rate was obtained in the process. Nevertheless, it was not complete, and thus, the influent solution was converted from toxic to slightly toxic. In conclusion, we can say that catalytic ozonation process in the presence of MgO nanoparticles can be acceptable for metronidazole removal.

Considering health and public health risks, particulate matters are the main pollutants of air and are associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity in long and short term exposures. Hence, the present study was performed with the aim of estimating the health impacts attributable to PM10 in the 7 cities of Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Arak, Ahwaz, and Urmia (Iran) during 2011-2012 using the AirQ model.
In this cross-sectional study, to achieve the purposes of the study, initially, data on PM10 pollutant were obtained from the Department of Environment of the studied cities. After data validation, the required statistical parameters were calculated in order to quantify the health effects. The processed data were imported to the AirQ model, and the results of the model for each city were presented in the form of mortality and morbidity cases.
Findings: The highest annual average concentrations of PM10 were observed in Ahwaz and Isfahan and were 193 and 127 μg/m3, respectively, which were almost 9.65 and 6.35 times the Iranian and World Health Organization (WHO) standards (20 µg/m3). Cumulative number of total mortality cases attributed to PM10 in Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Arak, Ahwaz, and Urmia were estimated at 634, 302, 542, 362, 123, 549, and 169 cases, respectively. From the total 122282 cases of hospital admission due to respiratory disease in the 7 cities, 8144 cases were attributed to PM10.
The current study emphasized the adverse effects of particulate matter on human health. Therefore, it revealed the necessity of appropriate planning and implementation of effective measures to decrease the health consequences of air pollutants, such as particulate matter, on public health and control their detrimental effects.

Air pollution is one of the disadvantages of unsustainable development cause to short and long term sanitary effects without consideration of environment in addition to destruction of environment. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the purpose of quantifying and estimating of health endpoints related to SO2 pollutants in six cities (Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz and Tabriz) by using AirQ model during 1390.
At first, the raw data related to SO2 pollutant was received from environmental organizations of the under review cities. Then, according to WHO criterion and programming in Excel software, required parameter in AirQ tool was calculated and finally results are presented in tables for death.
the results showed that, annual average concentration of SO2 in Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Urmia are 49, 31, 11, 12, 21 and 76 mg/m3 respectively. The maximum and minimum of accumulative cases of cardiovascular mortality attributed to SO2 is related to Urmia and Tabriz cities that were 89 cases with 5.64 attributable proportion and 32 cases with 0.91 attributable proportions respectively.
The rate of air pollution in large cities of Iran is increased and become more intense day to day. Thus, this issue needs to pay more attention of officials and specialists for air pollution control.

Recently contact with bioaerosols has been presented as an important problem which endangers human being’s health. The aim of this investigation is to compare potential of separation of fungal aerosols in the air around Tehran’s Milad hospital, blood transfusion organization and waste water treatment plant of Tehran’s Shahrake Ghods. this cross-sectional investigation was done in Milad hospital, blood transfusion organization and Tehran’s Shahrake Ghods waste water treatment plant within for 4 months. The sampling was done passively for 1 hour and once in 6 days. The culture medium was Sabouraud dextrose agar. comparing selected sampling stations the most fungal density was for 100 meters after the last unit of waste water treatment plant (67 CFU) and the least density was for Milad hospital (30 CFU). Dominant genera of fungal in waste water treatment plant and blood transfusion organization was related to Cladosporium (in order of 49% and 84%) and in air around Milad hospital was related to Alternaria (47%). according to the results processing and operating sections in waste water treatment plant can be effective in fungal density and separation of bioaerosols. Therefore it seems to be vital that the responsible organizations should do necessary actions to develop guidelines and standards related to bioaerosols. Also appropriate administration of environmental health in waste water treatment plant can be an important factor in reduction of aerosol separation.

Air pollutants as one of the societies problems have different adverse effects on human health. Deleterious effects of gaseous air pollutants especially ozone justify investigation of its concentrations and the health effects. In this study the effects of ozone on health of the residents of Mashhad, Tabriz, Shiraz, Isfahan and Arak metropolises were investigated in 2011. The required data were obtained from environmental protection agencies of studied cities in 2011. The data were validated according to the WHO criteria and entered to the AirQ software after preparation by Excel software. Annual average concentration of O3 in Shiraz was higher than the others cities and its concentrations in most of the studied cities were higher in summer than the cold seasons. The highest cumulative number of death; 294 and 148 cases, were in Isfahan and Mashhad, respectively. The minimum cumulative number of death was in Arak with 55 cases. The high concentration of O3 in Shiraz requires investigation of O3 precursors, climate and geographic conditions, and location. Consequently one can say that the use of AirQ software and WHO recommendations is a reliable, useful, and simple method to assess the health effects of O3 on human health.

The important of transmission of pathogens through ice is not less than transmission it through the water. The cause''s ice contamination is contaminated water¡ unhealthy ways of transit¡ distribution and inappropriate keeping conditions. In this cross-sectional study¡ a total sample of 36 from four factories¡ ice storage of Urmia City is selected randomly from 3 parts of feed water¡ production process and ice output in the summer. The samples are investigated from the view of total coli form and fecal coli form. The health condition of factories and the method of chlorination of water resources are assessed by check list. The results showed that¡ 50 percent of the samples of raw feed water to ice maker factories and the product process more than standard and 16.67% from them contaminated with fecal coli form. And in ice output 58.33% and 8.33%. The survey about health condition of factories showed that¡ 75% factories in order to buildings position and personal health¡ 56.2% with tools and 25% by chlorination in were appropriate situation¡ but the method preservation and storage of all factories were inappropriate from the view of health. The survey results showed that¡ lack of water chlorination to ice maker factories is the main factor of bacterial contamination of ice production. Therefore¡ authorities should pay more attention on microbiological health conditions of ice including microbiological investigation and supervision on production process distribution and transit.

In recent years exposure to bioaerosols has been an important matter of concern; causing danger to human health. This study aimed to determine bacterial and fungal pollution in ambient air of Tehran’s Shahrake Ghods waste water treatment and investigate its relations to environmental parameters. This cross-sectional study was done in Tehran WWTP for 4 months. 440 samples were taken from grit chamber, aeration tank, aerobic digester, 100 meters apart from the last unit of the treatment plant, and management building of treatment plant by a passive method using 9cm plates. Soy agar and dextrose agar were used for sampling of Trypticase and Sabouraud, respectively. Concentrations varied from 62 to 1823 CFU/Plate for bacteria and from 1 to 50 CFU/Plate for fungi. The highest concentration of bacterial pollution was observed in aeration digester with an average of 3303 CFU/Plate and the lowest one related to grit chamber with an average of 586 CFU/Plate. In terms of fungal pollution, respective highest and lowest numbers were quantified in grit chamber with an average of 61 CFU/Plate and aeration system with an average of 41 CFU/Plate. Dominant species for bacterial were Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Micrococcus and for fungi were Cladosporium, Alternaria and Penicillium. According to the results, operational and processing units of WWTP influence pollution load and dispersion of bioaerosols. Therefore, appropriate environmental health management in WWTP could be one of the important factors reducing dispersion of bioaerosols.

Regarding that، the production of unpasteurized ice cream entitled to traditional ice cream is very common in our country and، on the other hand، the consumption of this product among different age groups especially children in warm seasons is high، Thus، the pollution of this product to pathogenic microorganisms could be the reason for food poisoning and infections in consumer. In this research، samples of traditional ice cream were collected from four regions of Urmia City (10 samples from each region) and transferred with in compliance with the standard condition for microbial testing to laboratory. The examination was conducted based on standard laboratory methods and the results were analyzed. The results showed that، in the mesophilic bacteria count 80% of samples in the entrobacteria count 92. 5% of samples were more than the standard rate. And in this case، the Escherichia coli bacteria 47. 5%، Staphylococcus 45% and Salmonella 40% was isolated from others. According to the results، using healthy and pasteurized milk in making ice cream، creating good condition for transit، and keeping milk، training for producers of ice cream to observance of personal hygiene in all steps of manufacturing and distribution of ice cream is essential and recommended

Background and Weather is one of the essential needs of human. Due to increasing of the air pollution, air pollution is one of the most important challenges of human life, in the last decades. Air pollutants, including NO2 can have significant adverse health effects on the human. Therefore, evaluation of the health effects of this pollutant is necessary for its control. The aim of this study was evaluation of health effects of NO2 on the human in Mashhad, Tabriz, Shiraz, Isfahan and Arak metropolises of Iran in 2011-2012. The necessary data was obtained from Environmental Protection Agencies of related metropolises. The validity of data was evaluated according to the WHO criteria. The valid data entered into the AirQ software and the results were obtained. Isfahan with the annual concentration of 128 µg/m3 has the highest concentration of NO2. In all cities, the average concentration was higher than the national standard. For total mortality, cardiovascular death and hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary, Mashhad had the greatest number, with 286, 161 and 43 cases, respectively. the most adverse health effect of NO2 was in Mashhad and Isfahan cities, respectively. It can be explained by increasing the number of vehicles, traffic and fuel consumption and high levels of temporary and permanent population in the religious and tourist sites.

Background and Antibiotics have worldwide uses and they can enter water sources through different ways. Due to their different inappropriate effects, they have created a major concern in environmental control practices. Metronidazole (MTN) is an example of these antibiotics. This study was performed to investigate the efficiency of ozonation process (SOP) in MTN removal from aqueous solutions. The solution pH (3-12), reaction time and initial MTN concentration (1-40 mg/L) were investigated for their effects on efficiency of the removal process. The MTN concentration was analyzed by HPLC. Biodegradability improvement and mineralization rate were studied by BOD5/COD and TOC tests, respectively. The optimum pH for SOP was 10. The best compatibility for drug degradation kinetic was found with pseudo-second order (liner type II) model. The BOD5/COD increased from 0.09 in SOP influent to 0.33 in SOP effluent and the MTN mineralization rate was about 68%. Higher ozone decomposition in alkaline pH increased the radical production and improved removal efficiency. Moreover, higher mineralization rate reduced the environmental risks of effluent discharges.

Air pollution can affect human health, plants, buildings and environment in many ways. Hence the aim of this study was determined to compare the air quality in six industrial cities (Tehran, Tabriz, Mashhad, Urmia, Ahvaz and Irak) by using air quality index (AQI) in 2011-2012. In order to AQI determination, hourly data of five criteria pollutants taken from the environmental protection agency of each city and validated according to the WHO guidelines. The valid data converted to standard concentrations according to the guidelines and based on standard table and equation, daily AQI was determined for each pollutant. The highest value between the calculated indexes for all of the stations and the pollutant that was responsible for this index, introduced as a final index and responsible pollutant of day, respectively. The findings showed that in Tehran, Tabriz, Mashhad, Urmia, Ahvaz and Irak in 341, 139, 347, 28, 162 and 81 days of year, the AQI was over the Environment Protection agency of Iran's standard, respectively. Also in all of the cities the particulate matter (PM) was the main responsible pollutant. Comparing the air quality in these cities indicated that Urmia and Irak have average condition but the other cities conditions are far from the ideal.

The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is a modification of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. In this staged reactor biomass retention is enhanced by forcing the water flow through several compartments. This reactors has several advantages such as simple design, low HRT, less sludge which over well developed than systems such as the UASB and the anaerobic filter. The literature survey shows that there are novel reactors such as MABR, PABR, SFABR, GRABBR based on ABR design concept. This review article concerning the development, applicability and possible future application of these reactors for wastewater treatment is presented.

Dyes are widely used in different industries and consequently are disposed through different industrial effluents into the environment. Chronic and/or acute effects of the chemicals on microorganisms have been documented. Dyes may absorb and reflect the entering sun lights into the water and thereby decrease the algal photosynthesis. The later in turn can affect the food chain seriously. The aim of this study was، therefore، to use MgO nanoparticles as catalyst in heterogenic catalytic ozonation process (COP) for reactive red 120 dye removal (decolorization) from synthetic wastewater. MgO nanoparticles were produced by sol-gel method. The influences of several operational parameters including solution pH، reaction time، MgO dosage and initial dye concentration on removal (decolorization) efficiency were evaluated. The optimum pH and MgO dosage for COP were determined as 10 and 3 g/L، respectively. Decolorization of 500 mg/L of dye was almost complete after 12 min under achieved optimum conditions. MgO nanocrystals markedly affected the COP and enhanced the dye removal efficiency by approximately 49% compared with the sole ozonation process. Higher O3 decomposition in presence a small amounts of catalyst and alkaline pH increases the radical production which in turn improves the decolorization efficiency. Increasing the initial concentration of dye deteriorated the removal efficiency; however، this can be compensated by increasing the ozonation rate.

Air pollution causes wide spectrum acute and chronic effects of health fromslight physiological disorders to death from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. In order to set the control programs, air pollution monitoring and determination of air quality are necessary. The objective of this study was to compare health quality of air in Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz cities in 201 2012. This Study was a descriptive–analytic study. The moment concentrations of Tehran,Isfahan and Shiraz air pollutants were gathered through referring to the environmental protection agency.Then, Air Quality Index (AQI) was calculated based on the criteria pollutants’ levels (CO, NO2, SO2, PM10,PM2.5 and O3) for three cities through linear interpolation and was classified into describing classes accordingto tables of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Data analysis was performed with Excel and SPSS software using One-Way ANOVA test. The results showed that the AQI in Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz was higher than Iran’s environmental protection agency standards (AQI>100) in 341, 323 and 85 days, respectively. Furthermore, particulate matter (PM10) has been the critical pollutant in three cities for most days of the year. One-Way ANOVA test between AQI mean of the three cities showed a significant difference. The air quality of the three cities was unhealthy in 2011-2012 and the situation of Tehran andIsfahan air, however, was in the “bad situation”.

In recent decades, extensive studies have shown a number of short and long-term health effects of particle matters. In addition to particle matters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals in airborne particles due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties are considered major air pollutants. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of PM2.5particulate, 7heavy metal concentrations and 13 PAHs compound associated with fine particles (PM2.5-boud PAHs) in the district of Sina hospital, Tehran. This cross-sectional study was carried out in air of Sina Hospital district in Tehran. Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were determined by gravimetric. Also heavy metal concentrations in samples after digestion were determined with ICP-AES instrument through injection. Then the PAHs compounds from each sample were extracted by ultrasonic method. After this step, extracted sample was injected for analysis by GC-MS and concentration of each compound was read. The daily average concentration of PM2.5 during the study was 41.19 µg/m3.Concentration values for zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and arsenic, were 92/69, 05/38, 2/18, 24/4, 19/4 and 34/1 ng/m3 respectively but mercury not found in this study. Average concentrations of PAHs compounds have been variable from0.07 ng/m3 for Chrysene to 1.21ng/m3 for Dibenzo(ah)anthracene. In this study, the daily average of PM2.5 concentrations was above the Iranian National PM, WHO (25 µg/m3) and EPA (35 µg/m3) standards established for PM2.5 particles. Heavy metal concentrations in this study were lower than values reported in previous studies in Tehran. The highest concentrations among PAHs compounds belonging toIndeo(cd 1,2,3)pyren, Dibenzo(ah) anthracene, Benzo (B) flouranthin and Benzo (K)flouranthin that all of these compounds are related to vehicle emissions.

Pharmaceutical products، particularly antibiotics، due to their cumulative and inappropriate effects and creating drug resistances، as inevitably pollutants، have been created a major concern in environmental control. Metronidazole (MTN) is one of these antibiotics. Hence، the aim of this study was investigation of MTN removal efficiency by catalytic ozonation process (COP) in presence of produced magnesium oxide nanocrystals as catalyst. The influences of several operational factors for their effects on removal were evaluated، including solution pH (3-12)، reaction time، MgO dosage (0. 25-4 g/L) and initial MTN concentration (1-40 mg/L). Also degradation kinetic، biodegradability improvement and mineralization rate were studied for the COP. For degradation kinetic the best compatibility was with pseudo-second order (liner type II) model. The optimum pH and MgO dosage for COP were determined to be 10 and 0. 25 g/L، respectively. Under optimum condition the complete removal of 40 mg/L MTN solution was observed after 20 min. The results illustrate that MgO nanocrystals markedly accelerated the MTN degradation in and the COP significantly increased BOD5/COD ratio and caused 94% MTN mineralization.