فهرست مطالب فریبرز هوانلو

The overall aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of upper quadrilateral training on chronic middle-age men's headache.

The research method was semi-experimental and research design was pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the study included all middle-aged men with tension headache referring to health centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The sample consisted of 6 subjects who were selected from among those referring to health centers. The criteria for entry into the study included: confirmation of the criteria for chronic tension headache by a neurologist and having a range of 40- 55 years. Information about the severity and frequency of headache and drug consumption in both groups before and after the exercise were assessed by a self-assessment questionnaire. Subjects' sleep quality was assessed in two stages: pre-test and post-test using the Pentecostal sleep quality questionnaire. Became

T-test results (at the level of error of α = 0.05) showed that eight weeks of upper quadrilateral training on the severity and duration of chronic tension headache and also the reduction in the dose of analgesics and ultimately the sleep quality of people with tension-type headache Chronic effects had a positive effect (p <0.001).

The results of the study suggest that occupational therapists use upper quadrant physical exercises to improve the patient's cold pain.

Corona is a part of the big family of viral diseases, and a person gets a respiratory infection by contracting this type of virus. As a result of the inactivity caused by this epidemic, many physical abilities of people decrease, balance being one of the most important of them. Considering the importance of balance in daily activities as well as sports, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of a HIIT exercise program at home during quarantine on static and dynamic balance in female student athletes.

The statistical population studied in this research were teenage girls of athletes in Tehran. Based on the entry and exit criteria, 30 people were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group did HIIT exercises at home for 6 weeks and 2 sessions every week. In this study, static and dynamic balance were measured by stork tests and Y balance test, respectively. In order to evaluate the effects of the training, analysis of covariance was used, and in order to evaluate the effects within the group, the paired t-test was used.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in the experimental group (P≤0.05).

Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that HIIT exercises are effective on the static and dynamic balance of adolescent girls, so it is suggested that these exercises be used in exercise programs with the aim of improving balance.

 Football is one of the most popular sports that has many injuries. Due to the importance of the core stabilizer muscles, the weakness of these muscles can lead to poor performance and thus increase injuries. On the other hand, this area as a bridge between the lower and upper limbs with its proper function can improve performance and performance.

The statistical population of the present study included 30 children athletes who purposefully entered the study and were divided into two groups of 15 control and experimental group. The experimental group performed core stability exercises in one session along with their exercises and the control group only previous exercises. The performance of individuals was assessed using the Y balance test, vertical jump (sargent), three-legged distance, one-leg jump time at a distance of six meters and balance system error scoring system test. Dependent t-test was used to evaluate the difference in performance between athletes in the two groups.

The results of the present study showed that central stability exercises had a significant effect on improving lower limb function in athletes (P≤0.05).

The results of the present study showed that core stability training had an immediate effect on the performance of children footballers. Therefore, it is useful for coaches and athletes to perform central stability training in addition to their training to improve their performance.

Wrestling is a high contact sport with a significant risk of injuries. Identifying risk factors can help preventing wrestler’s injuries. little is known about the contribution of balance and proprioception to sport injuries. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between dynamic balance and knee proprioception and the injuries in young wrestler.72 young wrestlers from Tehran primer league participated in this study. Before the start of season, proprioception was measured at 30°, 60° and 90° knee flexion using the Biodex Isokinetic pro 4 system. Dynamic balance was measured by Biodex balance system. Injuries were recorded by the team's medical staff. Logistic regression modeling indicated that there is no significant relation between Dynamic balance and proprioception of knee at 30 and 60 and at 90 degree and musculoskeletal injuries. Balance and proprioception testing, as performed in the present study, cannot be recommended as a screening test to predict injuries in young male wrestler.

.Spinal cord injuries are one of the most serious physical injuries. People with spinal cord injury generally suffer from one or more types of pain. Neuropathic pain is the most common of these and can lead to functional impairment as it is associated with loss of mobility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reflexology massage and virtual reality on improving the function of paraplegics. The sample of this study consisted of Athletic men paraplegics who are members of the Veterans and Disabled Board of Tehran Province. Forty-five paraplegic athletes were randomly divided into three groups of control, virtual reality and reflexology, using the letters of the alphabet in the medical record. The two experimental groups performed three sessions of intervention per week for 6 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention. Performance-related shoulder girdle strength and range of motion were evaluated by Mobe MMT dynamometer and Mobee Electrogonometer, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software at a significance level of 0.05. The results of statistical tests showed that the strength and range of motion of the shoulder girdle In different movements of Outward rotation, inward rotation,extention and flexion after selecting 6 weeks of training according to available research, intervention in both massage and virtual reality groups increased. (P=0/003, P=0/001, P=0/02, P=0/003). The increase in strength and range of motion According to the means of change was also more significant in the virtual reality group. The results showed that the application of reflexology massage as well as the virtual reality system was effective in improving the range of motion and strength of the shoulder girdle in people with paraplegia; therefore, people with paraplegia and the educators and nurses who work with them can use the benefits of these interventions to improve their performance.

Swimming is one of the most popular disciplines in the Olympics and is popular among athletes. Injury in this sport is often due to repeated repetition of high and repetitive movements. Many researchers Muscle strength is considered one of the most important risk factors. The power of cuff rotators is one of the main risk factors for a shoulder injury.

The statistical samples of this study consisted of 28 swimmers of 12 to 14 years old girls practicing in Alborz Province Swimming League who have been practicing swimming regularly for at least 5 years. In order to perform this study, the maximum isometric and isokinetic contractions (speeds of 60, 90, and 180 degrees per second) in the internal and external rotators of the arm and proprioception of the shoulder joint (45 and 90-degree angles) were measured with the isokinetic device. Then they practiced with TRX for six weeks, after which the measurements were repeated.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between six weeks of TRX training on isokinetic power at speeds of 60, 90 and 180 per second in eccentric and concentric contractions (P˂0 / 5) as well as isometric strength of internal rotators and External and proprioception of the shoulder joint at 90 and 45-degree angles were significantly different

it can be stated that shoulder injury prevention programs are very important, especially in rotator cuff muscles, for swimming athletes, and strengthening these muscles with TRX is effective because it has positive effects.

Low back pain is one of the most common health problems in different societies in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dynamic stability training on pain, range of motion and trunk muscular endurance in women with chronic low back pain.

The subjects of this study included 30 women with chronic non-athlete low back pain who ranged in age from 19 to 48 years and were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. All subjects were first assessed by the Oswestry Low Back Disability Questionnaire for disability in the lumbar region. VAS, goniometer and ITO were used to determine pain, a range of motion and muscular endurance, respectively. The experimental group then received a training program (DNS) for eight weeks, but the control group received no specific rehabilitation program. Pre-test and post-test were used in both experimental and control groups. In this study, paired samples t-test and independent samples test was used by spss24 software.

The results showed that after eight weeks of dynamic neuromuscular stability training, there was a positive effect on pain, the trunk muscular endurance and range of motion (p≤0.05).

The dynamic neuromuscular stability (DNS) training focus on the natural growth process of the motor system, reduce pain, increase lumbar range of motion, and increase trunk muscular endurance in women with chronic low back pain. Keywords: DNS training, Chronic back pain, Range of motion, Trunk selective muscular endurance

Muscle strength is needed for performing many movements and skills in football like speed decreasing, shooting, dribbling, rotating, and jumping. Several studies shown that lower limb muscle strength can increase the quality of exercise skills. But few studies have compared the strength of players at different levels. Therefore, the present study intends to investigate the strength of the isokinetic and isometric knee muscles of the elite, sub-elite and amateur football players of Iran. For this purpose, the isokinetic strength of the knee muscles in 102 soccer players including 29 players of the national under-23 football team of Iran (elite), 29 players of 1st division of under-23 football team of Iran (sub-elite) and 44 players of 2nd division of under-23 football team of Tehran province (amateur) was measured for angular momentum of 60 and 180 degrees per second by the isokinetic Biodex System 4. The isometric strength of flexor and extensor muscles of knee were measured at an angle of 60 degree. The results of the ANOVA test showed that there is a significant difference in strength of flexor and extensor knee muscles in both momentum angles of 60 and 180 degrees per second and flexor/extensor isokinetic strength ratio at 180 degrees per second speed between elite, sub-elite, amateur. However, there was no significant difference in the ratio of flexor /extensor isokinetic strength ratio at 60 degrees per second. Also, there was a significant difference in isometric strength of the extensor and flexor muscles at knee flexion angle of 60 degrees in the three groups. Considering the results of the present study, it can be concluded that exercises and the competition level affect the isokinetic and isometric strength of the knee muscles of young football players of Iran.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of water exercises with and without weight vest on balance indices in middle-aged women with balance deficiency.The present study is a quasi experimental study, which is performed on 26 middle-aged women with available sampling method, which are randomly divided into two groups: water exercises with weight training vest and weightless water training group.The Balance Sheet of Biodex was used to evaluate the balance.After the end of 6 weeks of training, all pre-test steps were repeated in the post-test. To analyzing Data, using Shapirowilk and independent T-test and combined analysis of variance and at the significance level of 0.05.The De Cochain method was used to examine the effect size of the exercises.The results of statistical test of combined variance analysis showed that in both groups with and without weightless vest, the static and dynamic balance of subjects in the post-test improved compared to the pre-test(P≤0.05).Also,the effect of more vest training on non-vest exercises was observed on all the static and dynamic balance indices of subjects.As yet Most researches has used water exercises to improve balance in various societies, including the elderly, and has been less focused on the middle-aged community.Implementing combined water exercises along with weightless vest can well cover balance factors and improve the balance of middle-aged people. Therefore, in order to prevent disturbance in the balance caused by age,it is recommended to take advantage of the benefits of water exercises with weight vest in middle age.

The purpose of this study was the effects of 8 weeks of repetitive speed trainingin hypoxia and normoxia conditions on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in swimmers.

This study is a semi -experimental research with pre-test and post-test which was performed on   30 women elite swimmers. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups including two experimental groups (training group in hypoxia and normoxia conditions) and control group. Training groups exercised 5 sessions per week including 2 training sessions on the stationary ergometer and 3 sessions in swimming pool for 8 weeks. Training protocols for both experimental groups was designed with the same intensity and duration (9 attempts for 30 seconds at 80% of maximum performance, with two minutes of rest) on swimming ergometer. The training of hypoxia group was performed in hypoxia condition stimulated 3500 meter altitude with %14 of Fio2. At this time, the control group only performed 5 normal swimming sessions per week. The vascular endothelial growth factor factors in all three groups were measured by ELISA before and after 8 weeks. By the SPSS software it is applied the one way ANOVA test at the significant level of p≤0.05 for extraction of results.

The mean post-test of VEGF was higher than pre-test in both groups of hypoxia (p

The current study aims to investigat the effect of low-intensity aerobic training for 10 weeks along with blood flow restriction on amount of protein BDNF in soleus and EDL muscles as well as the sciatic nerve in aged male rats.

60 aged -Wistar male rats (23-24 months) were chosen which their weigh were 355 to 481 grams. They were divided into 6 groups randomly, blood flow restriction (BFR), exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR + Ex), sham(Sh), sham exercise (Sham + Ex), control (Ctl) and control exercise (Ex). They were trained with a low aerobic exercise (15 m / min) for 1 hour, 5 days a week for 10 weeks then were sacrificed 48 hours after the last training session. The samples of muscle and the sciatic nerve were separated immediately and they were put in a solid nitrogen. and Then,they were preserved at -80 ° C. The protein samples were detected by Western Bloting method. The statistical analysis were conducted with SPSS software version 18. Data normal distribution determind by Shapiro – Wilk test. Comparisons were performed among different groups by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test. P values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

The results have shown that BDNF protein in the EDL muscle for BFR + Ex group significantly decreases only with Ctl and Sh groups (P˂0.05). In addtion, in soleus muscle BFR + Ex group significantly decreased in all groups (with groups Ctl, Sh and BFR 0.00 = p and Ex and Sh + Ex p˂0.03). moeover, Ex, Sh + Ex groups in comparision with Ctl and Sh have decreased significantly (0.00 = p). On the other hand, the sciatic nerve of BFR + Ex group, in comparision with all groups, increased significant (0.00 = p).

This study has indicates that this type of exercise affects on the BDNF protein in slow and fastwitch muscles. Furthermore, BFR+Ex , as a training method, can influence on nerve and muscule positively.

The risk of injury in football is high. Many researchers have introduced muscle strength as one of the most important internal risk factors, but few studies have examined the relationship between the isometric strength of muscles and incidence of injuries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between isometric strength of lower extremity muscles and the incidence of injuries in football players and the power to predict these injuries. The sample of this study included 73 football players under 21 years of age. Before the beginning of the season, the anthropometric dimensions and isometric strength of lower extremity in dominant leg of each player were measured by Isokinetic device (Biodex system 4), then each player was followed up for 8 months and their injuries were recorded. The results of Cox regression test showed no significant relationship between isometric strength of the measured muscles and the incidence of injuries in lower extremity. According to these results, it is suggested that medical and technical staff of football teams use isometric tests to identify high risk players. Other strength evaluation methods such as isokinetic and isotonic strengths may be more effective.

The aim of the present study was the effect of 12 weeks use of custom insoles and exercise in water distribution pattern pressure plantar 10-14-year-old girls with flat foot. The subjects of this study were 20 girls with flexible flatfoot which were randomly divided in the two group exercises in water and the use of insoles. The participants were measured by using foot scan device before and after the training protocol of all subjects’ dependent variables (Surface area, the maximum peak pressure and contact time). The exercise group performed their activity in water for 12 weeks (3 sessions of 90 minutes in the pool) and the other group used the customized insoles for the same period. Statistical analysis showed that, there is not a significant difference in the pretest and post-test, of the pressure distribution and arch index during the use of customized insole. But the effect of swimming training was observed significant difference the maximum power and maximum pressure on other areas of the fingers. According to the findings, we can conclude that exercise in water improves pressure distribution pattern of flatfeet and longer duration of using insole might be needed to improve the situation.

Researches has identified the importance of core training in injury prevention. However, there are limited information about relationship between core stability and swimmer performance. Therefor the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of core stability training on performance of sub elite adolescent swimmers. Thirty male swimmers were randomly allocated in the control (n=15) and intervention (n=15) groups. The intervention group completed the core stability training, three times per week for 8 weeks. Analysis covariance were used for determine the effect of core stability exercise on 50-m front and back crawl, butterfly, and breast- stroke race. The results showed that there was significant difference in time of 50-m front crawl and breast- stroke race, back crawl and butterfly race. According to the results, core muscle strengthening enhanced the performance in young swimmers projected as significant improvements in 50-m front crawl and breast- stroke sprint time.

Considering to the importance of the obesity pandemic, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of hypoxia intensities on responses of Acylated Ghrelin and appetite to interval exercise in overweight subjects.
Subjects were eight healthy males (age, 22.14±2.11 yrs; height,175.28±7.69 cm; weight, 87.03±5.95 kg; BMI, 28.4±1.5 kg/m2), who voluntarily participated in the study. The exercise protocol, conducted in a hypoxic chamber in a counterbalance manner, included 30 minutes interval exercise at 5 sets of 4 min exercise at 85% at maximal heart rate and 2 min active rest at 50% maximal heart rate at an elevation 2700 and 3300 meters equal to decrease of oxygen pressure to 14% and 15%. Blood platelet indices including acylated ghrelin and appetite index were measured 15 minutes before and at 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after exercise.
Hypoxic intensities had no significant influence on acylated ghrelin (p=0.180) and appetite (p=0.215) but interval exercise in hypoxia, irrespective of hypoxic intensity was effective on appetite (P=0.046).
Based on the results of present study, it could be concluded that interval exercise in hypoxia, irrespective of hypoxic intensity is effective on appetite, indicating that exercise at lower hypoxia that is accessible for overweight subjects, can be recommended for controlling apetite and weight reduction

Appropriate muscle recruitment has a significant role in the stabilization of joints. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of six weeks Plyometric training on performance and the feed-forward activation of calf muscles in active females with functional ankle instability in single leg drop landing.
Thirty active females with functional ankle instability participated in this quasi-experimental study. The experimental group underwent six weeks of Pi-Yin Hung Plyometric training protocol during the period of 18 sessions. In order to assess the performance, functional tests (lateral hop and multiple hop tests) and ankle joint function assessment tool were used. Electrical activation assessments of peroneus longus, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles (in single leg drop landing task) were completed in the pre-test and post-test (after six weeks). SPSS Software version 20 was used in order to analyze the data (pFinding: Results revealed that after the implementation of six weeks Plyometric training, multiple hops testing time dropped significantly and lateral hop testing distance had a significant increase.
A significant increase in the feed-forward activation of peroneus longus and medial gastrocnemius was seen (p≤0.05), but there were no significant changes at the feed-forward activation of tibialis anterior (pDiscussion & Plyometric training by changing the feed-forward activation of peroneus longus and medial gastrocnemius muscles, improved lower extremity performance in patients with functional ankle instability and should be incorporated into rehabilitation programs for those with functional ankle instability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the blood flow restriction deal (Kaatsu) during isometric exercise on growth hormone and testosterone in active males. 10 active males (1 to 3 times training per week, age: 23.8±2.32 years, BMI: 24.26±1.80 kg/m2) were participated in this study voluntarily. Subject’s ankle blood pressures were determined by color Doppler ultrasound. Then, subjects performed the study protocol that consisted of six 10-second isometric contractions with 60 seconds rest between each contraction with varying levels of external compression (0% (without compression), 70%, 100%, and 130% of systolic pressure). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 15 minute after exercise. Statistical analysis of data did not show significant difference (time × trial) between varying levels of external compression in growth hormone (GH), testosterone (T) and blood lactate (BL). GH, T and BL increased significantly (time) from pre to postexercise in the all varying levels of external compression (p

The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of isometric exercises with different pressures of blood flow restriction on EMG changes. 10 male healthy university students (mean age: 25.8±0.33 yr, height: 176.6±1.67 cm, weight: 75.2±2.1 kg) who had a history of resistance exercises voluntarily participated in this study. Firstly, subject's ankle blood pressure was determined by color Doppler ultrasound and a sonography specialist. Then, in the exercise sessions with blood flow restriction, similar amount of pressure was applied to the highest point of the thigh of subject's dominant legs by the cuff to occlude blood flow. The study protocol consisted of six 10-sec. isometric contractions; participants had 60 seconds of rest between every two sets. The protocol was repeated in every 4 sessions conducted with 0, 70, 100 and 130% of systolic pressure. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality of the data and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used to detect significant changes in iEMG among the 4 sessions. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant differences between sessions of 100 and 130 of systolic pressure in iEMG (P>0.05), But a significant difference was observed among other sessions in iEMG (P

The aim of the present research is comparing the effectof periodic trainingin hypoxic and normoxic conditions on anaerobic performance of athletes .Subjects of this research were 16 male volunteer students.Subjects were divided to two groups of eight by exercising in hypoxic condition(H 3300) normocytic.Anaerobic performance (peak power, average power) through the Wingate test and lactate concentration were measured before and after the Wingate test.After 24 hours in hypoxic condition,and after 48 hours in normoxic condition the measures of W max were determined.The intensity of exercises in both groups (one minute with intensity of 80% -85% Wmax, and two minutes with 50% Wmax) and exercise duration (30 minutes)were equalized. The training program consisted of 12 sessions in a row. After that the pre-test variables were measured again .After testing the normal distribution given by Kolmogorov – Smirnov test, dependent and independent t-Test with a confidence level of 0.05 ≥ p showed that this training improved aerobic performance in both groups, also five minutes after the Wingate test lactate concentration was decreased in both groups, but there was no difference between the 12 sessions of the periodic training in hypoxic and normoxic conditions on anaerobic performance. So it can be stated that the training used in this study can improve the anaerobic performance, but the severity and duration of hypoxia used in this study was not so much to improve anaerobic performance in hypoxic group more than normocyticone.

Fatigue is an important factor to increase muscle mass and strength during resistance training. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute response of fatigue indices to one session of isometric exercise with different intensities with/without blood flow restriction. 10 male healthy students (mean age: 24.9±2.5 years) participated in this study. The study protocol consisted of six 10-second isometric contractions and a 60-second rest interval between each two contractions. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality of the data and ANOVA test with repeated measures was used to detect significant changes in MPF, blood lactate, Borg index and MVC difference before and after the protocol among the three sessions .All the indices in session 2 were significantly different compared with other sessions but there were no significant differences between session 1 and 3. Results showed that isometric exercise with blood flow restriction can cause more fatigue than similar exercise with the same load without blood flow restriction. Fatigue indices in isometric exercise with 65% MVC with blood flow restriction were similar to isometric exercise with 100% MVC without blood flow restriction.

Since obesity and overweight have dramatically increased in recent years, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of hypoxia on responses of PYY3-36 and the appetite to interval exercise among overweight individuals.
Eight healthy male subjects (age, 22.14±2.11 yrs; height,175.28±7.69 cm; weight, 87.03±5.95 kg; BMI, 28.4±1.5 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in the study and performed an exercise protocols (cycling) in noromxic and hypoxic conditions on two separate sessions (Counterbalance) with a one week interval. Interval exercise included 5 repetitions of 4-min activity at 85%of HRmax, followed by 2- min active restat 50% of HRmax. The environmental and training conditions were kept constant in two sessions, with the exception that the interval exercise was performed with 15% reduction in oxygen partial pressure in a hypoxic trial. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise (10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes) and were analyzed for measuring the PYY3-36 using the ELISA technique.
Environmental conditions did not induce significant effect on PYY3-36 responses to interval exercise (P=0.1), though, exercise increased the PYY3-36, especially in normoxic conditions. In addition, although there was a reduction in the appetite following the two trials, environmental conditions had no significant effect on appetite (p=0.872).
Interval exercises increase circulating levels of PYY3-36 and reduce appetite, irrespective of the environmental conditions (normoxia or hypoxia) in which the exercise is performed.

  the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of antagonist muscle PNF stretching on peak torque, rate of vertical jump height and fatigue of agonist muscle in knee joint of non-athlete subject. fifteen physical education male students (21/7±1/3 yrs, 180/9±7/02 cm, 75/2±9/8 kg) volunteered to participate in current study. Subjects were tested for vertical jump height and isokinetic peak torque production during knee extension at 600.s and 3000.s and also tested for isokinetic 25 repetition peak torque production during knee extension at 600 for fatigue testing. Electromyographic data was recorded for the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles during fatigue testing. Paired samples t-tests way used for analyzing data. statistical results indicated that there was no significant differences between stretching groups and non-stretching groups in isokinetic peak torque production during Knee extension at
600.s-1 (257 vs 257 N.m; p=0/945) and 3000.s-1 (145 vs 146 N.m; p=0/754). And also no significant differences found between stretching groups and non-stretching groups in vertical jump height (54/3 vs 53/1 cm; p=0/358), also percentage of median frequency decrease of vastus lateralis muscle was not significant (14/3 vs 4/8 per; p=0/161) and work fatigue of agonist muscles (49/6 vs 49/8 pre; p=0/891). These results indicate that acute PNF stretching of antagonist muscles has no positive effects on peak torque, rate of vertical jump height and fatigue of agonist muscle. Therefore possibly using this method before exercise has no positive effects on increasing agonist muscles performance.

Recruitment of fast twitch muscles cause an increase in muscle mass and strength but these muscles are recruited in high intensities. Old people or persons in rehabilitation process couldn’t do intense training. On the other hand, it has been told that training with blood flow restriction could recruit fast twitch muscles in low intensity. Therefore, we decided to investigate the acute effect of isometric exercise with different load with and without blood flow restriction on fast twitch fibers engagement.
10 male college students participated in this clinical cross over trail. The study protocol was consisted of six 10-second isometric contractions, and between every two sets participants had 60 seconds of rest. Lactate concentrations were measured before, immediately after and 10 min later. IEMG index was recorded during every exercise session.
Lactate concentrations and IEMG were significantly different between exercise with 65% MVC with and without blood flow restriction and these indexes was higher in exercise with 65% MVC with blood flow restriction. Lactate concentrations and IEMG were similar in exercise with 65% MVC with blood flow restriction and 100% MVC without blood flow restriction.
It seems that in same intensity isometric exercise with blood flow restriction can cause more engagement of fast twitch fiber than exercise without blood flow restriction and engagement of fast twitch muscle in exercise with 65% MVC with blood flow restriction was same compared with exercise with 100% MVC without blood flow restriction.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of pre-made foot orthotics on rear-foot and tibia variability and joint coupling patterns during stance phase of gait in male athletes with pes planus.
Subjects of this semi-experimental research included 8 active men with pes planus. Kinematic gait data of these subjects were recorded by a motion analysis system with 8 cameras. After calculating three-dimensional angles, vector coding method was used for assessing coupling. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normal distribution of data and dependent samples t-test was used to compare means in each sub-phase.
Results showed that in the first 3 sub phases of stance, there were no significant differences between joint coupling with and without orthotics (P>0.05), while in the fourth sub-phase the mean coupling angle decreased significantly by 19% (P=0.002-P0.05).
These results suggest that foot orthotics does not have an effect on rear foot and tibia joint coupling patterns in the first 75 percent of stance phase of gait, but leads to a decrease in these patterns in the last 25 percent. Thus, it seems that movements of the shank decrease relative to heel movements in terminal stance phase, and this change can explain reduction in knee pain and other beneficial effects of using foot orthotics in subject with pes planus.