فهرست مطالب فریبا محمدی

An essential factor for developing talents in Para-sports is having an optimal environment. To provide such an environment, attaining a thorough understanding of the environment in which the elite athletes have been nurtured is essential. Therefore, the purpose was examining the talent development environment of Iran’s blind football from the perspective of the players.

This study was a descriptive-survey study with practical results. The statistical sample composed of 12 B1 players invited to the camps of Iran’s national blind football team. The talent development environment questionnaire (Persian version) was used for collecting data. Friedman test was used to prioritize the factors of the questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS, 23.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the factors of talent development environment in blind football (Chi-square = 48.122, d.f = 5, P=0.001). According to the results, the "Communication” factor (5.79) was ranked at first, followed respectively by “Long-Term Development Focus” (4.79), “Quality Preparation” (3.38), “Challenging and Supportive Environment” (2.79), “Long-Term Development Fundamental” (2.21), and “Support Network” (2.04).

In general, the factors of the talent development environment in Iran's blind football were perceived by the players to be at average and good levels. However, some of the items were perceived by the players to be below the average, which are needed to be improved in order to increase the quality of the talent development environment in blind football in Iran. Key words: 5-a-side Football, Footballer, Paralympic Games, Talent Identification.

Talent identification programs will pave the way for the participation of people with disabilities in sports and are important for achieving success in the Paralympic Games. The purpose of this study was to identify and rank the important attributes for talent identification in Blind Football. The expert panel including blind football coaches and talent scouts, blind football players, and Experts, researchers, and lecturers in the field of sports for visually impaired people, participated in a 3-round e-Delphi study to reach consensus on the important attributes for talent identification in blind football. Then the list of agreed-on attributes was subjected to an analytical hierarchy process. In this stage, the expert panel, consisted of blind football coaches and talent scouts, ranked the agreed-on attributes according to their importance. The Expert Choice 11 software was used for analyzing the data collected in this stage. The final list of 36 attributes, categorized in 6 groups and ranked by importance, was made. Tactical skills (0.254) ranked as the most important factor for talent identification in blind football, followed respectively by technical skills (0.207), physiological/ physical fitness factors (0.189), anthropometrical factors (0.170), psychosocial attributes (0.117), and disability-related factors (0.063. Talent identification in blind football is a multifaceted process and blind football players are required to be good at all of these agreed-on attributes to be successful in this this Paralympic sport.

Comparing different approaches in psychology for greater effectiveness is one of the most interesting issues among researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of relationship enrichment program based on cognitive behavioral therapy and emotional couple therapy on intimacy and compatibility in couples involved in domestic violence.

Methods and Materials:

 The experimental research method is a multi-group pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of women involved in domestic violence between the ages of 20 and 40 was in the 7th district of Tehran in 1401. Sampling method available and 60 people were selected as a sample and randomly divided into two groups of 20 people for testing and 20 people for control. For the experimental group, relationship enrichment intervention training based on cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion-oriented therapy training was held, and the control group had their normal daily schedule. The data were collected using a marital compatibility and intimacy questionnaire. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance using SPSS.

The results of the present study showed that cognitive behavioral therapy and emotional therapy have a significant effect on marital intimacy and adjustment in couples involved in domestic violence (p<0.05), but the results for the difference in the effect of the method Treatment was not significant.

it can be concluded that enriching relationships based on cognitive behavioral therapy, emotional therapy on marital intimacy and compatibility in couples is effective.

Bullying is one of the most common problems among teenagers, which is recently considered by researchers in the fields of psychology and even criminology as cyber bullying. The purpose of this study was to cyber bullying-victimization model: The effect of social competence and perceived social support with mediating role of anger in adolescents.

The descriptive- correlation method was used. The statistical population of this study was all high school students in Tehran in the academic year 1399-1400. In this study, according to convenience sampling method (online method), 500 students by formula Kline were selected as samples and they were asked to cyber-bullying/victimization experiences questionnaire of Antoniadou and et al (2016), adolescent multidimensional social competence - questionnaire of Gómez-Ortiz and et al (2017), multidimensional perceived social support scale of Zimet and et al (1988) and children’s inventory of anger of Nelson and Finch (2000). Data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos 24 software.

The results showed that there was a negative relationship between social competence and perceived social support wiht cyber bullying-victimization. In addition, there was a positive and significant relationship between anger with cyber bullying-victimization. Findings from path analysis also showed that anger mediates in relationship in social competence and perceived social support wiht cyber bullying-victimization

Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that in order to prevent cyber-bullying in adolescents, they should be trained in social competence, social support and anger management to reduce the problems caused by cyber-bullying in them

The purpose of this study was to mediating role of anger in relationship perceived social support with cyber bullying-victimization girl adolescents. The descriptive- correlation method was used. The statistical population of this study was all high school girl students in Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021. In this study, according to convenience sampling method (online method), 272 girl students by formula Kline (2015) were selected as samples and they were asked to cyber-bullying/victimization experiences questionnaire (CBVEQ) of Antoniadou and et al (2016), multidimensional perceived social support scale (MSPSS) of Zimet and et al (1988) and children’s inventory of anger (CHIA) of Nelson and Finch (2000). Then the proposed model was analyzed through structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS version 24 and bootstrap method in Macro Preacher and Hayes (2004) program. The results showed that perceived social support (t = -22.668; sig = 0.001) and anger (t = 3.379; sig = 0.001) have a direct effect on cyber bullying. Also, perceived social support (t = 20.264; sig = 0.001) and anger (t = 4.083; sig = 0.001) also have a direct effect on cyberbullying. In addition, the indirect effects of perceived social support through the mediating role of anger on cyber bullying-victimization were significant and the model had a good fit (RMSEA = 0.061 and P-value <0.05). It can be concluded that attention to perceived social support and anger in girl students is necessary to identify the factors affecting their cyber bullying-victimization.

.Spinal cord injuries are one of the most serious physical injuries. People with spinal cord injury generally suffer from one or more types of pain. Neuropathic pain is the most common of these and can lead to functional impairment as it is associated with loss of mobility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reflexology massage and virtual reality on improving the function of paraplegics. The sample of this study consisted of Athletic men paraplegics who are members of the Veterans and Disabled Board of Tehran Province. Forty-five paraplegic athletes were randomly divided into three groups of control, virtual reality and reflexology, using the letters of the alphabet in the medical record. The two experimental groups performed three sessions of intervention per week for 6 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention. Performance-related shoulder girdle strength and range of motion were evaluated by Mobe MMT dynamometer and Mobee Electrogonometer, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software at a significance level of 0.05. The results of statistical tests showed that the strength and range of motion of the shoulder girdle In different movements of Outward rotation, inward rotation,extention and flexion after selecting 6 weeks of training according to available research, intervention in both massage and virtual reality groups increased. (P=0/003, P=0/001, P=0/02, P=0/003). The increase in strength and range of motion According to the means of change was also more significant in the virtual reality group. The results showed that the application of reflexology massage as well as the virtual reality system was effective in improving the range of motion and strength of the shoulder girdle in people with paraplegia; therefore, people with paraplegia and the educators and nurses who work with them can use the benefits of these interventions to improve their performance.

According to Van de Vliet (2012), the importance of psychological aspects of sport for athletes with disability are the same as its medical aspects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psycho-social challenges of Iranian Paralympic athletes, using a qualitative phenomenological study. In so doing, 60 paralympic athletes (40 male and 20 female) who were selected through purposeful sampling were included in the study. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through thematic analysis. After preliminary processes, Paralympians’ challenges were categorized in two themes: psycho-social challenges (communicational, Family and financial issues) and psychological challenges (sport anxiety, concentration, depression, Sleep problems, ADHD, PTSD), each category covers several codes. paralympic athletes reported that they experienced considerable emotional highs and lows in Professional sports atmosphere. They showed how psychological functioning included protection of self, combining life with elite sport and functional relationships. The importance of conceptualizing paralympians’ challenges is reflected in the identification of different issues and problems. Recognizing and understanding the kinds of challenges that paralympians’ experience may help design the services required to support the athletes through this elite sporting experience.

Successful aging is a positive inner feeling and satisfaction from the past and present life. The subjective meaning of successful aging focuses on the inner dimensions of the aging experience such as happiness, self-fulfillment, emotions, perceived social support, satisfaction, and vitality in life. Perceived or subjective social support refers to individualchr('39')s cognitive evaluation of their relationships, and studying and evaluating perceived social support is closely related to self-assessment of health, and paying attention to its understanding is of utmost importance in health care. One of the variables that effect successful aging, and improves health and quality of life of the elderly, is mental vitality which is somehow tied to the concept of psychological well-being and this concept refers to being positive, full of energy and cheerful. In other words, there is a very close relationship between mental vitality and happiness and social interactions. All of these states are positive and favorable concepts and are therefore associated with positive emotions and mood, which are very important in old age. Today, with the increase in the number of the elderly and the prolongation of life and life expectancy, efforts are being made to identify the components and factors associated with successful aging that guarantee a better quality of life, to provide an accurate sociological picture for proper health planning for the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine successful aging in the dimensions of perceived social support and mental vitality in the elderly referred to the health centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2020.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The research samples included 245 elderly people referring to the health centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences (in Tehran) in 2020 who were selected by continuous sampling method and entered the study after obtaining informed written consent. Data collection tools included Abbreviated Mental Test form (AMT), elderly demographic characteristics form, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support developed by Zimmet, and Mental Vitality questionnaire developed by Ryan & Frederick. The questionnaires were completed in person and by interview (conducted by the researcher) during three months. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution tables and numerical indices) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression) in SPSS 16 at the significance level of p ≤0.05.

The results of the present study showed that the mean age of the elderly was 68.18 ± 6.25 years. In total, (55.5%) of the subjects were women. Most of them were literate with undergraduate and postgraduate education and about (76.5%) were married and over (80%) had social security insurance. More than half of the surveyed elderly (53.4%) considered their current health status better than their peers and (96.8%) stated that they were able to perform their daily tasks and activities independently without the help and supervision of others. (66.8%) of the elderly surveyed considered religion to play a significant role in reducing stress and 51.4% stated that they were very satisfied with their lives. Perceived social support was at a high level for (65.6%) of the studied units. This component was the highest in the family dimension with an average of 22.76 and the lowest in the friends dimension with an average of 16.24 among the dimensions of perceived social support. Also, education at the diploma level with a standard coefficient of -0.261 had the greatest effect on perceived social support. Regarding the mental vitality variable, 76.1% of the studied units were at the average level. The results showed that satisfaction with the insurance situation in terms of coverage of medical expenses with a standard coefficient of 0.232 and poor economic status with a standard coefficient of -0.235 had the highest direct and inverse effect on mental vitality.

Perceived social support and high mental vitality in the elderly can pave the way for achieving a successful aging phenomenon. This concept includes the recognition of various components of successful aging such as perceived social support and mental vitality, longevity, independence in life, and other factors in health and social planning. According to the results, more than half of the studied elderly had high perceived social support, which can be considered as a positive factor affecting successful aging, because perceived social support decreased with age of the participants in this study. Also, perceived social support in the family dimension with the highest average among its dimensions showed the impact and importance of family relationships in successful aging. However, most of the elderly participated in this study were "young seniors" who were between 60 and 75 years old, and therefore it is possible that the high perceived social support in the samples be related to their young age, their independence, and their living with a spouse and family. Also, a significant percentage of the samples in this study had moderate and high mental vitality, which was influenced by their independence and satisfaction and benefiting from the insurance covering medical expenses. A better understanding of the two concepts of perceived social support and mental vitality can be the basis for successful aging-related interventions. It seems that the Holistic Care approach in modern nursing can empower the elderly with lower education and income and those who are single, unmarried, incapable, and independent in carrying out daily activities of life, and with an unfavorable understanding of their health status by performing health interventions, feeling of vitality and having perceived social support, and take an effective step towards achieving successful aging. One of the important goals of this study is to use its results to increase the quality of services and solve existing problems. The researcher hopes that the findings of this study can be useful in improving the goals of healthy, successful, and active aging in society in the following areas. Due to the descriptive cross-sectional nature of this study and the fact that in the studies conducted in the world, perceived support and mental vitality, two components of successful aging are influenced by several factors, it is suggested that future studies evaluate the longitudinal and trend of these two indicators in the elderly to get more accurate results from these two components.

The current study aimed to investigate that whether young people with mild intellectual impairments (II) having various levels of IQ have different physical fitness and body composition. Moreover, this study aims to answer this question that is there any association among IQ level, Body Mass Index, and physical fitness factors? A number of 1200 students from all Tehran’s special high schools were screened, and finally, 355 of them with mean age 24.6 ± 3.0 years, height 173.5 ± 6.8 cm, weight 78.6 ± 8.5 kg, and body mass index (BMI) 23.3 ± 2.8 kg/m2 were chosen to be included in the study based on including criteria. All participants had a mild II with the IQ range of 50 to 75 based on the Wechsler Intelligence Test. Participants' physical fitness was assessed by Eurofit special battery test. Body composition evaluation measured by Body Composition Scale. The results showed that there were significant differences in most physical fitness factors between males and females, except in dynamic balance and flexibility (P ≤ 0.05). There was a significant association between IQ levels with all physical fitness factors (P ≤ 0.05) except for flexibility. Different IQ levels were associated with physical fitness factors, so that II students with low IQ had lower physical fitness than those who had higher IQ. Practitioners should consider these differences when working with II people of different gender and different level of IQ.

In continuation of our efforts on the synthesis of diaryl disulfide compounds using coupling reactions and try to finding efficient, simple, and general methods for the direct synthesis of C-X (S, Se, Te)  bonds,  In this work,  for the first time a transition-metal-free synthesis of diaryl dichalcogenides has been reported. Potassium t-Butoxide can efficiently promote the coupling reaction of aryl halides (and-OTS) with elemental S, Se, and Te powder in DMSO without the aid of transition metal catalysts. Under the optimal conditions, a series of symmetrical diaryldisulfide, diaryldiselenide, and diarylditelluride were obtained in good to excellent yield.

The shoulder joints of Wheelchair basketball athletes are subjected to a lot of pressure and injuries due to overhead throwing movements, repetitive activities, wheelchair propulsion and body weight-bearing, which can lead to a decrease in proprioception.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Thera-band exercise program on the proprioception of the shoulder joint for the elite male in wheelchair basketball athletes.

14 athletes (8 intervention group, 6 control group) participated in this study from two clubs in Tehran province. The teams were divided into intervention and control groups. Initially, the proprioception of internal and external rotation of dominant shoulder was measured using isokinetic Biodex system 4 by two methods of joint position sense (JPS) and threshold to detect movement (TTDM). Then the intervention group performed a shoulder injury prevention program with a Thera-band for eight weeks, and at the end, both groups were tested again by isokinetic Biodex system 4.

The results of this study showed that this training program increases the proprioception of internal and external rotation of dominant shoulder (P <0.05).

The findings of this study suggest that the shoulder injury prevention training program by using Thera-band has been effective on proprioception of internal and external rotations of the wheelchair basketball athletes' shoulders. Therefore, to wheelchair basketball coaches and athletes and athletes of other sports and non-athlete wheelchairs are recommended to perform this exercise program to improve the proprioception of the shoulder muscles.

The purpose of this study, was to explore the effective factors on participation of the disabled in sport activities. The research method in terms of the aim was developmental, and in terms of implementation was qualitative, in which the Thematic analysis method was used. The statistical population of the study consisted of the managers and the officials of National Paralympic Committee of Iran, National Sport Federation for the Disabled, experts and faculty members of some universities in Iran, who were involved in executive, scientific and research fields. Sampling method was theoretical and the research instrument was interview protocol with experts in order to achieve theoretical saturation (16 interviews). In general, 16 factors effective on the participation of the disabled in sport activities were identified. These factors were identified and categorised in six major concepts including managerial thinking and planning, inter- organizational co ordinations and communications, infrastructural development, media and press, human resource development, and culture and education. Based on the findings of the study, it is believed that paying due attention to the above- mentioned factors will increase the participation of the disabled in sport activities.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship betweenpersonality traits and high-risk driving behaviors and attitudes towardobservance of traffic rules in intra- city drivers of Marand city. The presentstudy is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive in type of correlation interms of quantitative methods of data collection. The statistical population ofthe present study consisted of all intra-city drivers in Marand city, whose theirnumber was 700 according to the statistics announced by the Marand citytraffic center. The statistical sample of the present study was 250 intra-citydrivers in Marand city, which was obtained using Morgan table and clustersampling method. The Neo Five personality factor questionnaire has beenused to measure personality traits, the Manchester questionnaire to measurehigh-risk behaviors variable, and Zarabadi questionnaire based on the theory ofprogrammatic behavior of Fransis, Ecsel, Johnston, Walker, Grishmao, andFoy to measure attitudes toward traffic rules. The results showed that there is asignificant relationship between the personality traits of neuroticism andextraversion with all the components of high-risk driving behaviors (slippingin driving, driving errors, intentional and unintentional violations) (p˂0/05),but there is no significant relationship between openness and driving errors andintentional and unintentional violations (p˂0/05). Also, social acceptance hasno relationship with unintentional violations (p˂0/05). Among the componentsof personality traits, neuroticism is a significant relationship with beingconscientious with a mental norm of the components of attitudes toward trafficrules (p˂0/05) and extroversion is a relationship with attitudes toward trafficrules. There is no significant relationship between extraversion, openness andsocial acceptance with any of the components of attitudes toward traffic rules

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inoculation of two species of mycorrhizal fungi on growth, colonization percentage, antioxidant enzymes activity, health and risk index of coriander under cadmium stress.

A pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 2 factors and 3 replications in the research greenhouse of the Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2018. The first factor was cadmium nitrate at 4 levels of 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg kg-1 soil and the second factor was mycorrhiza application at 3 levels of non-inoculation, inoculation with Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices.

The results showed that with increasing cadmium concentration in the soil, the shoot and total biomass of plant, leaf area, number of seeds, 1000 seeds weight, colonization percentage, soluble protein, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities were significantly decreased in coriander. But malondialdehyde content, health and risk index increased. However, the use of mycorrhizal fungi reduced the harmful effects of cadmium in the plant. This resulted in a decrease of 47.1% of the risk and health index and 17.2% of malondialdehyde in the plant.

According to the findings, use of mycorrhizal fungi had a significant effect on the improving of harmful effects of cadmium in coriander, thus improved the risk and health index for consumers. Therefore, using mycorrhizal fungi as a management strategy in polluted areas with this heavy metal is

Since walking and other tasks are simultaneously among the most common human activities, and considering the fact that that a large part of the elderly falls are during two tasks, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of walking speed and cognitive load on gait stability in the elderly.

A total of 10 healthy volunteer elderly (5 males and 5 females) without a history of falls took part in the study. They were asked to perform 3 walking trails on a treadmill, including walking at 3 paces (preferred, fast, and slow) with/without cognitive load. Cognitive task was performed by subtracting 3's from a random three digit number. The gait-stability ratio (GSR) was calculated for each of the above conditions. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the mean differences at the significance level of 0.05.

The findings showed that the cognitive performance score decreases with increasing speed and at faster speeds, compared with speed with cognitive load, GSR was found to be higher (p<0.01).

The results showed that the elderly, through different walking strategies, especially the shorter phase, provide more dual support while walking, so that they will fall less with increasing steadiness.

The main purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between mental health and high-risk driving behaviors and attitudes towards traffic rules in the inner city drivers of Marand city. In terms of purpose, the present study is an application that has been performed in a descriptive-correlational manner. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all intra-city drivers of Marand city with 2400 people and the sample size was determined using Morgan table and sampling method of 250 people. To collect the data, the Kiesz Five Mental Health Questionnaire (2002), the Manchester Driving Behavior Scale and the Zarabadi Questionnaire (2011) were used. There is a negative and significant relationship between emotional well-being and high-risk behaviors, intentional violations and unintentional violations. There is no significant relationship between mental well-being and high-risk behaviors, intentional violations and unintentional violations, but there is a negative and significant relationship between mental well-being of mental health components and intentional and unintentional violations of high-risk driving behaviors. There is a negative and significant relationship between social well-being and high-risk behaviors, intentional violations and unintentional violations, but there is no significant relationship between social well-being from mental health components and driving errors from high-risk driving behaviors. There is no significant relationship between emotional well-being and attitude variables, perceived behavioral control and intention to comply with the rules, but there is a significant relationship between emotional well-being of mental health components and mental norm of attitudes toward traffic rules. has it. There is no significant relationship between mental well-being and attitude variables, perceived behavioral control and intention to follow the rules, but there is a significant relationship between mental well-being from the components of mental health and mental norm from the components of attitude towards traffic rules. has it. There is no significant relationship between social well-being and attitude variables, perceived behavioral control, and intention to follow the rules.

Decision making about surgery in patients with submucous cleft palate (SMCP) is usually postponed until speech assessment is applicable. Therefore, these patients spend more years with disorders associated with cleft. This study was aimed to investigate and compare the prevalence of different communication disorders in patients with unrepaired SMCP at different ages, since this information can help to provide therapeutic services in multidisciplinary teams.

Clinical records of patients over3 years of age with unrepaired SMCP who were visited in the Isfahan Cleft care team between the years 2005-2015, were reviewed. Percentage of patients demonstrating language disorder, compensatory misarticulation and hypernasality was calculated in three age groups (3-7,7-16, and over than16 years).

The majority of the 61 studied patients were preschool children and 37.8% of them suffered from obvious language deficits. 73.8% of the patients required speech therapy services due to compensatory misarticulation. The prevalence of compensatory misarticulation was significantly different between the group one and two (p=0.008). 37.7% of patients demonstrated moderate/severe hypernasality and so required instrumental assessments.

Considering the high prevalence of language deficits in the studied preschool children, there is an essential need for proper management of probable ear problems and more accurate evaluations of language in this group. The high prevalence of compensatory misarticulation in all studied age groups indicated these patients’ need for coherent speech therapy and psychological services because of the effects on the psychosocial development, also assessments of educational abilities and providing educational support. At least one third of these patients required instrumental assessments and probably surgeries.

The somatosensory system is one of the most important sensory sources involved in postural control. The purpose of the present study was to compare function of the somatosensory system in postural control of blind athletes compared to blind and the sighted non-athletes.

A total of 30 men were purposefully selected and categorized into three groups of blind athletes of Goalball B1 class (n=10), absolute blind non-athletes (n=10), and the sighted non-athletes (n=10). In vitro, body sensory information was predominant in posture control, and then participant's performance of the posture control system was evaluated based on the center of gravity displacement in the internal-external, anterior-posterior direction, and total using the balance measurement instrument Biodex. The comparison of variables among the groups was done using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a significance level of P

The results of Kruskal Wallis test indicated that when the visual information is removed and the head is in the hyperactivity state, the differences in the center of gravity displacement in the internal-external direction (PML=0.006) and total (PTotal=0.041) among the three groups of the blind athletes, the blind non-athletes, and the sighted non-athletes were observed to be significant. According to the results of Uhnu-Whitney test, the center of gravity displacement in the internal-external direction and total in the blind athletes group was significantly less than that of the two blind non- athletes (PML=0.011, PTotal=0.049) and the sighted non-athletes (PML=0.003, PTotal=0.025) groups.

In situations where the somatosensory system data is predominant, the postural control of Goalball's athletes was better than that of the blind non-athletes and even the sighted non-athletes. It seems that the activities of sport or the nature of the Goalball are effective in improving the somatosensory and postural control.

Activity of knee joint muscles can influence the magnitude of ground reaction forces during jump-landing tasks. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between electromyography activity of the knee joint muscles and ground reaction forces during single-leg drop landing task.      
A total of 20 healthy male athletes (mean ± standard deviation, age 25.4±4.45 years) participated in the present correlational study. Activity of knee joint muscles, including quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius, at pre and post landing phases were analyzed and their relationships with ground reaction forces (vertical, anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral) were assessed during single leg vertical drop landing task. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for data analysis.   
The results demonstrated significant negative correlation between lateral gastrocnemius muscle activity and all components of ground reaction forces (P= 0.001). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between medial gastrocnemius activity and all components of ground reaction forces at pre landing phase and also a significant negative correlation with vertical and anterior-posterior component at post landing phase (P=0.001). Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between lateral hamstring activity and anterior-posterior ground reaction force at post-contact phase (P=0.001).
It seems that gastrocnemius (medial and lateral) and lateral hamstring muscles play important roles in adjusting ground reaction force components during single leg vertical drop landing task. According to the results of the current study, it is suggested that rehabilitation specialists focus especially on activation exercises for gastrocnemius (medial and lateral) and lateral hamstring muscles in order to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injury.

  Broiler chicken is one of the most popular products derived from poultry. Microbial growth and lipid oxidation are the primary factors of deterioration of this product in the fridge. Therefore this study is aimed to investigate the effect of Heracleum persicum essential oil (EO) on the extension of the shelf life and improvement of the sensory properties of broiler chicken under refrigerated storage condition. The samples of chicken breast were prepared in six groups including 2 control samples and 4 treated samples with H. persicum EO in four concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% (v/w). All the samples were kept at 4 °C for 7 days. The samples were evaluated and compared regarding microbiological (total bacterial count, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella), chemical (pH, TVN and TBA) and sensory (color, taste, odor, texture and overall acceptability) properties during this time at one day intervals. Statistical analysis was performed using two ways analysis of variance and mean values were compared with Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that samples treated with different concentrations of H. persicum EO had lower bacterial counts and also lower amounts of TVN and TBA as compared to the controls during this study (p˂0.05). The samples treated with 0.75 and 1% of H. persicum EO as compared to other concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 percent EO) were more effective regarding the increase in shelf life (p˂0.05). Moreover, the samples that contained 0.5 and 0.75 H. persicum EO had desirable and acceptable sensory properties and general acceptance within 4 days. In general, the results indicated that H. persicum EO not only could delay microbial and chemical spoilage and extend the shelf-life of broiler chicken breast under refrigerated storage, but also could improve its sensory properties.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a descriptive analysis of sport psychology and motor behavior research projects administered by the Sport Sciences Research Institute (SSRI) up to the end of 2015. The statistical population consisted of all research projects and dissertations in sport psychology and motor behavior fields. The coding checklist content validity, used to collect data, was evaluated and confirmed by five sports science professors. Results showed that the highest and the lowest number of research projects were applied and fundamental. They were also completed in 2014 and 2013, respectively. The results revealed that most of the research projects were done by male researchers and mainly directed by associate professors. Also, the highest and lowest extents of funds were allocated in 2014 and 2002, respectively. Based on measurement tools, 26 and 22 projects used questionnaires and lab instruments, respectively. Ultimately, based on the results obtained in this research, the micro and macro research programs of the SSRI can be designed and implemented.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of Core stability training on Motor performance of elite Goalball players. Twenty-six elite Goalball players participated in this study. Participants randomly divided into two groups, experimental (n=13) (9 male, 4 female) and control (n=13) (9 male, 4 female) groups. Medicine ball throw distance, throw velocity of the goalball’s ball, Single-leg Triple Hop, Flamingo Balance Test and Y balance test was used for evaluation. Control group received conventional exercise while Study group received 8 weeks Core stability exercises using a Swiss ball exercises. Core stability exercise was conducted three days a week. Both groups before and after the eight weeks of training, participated in Functional test. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA in the 0.05 significant level. Analysis of covariance showed that there is a significant difference in the average adjusted static balance group core stability exercises (M=3.20) and control (2.35) in elite athletes (F (1,23)=33.66 ,P=0.000, η2=0.59). Also there was a significant difference in average adjusted dynamic balance between core stability training (M=79.8) and control groups (M=75.4) in elite athletes (F(1,23)=14.04 ,P=0.000, η2=0.38). Also, there was significant differences between adjusted mean between throw velocity, medicine ball forward throws distances and medicine ball backward throw distances group core stability exercises and control of elite athletes (P=0.001). Result showed there is positive effect of core stability training on motor performance of Goalball players. It is recommended that core stability exercises be used as an effective way to enhance performance and prevention from injury.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks core stability training on center of pressure changes and ground reaction force during landing among male parkour athletes. thirty male were participated in this study. participants were randomized in the experimental group (age=21.07±2.46 years, height= 175.10±5.35 cm, weight= 67.33±9.27 kg) and control group (age=20.20±2.31 years, height= 175.93±4.65 cm, weight= 67.33±8.45 kg) in this semi-experimental study. Experimental group applied eight weeks core stability training. These exercises performed three time per week while the control group performed their routine training. The variables including center of pressure changes and ground reaction force were measured before and after eight weeks core stability training by force plate. Analysis of covariance was used in the 0/05 significant level. The results showed that there was significant difference between experimental and control groups in the mean scores of center of pressure changes in medial- lateral and anterior-posterior direction and ground reaction force. According to results, seems core stability training has positive effect on landing parameter among male parkour athletes and these exercise can prevent sport injuries of them.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of core stability exercises on endurance and trunk control in patients with multiple sclerosis. The subjects with the age of 20-40, expanded disability status scale 1-4 and randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. Training program for groups was carried out in eight weeks. Isometric endurance of the Trunk stabilizer muscles was measured by trunk flexor test, trunk extensor test and left and right lateral musculature test and Trunk Impairment Scale was used to measure the ability to trunk control. The data was analyzed by using analysis of covariance at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that core stability exercises led to a significant increase on isometric endurance of the trunk stabilizer muscles and trunk control. Also, significant differences observed between isometric endurance of the trunk stabilizer muscles and trunk control in the experimental and control groups. According to research findings, the core stability exercises resulted in considerable improvements in endurance and control of the trunk in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Soccer, as well as many other sports, requires high levels of psychological skills. However, there are limited studies about the relationship of mental skills and sports injuries. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the level of mental skills of elite young soccer players and the incidence sports injuries. Sixty-six players from four teams that playing at Tehran Asia vision adolescence primer league (14-16 years old) participated in this study. Before entering the season, the participants completed the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3), which measures 12 mental skill subscales. Players were monitored for musculoskeletal injuries through the season (7-month period). The overall injury rate was 8.7 injuries/1000 player-hours (95% CI 7.01-10.10). Logistic regression modeling indicated that overall OMSAT-3 score (OR = 0.663; 95% CI = 0.42-1.83) (p=0.047) and somatic subscale score (OR = 1.207; 95% CI = 1.03-3.70) (p=0.004) were all associated with injuries but no association was found in other subscales. The results indicated that; mental skills were the significant predictor of the number of injuries. Evidence from this study suggests that injury prevention efforts need to include strategies targeting the psychological risk factors.