فرید غفاری

The militaries has historically played a crucial role in addressing the disasters in the countries of the world. This study aimed to examine the involvement of armed forces in health management and disaster response.

This field study comprised five phases: formulating the research question, defining the study parameters, selecting relevant research, analyzing the data, and summarizing the findings. We conducted a literature search for articles published between 1980 and 2023 in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and other gray literature. The search focused on titles, abstracts, and keywords.

A total of 22,518 studies were identified from scientific databases, along with 62 studies from other sources. After removing duplicates, 6,348 studies remained. Of these, 38 studies were deemed relevant to the research purpose, ultimately resulting in the selection of 8 studies for the final analysis. The Army Health and Treatment System encompasses various activities during disasters, including Factors, Scope, Preparedness, Response, Responsibility, Evacuation of the Wounded, Rescue and Referral System.

The findings indicate that the role of the military in managing health and disaster response is essential. Moreover, the capacities of the army can be leveraged for more effective disaster management.

  Parking areas that are gathering places for tank trucks are potentially dangerous places. This study analyzes accident consequences of oil products carriers, to check and compare the hazard radius with recommended separation distances.

This descriptive-analytical study was carried out in 5 stages, including: scenario selection, determination of the accidents source parameters, determination of atmospheric conditions, selection of reference values, and modeling the analysis of scenarios and its consequences. The process hazard analysis software tool (PHAST) is used to analyze the consequences of accidents in liquid petroleum gas and gasoline tankers.

  Based on average values, the appropriate separation distances are 50±25.8 m and 361.4±184.8 m for leakage and catastrophic rupture of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tanker, and 28.3±14.9 m and 571.2±137.6 m for leakage and catastrophic rupture of a petrol tanker, respectively. The separation distance based on the catastrophic rupture is so large that it is not practical for the design and management of road tanker parking area. According to the leakage scenario, a safety distance of 28.3-50 m is required. Separation distance based on catastrophic rupture is so great, it has no applicability in designing and managing road tanker parking areas. According to the leakage scenario, a safety distance of approximately 28.3-50 m is needed.

 With the existing separation criteria a tanker accident may spread to other parts of the parking lot and it can lead to a disaster. Therefore, it seems necessary to review and update the guidelines and standards in parking lot design and separation distances as well as emergency planning.

The deployment of soldiers in military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq has a significant impact on their suffering from various mental, infectious, respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases, as well as on the rate of suicide, as well as alcohol and drug abuse.

The present study aimed to investigate the health status of the military forces deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq So to improve the health of Iranian military advisors.

This narrative review study reviewed the health status of troops deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan. PubMed, Web of Science databases, and also Google Scholar Search Engine were used for this study without time limitation in English. The desired articles were searched in these databases using the keywords Iraq war, Afghanistan war, and Military health. A total of 4, 610 articles were retrived, and finally 33 articles were selected according to the various criteria of inclusion and exclusion of articles.

According to the findings of these studies, soldiers who return after deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan are exposed to a wide range of physical and mental problems, including respiratory and infectious diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, physical dysfunction, traumatic Brain, and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), alcohol and drug abuse, increase in the suicide rate, sleep disorder, and increase in violent crimes, Social support, coping, and psychological resilience will have significant indirect effects on PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorders) and depression.

As evidenced by the obtained results, the complexity and extent of the health risks in the soldiers stationed in military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan increases the concern about the health consequences in the future. The identification of soldiers at risk and therapeutic measures to increase resilience are important issues that should be considered.