فهرست مطالب فرید کاظم نژاد

Road ecology studies are very important and valuable for monitoring the impact of forest roads on biodiversity. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of forest roads on the biodiversity of herbaceous species, tree regeneration and lichen in the Kalardasht forests. Sampling was done in the sample plots at distances of 0, 15, 45, 75, and 105 meters from the roadside in two controlled and harvested areas. The indices used were Margalf's species richness, Shannon-Wiener's biodiversity and Pielou's evenness index. The effects of roads on vegetation diversity in relation to soil characteristics were also investigated. The results showed that road construction in the harvested stand caused the destruction of tree regeneration, herbaceous and lichen, but the physical and chemical properties of the soil were not affected. By increasing the distance from the road, the diversity and richness of regeneration in both control and harvested areas has increased and the evenness index has decreased. On the other hand, the diversity and richness of herbaceous species has shown a significant decrease. This study reports the distance of 15 to 45 meters of the buffering effect of the roadside on the indices of biodiversity and the richness of tree regeneration, herbaceous cover and lichens. Most of the physical and chemical properties of the soil have also increased with increasing distance from the road. Also, there was a significant correlation between most of the physical and chemical properties of the soil with the regeneration of trees and herbaceous species.

Although there are concerns about the impact of climate change on forests, the impact of future climate change on tree species in the Hyrcanian forests has been less studied. The effect of climate change on the distribution of species usually leads to the movement of species to higher altitudes and latitudes. Hornbeam is the most abundant tree species in the Hyrcanian forests, which is distributed in a large part of northern Iran. In this study, the effect of climate change on the change of hornbeam species height using species distribution models are currently being studied under different climate change scenarios for 2050 and 2070. In this study, various statistics including TSS, AUC, KAPPA, Sensitivity and Specificity were used to evaluate the performance of species distribution models. According to the model evaluation criteria, the random forest model had a higher efficiency than other models in the distribution of hornbeam in northern Iran. The future prediction of species distribution models showed that climate change will have a negative impact on the distribution of hornbeam, which will significantly reduce the areas with the potential for the presence of this species under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 in 2050 and 2070. The results showed that the hornbeam species currently has the greatest potential for presence up to an altitude of 1000m, but also expands to an altitude of 2500m and with climate change will have the greatest potential for presence at an altitude of more than 1000m. Although very complex mechanisms justify the distribution of tree species in mountainous areas, climate is one of the most important of these mechanisms and the results of this study can be a criterion for future planning in Hyrcanian forests.

In order to quantify the response of canopy to environmental changes, leaf area index (LAI) and canopy cover characteristics are used, which are known as canopy photometric characteristics. Road construction in the forest, will change the photometry characteristics of the canopy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the LAI values and canopy cover along the secondary forest roads and compare with the value of mentioned characteristics in the Beech-Hornbeam forest type.

 This study was conducted in district 1 of Langa Forestry Project in Kelardasht. In the logged parcel, 10 transects were established randomly and perpendicular to the road at fillslope was constructed on 1984. On July 2019, the canopy was photographed by hemispherical photography at distances of zero (road edge), 15, 45, 75 and 105 meters. Then, the values of the mentioned characteristics were processed in GLA software based on the fourth ring of this software.

According to the ANOVA test, the values of canopy cover and LAI are different between different distances of forest roads and according to the Tukey test, the values of the mentioned characteristics at the distance of zero meters from the road (road edge) is significantly lower than other distances (p < 0.001).

Due to the fact, this road is one of the secondary forest roads, so traffic is rare on this road, and on the other hand, a single selection cutting method (with low interference intensity) was used in this forest. Therefore, the forest in this area over time has been able to mitigate the negative effects of road construction and only at the road edge has a significant effect on the values of these characteristics.

The effect of physiographic factors on biodiversity and trees biomass is done in series 4 of Golband (watershed No:45) in Nowshahr by sampling and application of six north-south sample lines (1000-1600 m) and conducting 48 square sample pieces of 4 r on sample lines with 200 m intervals. In each one of sample plots, number and percentage of tree and shrub cover, physiographic factors of slope (three class), direction (three class) and altitude (eight class) were collected. Grass cover was investigated using five 25-square-meter sample plots (four sub-plot plots in the corners and one in the center) inside each plot. Then Simpson diversity indices, Margalef richness and Sheldon uniformity were used to study diversity and biomass estimation is done using allometric equations. The results showed that the differences between all biodiversity indices and biomass were significant in different physiographic conditions. By increasing slope, the average of biodiversity indices increased. The highest value of Simpson diversity indices was observed in the north direction (0.78). By increasing altitude (200-1600 m), the average indicators decreased. Also, the highest amount of biomass was related to the slope class of 30-60%, east direction (220 tons per hectare) and altitude class 1400 meters (268 tons per hectare). Based on the general results of this study, due to the higher humidity, the north direction has the greatest effect on plant diversity and the highest surface vegetation can be seen in the altitude range of beech presence and in the middle slope.Keywords: Elevation above sea level, Simpson, Margalef, Mazandaran, allometric equations.

Biodiversity has a very important role in the sustainability and self-regulation of ecosystems and is used as an indicator to compare the ecological status of forest ecosystems. Corticolous lichen are one of the most common components of biodiversity in the forest community. The high diversity of Corticolous lichenes in an area indicates the biodiversity and sustainability of an ecosystem. One of the most important approaches to interpreting and tracking spatial variations of biodiversity is to use a regression model. The aim of this study is to model the diversity of Corticolous lichen species.

This research was carried out in section 2 of Shurab of Golband forestry projects in Noshahr city (Mazandaran province). Firstly, 54 samples were collected using rotating forest and selective sampling method. Then the Corticolous lichenes species in the parts were identified. Spatial location of all sample plots was recorded using GPS. All skin lichens were collected in each sample plot. Collected specimens were identified using valid lithological sources as well as laboratory methods. In this study, to determine the biodiversity in the next step, the values of Shannon Wiener and N1-Hill diversity indices and J-Pilo uniformity index were calculated for each of the sample plots. Then, a map of geographical and topographic factors affecting diversity including distance from road and distance from waterway and slope, height, wetting index, flow strength index and erodibility factor was prepared. weighted geographical regression and Ordinary Least Squares for modeling were used.

In this study, 17 species of lichens belonging to 14 genera and 11 families were identified. The results showed that the weighted geographical regression for Shannon Wiener, N1 Hill and J Pilo indices based on the coefficients of explanation coefficient and the modified Akaike information criterion had better results than the Ordinary least squares regression. The amount of lichen diversity based on Shannon-Wiener and N1 Hill indices was calculated with a range from 1.24 to 2.98 and 2.06 to 6.99, respectively, and the amount of J Pilo uniformity index was 0.205 to 0.830. Also, the results of Moran I index showed that the spatial correlation in dermatological lichens is significant and their distribution pattern is clustered.

In general, the results of this study showed that the geographical weighted regression method has a relatively good capability in modeling the spatial diversity of bark lichen species in forest stands. This regression model can be used to model lichen diversity.

Altitudinal gradient is effective on biodiversity indices. Tiremrud Basin (Watershed 32) were investigated to find the relationship of plant biodiversity indices. Data were collected by transect method with at least one sample plot per align lines with 50 m interval and 44 plots in total. In each sample plot the total number of tree species was recorded. Micro plots (5*2 m2) in four corners and center of each plot were determined and recorded based on the Brown-Blanket cover percentage and frequency of vegetative elements for sampling of herbs. Bilateral index species analysis was used to introduce the communities of the region. The results showed that the four ecological groups of the region had an average altitude of 2070, 1236, 924 and 375 meters above sea level and an average slope of 43, 50, 40 and 59 percent (no significant difference). Comparison of ecological groups showed that these groups have significant differences in terms of plant biodiversity indicators. Examination of Shannon-Wiener and Simpson-Pilo species diversity index values ​​showed that the first, fourth and two second and third ecological groups have maximum, minimum and average values ​​of species diversity indices, respectively. Meanwhile, in terms of Pilo uniformity index, the first and third groups, along with the second and fourth groups, have the maximum, minimum and average uniformity index values, respectively. In terms of species richness index, the first, third, second and fourth groups are ranked respectively.   Altitudinal gradient is effective on biodiversity indices. Tiremrud Basin (Watershed 32) were investigated to find the relationship of plant biodiversity indices. Data were collected by transect method with at least one sample plot per align lines with 50 m interval and 44 plots in total. In each sample plot the total number of tree species was recorded. Micro plots (5*2 m2) in four corners and center of each plot were determined and recorded based on the Brown-Blanket cover percentage and frequency of vegetative elements for sampling of herbs. Bilateral index species analysis was used to introduce the communities of the region. The results showed that the four ecological groups of the region had an average altitude of 2070, 1236, 924 and 375 meters above sea level and an average slope of 43, 50, 40 and 59 percent (no significant difference). Comparison of ecological groups showed that these groups have significant differences in terms of plant biodiversity indicators. Examination of Shannon-Wiener and Simpson-Pilo species diversity index values ​​showed that the first, fourth and two second and third ecological groups have maximum, minimum and average values ​​of species diversity indices, respectively. Meanwhile, in terms of Pilo uniformity index, the first and third groups, along with the second and fourth groups, have the maximum, minimum and average uniformity index values, respectively. In terms of species richness index, the first, third, second and fourth groups are ranked respectively.

Forest fire is recognized as a significant threat to the safety of human life, infrastructure and the environment. One of the most important steps in reducing the risk of forest fires is determination of the areas with the high probability of forest fire occurrence. Choosing the appropriate methods for modelling of the forest fires is very important. Due to the importance of the issue in this study, first using library studies and expert advices, the most important variables affecting the occurrence of fire in Babolrood basin-Mazandaran province were determined and then the results of three models of dong, artificial neural network and K nearest neighbors were compared in determining the probability of fire occurrence. The results showed that the most important variables affecting the fire occurrence are temperature, rainfall and distance from residential areas. The results of artificial neural network are more reliable than the other two models. According to the results, about 35% of the study area has very high and high potential for forest fire.

A comprehensive understanding of plant associations, especially in transition areas can be achieved by identification of vegetation and study of relationships between plant species and environment. Borders of ecotones and forest communities (Tiremrud basin in the southern part of Tonekabon, Iran) were found based on environmental factors such as elevation, slope and changes in floristic patterns. Totally, 44 plots (20 × 20 m) were collected by the transect method with at least one sample plot per contour line and 50 m interval. A total number of tree species was recorded separately in each sample plot. Herbaceous species were sampled based on the Brown-Blanket cover percentage and frequency of vegetative elements by 5 × 2 m2</sup> micro plots in four corners and centre of each main plot. Four ecological groups were identified on altitudes 2070, 1236, 924, and 375 m above sea level with mean slopes of 43, 50, 40, and 59%, respectively. The first and fourth ecological groups were at the highest and the lowest elevations, respectively, while the second and third ones in the middle of the two groups. A comparison of ecological groups in terms of plant biodiversity indicated significant differences altogether. In terms of species diversity indices, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson-Pilo ​​revealed that the first, fourth, and second ecological groups had maximum, minimum, and average values, respectively. According to findings of this study, ecological groups had significant differences in terms of altitude factor.

Forest fires are recognized as a major threat to the safety of human life, infrastructure and the environment. In recent years, despite global warming, forest fires have increased. One of the best ways to understand fire behavior and thus to deal with it is to simulate fire behavior and how to spread fire. Therefore, in this study, using cellular automation method based on Alexandridis model, fire simulation was carried out in some forests of northern Savadkouh county in Mazandaran province. For this purpose, using the topography, vegetation as well as wind speed and direction, the fire spread behavior was simulated, and the result was compared with actual fire. The results showed that the accuracy of the simulated model is 0.84% which indicates that the model is suitable. Therefore, considering the specific conditions of Iranian forests, cellular automation is useful for simulating forest fires

Climate change and global macro environment has caused many problems. Considered one of the most important urban green space development strategies to control and reduce the crisis is known. The key to success in creating a green space suitable species selection and environmentally sustainable city. This study aimed to select the most appropriate tree and shrub species for planting in urban green space, the city of Chalus in Mazandaran province. This study considering all factors influencing the choice of the most suitable options can be selected and Prioritization respectively. Species proposed in this study, hazel, oak, hackberry, oak, maple, Holly, Holly bags, Hmyshak, ferns are designed to increase the accuracy in selecting appropriate species of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used. According to result Ironwood rating is 14.41 appropriate proposals. Oak and hackberry trees then also with a score of 12.95 and 12.89 respectively were the best. Ferns also had the lowest score with a score of 7.84.

One of the most visible aspects of a forest stand structure, or the spatial distribution pattern of trees in it. Spatial patterns of plant communities, to understand a lot of issues in ecology and forest management is essential. This study aimed to investigate the spatial pattern of land and manage no bearing on the management of the Series 2 Veysar brine is done in the forest. For this purpose, two regions with relatively uniform physiographic conditions were strictly selected and inventory and 45 samples were taken. All land - appeal to its existing location with GPS navigation and some characteristic involving land owners, such as diameter, type and degree of decay was removed. land owners to achieve the spatial structure of the function M (Fig. generalized Rayply method) was used and the results of this study show that a lot of land owners in the area did not manage management area is compared to the more in terms of decay of most species of the in grades 4 and a Beech had been done. In connection with the distribution land owners, the results of calculating the M indicates that the spatial structure of land owners of the masses - the management of 5 yards and started 55 yards furtherfinds that the amplitude distribution pattern in place - if A cluster is visible. Region to unmanaged dispersion patterns, management area was similar, except that the random process manage to showing.

Fire is one of the most important factor of alteration in the process of stability in land ecosystems, especially forest. With even vainest alterations in the structure of forest, condition of the environment changes and micro species in flora of forest like lichens, mosses, mushrooms, etc. Show the highest sensitivity compared with these disturbances. The normal fires that occurred in Kodir Sar forest in 2010 burnt over three hectares of the district "Pymud". Before 2009 fire, a study was conducted on crustose lichens using 60*40 cm quadrates on trees. Then the position of each tree sampled by random-systematic method and registered by GPS was located. Again after 2009 fire, the changes continued. The results showed that the crustose lichens species decyeased from 40.54% to 12.71%, the fruticose lichens from 27.8% to 7.2% and foliose lichens from 20.14% to 2%. As it is observed in the numbers that were mentioned, we can conclude that the percentage of coverage in general has decreased. But the study on the composition of species showed that four kinds have been added to lichens family that include a kind of Lobaria polmunaria Hoffm from foliose lichens, Evernia prunaste kinds and Usnea longissima (L.) from fruticos lichens and Lecanora argentata(Ach) from crustose lichens after the fire.

This study was designed to investigate the ecological conditions of the Northern Forest Region, the collection of kelardasht, conducted in order to prepare the ground first map, 4 homogeneous Per unit 3 replications were chosen. The unit then proceeded to include Marbrday quantitative characteristics such as diameter, height, trunk height, trunk and crown and qualitative characteristics such as health, happiness crown, crown asymmetry were also dug to determine soil conditions in each unit. A sample of the soil surface horizons, was sent to the laboratory for analysis And finally the data using spss software and Pc.Ordwin was analyzed. Results showed that the increase in the number of hectares Breasts Diameter Avery gradient increases initially and then decreases, with increasing altitude, the mean diameter will enhance But the average tree height above sea level has an inverse relation turning to the north side of west. Avery species decreases per hectare, while the average diameter and average basal area of trees increases.

The aim of this research is reviewing the effect of management intervention on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forest (stand) by comparing a managed parcel with an evidence parcel. In addition to help the next planning, to predict the future condition if the current management continues for the next period.
This study was carried out in the north of Iran, at watershed no 45, Seri of Jamand. For the above purpose, two parcels, 317 and 318 with more similarity on type and other ecologic conditions, 64 and 47 hectares respectively were, selected as managed Parcel and unmanaged parcel. The method of sampling was systematic random method. The distance between sample network was 100*150 m and the shape of samples were circular with area of 1000 m2. The primary inventory completed with more samples, because of heterogenity of forest and inaccessibility to accepted accuracy, finally 47 sample plot for managed parcel and 50 sample plot for unmanaged parcel were taken. In each sample all quantity characteristics of trees with dbh > 7.5 cm and quality factors for dbh > 37.5 cm were measured. The results show that although the number of trees per hectare in managed parcel is more than the unmanaged parcel, the volume and basal area is significantly less, In other words it shows the existence of thick and old trees in unmanaged parcel and younger trees in managed parcel, In addition it specified that the reason for the increase of hornbeam species is because of centralized management operation on beech logging which affected forest characteristics. Also the result of quantity reviewing shows that management operation had negative effect on stand quality, such as health of trunk and crown, crown homologous, and centralizing logging on high quality beech trees is the cause of quality decrease in managed parcel.

This study was carried out to effect of dead tree on the survival regeneration in ramsar safarud forest in parcel of 513 with 100 hectar in surface. Then, with a tour in forest, 30 numbers of existed dead trees in that parcel were picked up separately by species and type of dead tree. Then, according to center of dead tree, 5 numbers of case with 2*2 dimension was selected which one of them located in center of dead tree and the others established in 4 directions. For comparison dead tree affect, one sample as a control and all characteristics which affected on dead tree was selected. Results indicated that 66/66% of dead tree in stand form and 33/33% of them in fall form was established. The highest number of dead trees were related to fagus specie with 43/33%. Also, the results showed that between there is no significant difference regeneration in dead and normal trees, but there is significant difference between herb in dead and normal trees.

Lack of proper maintenance and garbage collection gathered in the forest area In addition to making the area ugly will cause soil, air and water poltution. Based on this study, the forests in the series 2 Palhamkooti and Chalous landfill were chosen to evaluate the effect of wastewater on forest trees. Thus, the first five zones were selected in the region and in each zone about 20 meters in width with one hundred percent characterization in diameter, height and health of classes of healthy, drying and try were measured. The results show that in zone two the largest volumes and percentage of species are related to dry Hornbeam and highest volume and percentage of species in dry category is related to the oak. In the third zone the highest percentage is about hornbeam and oak. Highest percentage of species in four the zone is the dry Hornbeam, Maple and Ironwood. In the fifth zone the most species which are drying are Hornbeam. In sum, in zones four, two and five respectivel, most trees are dry or drying while in zone three most trees are healthy in the study area.

In this research the vegetation diversity in the managed (under exploitation parcel) and unmanaged (control parcel) forest study of Fagus- carpinetum have been studied and compared regarding species richness, simplexity, and species diversity index in Golband forestry project, series 8 (Laroochal). Data collecting with 100 and 150 system dimension was randomly- systematically accomplished in 60 sample parcels in an area of 400m2 in a 140 hectare land (5 micro plots with 1 * 1 dimensions has been considered in every plot to count the number of grassy species). The number of dendroidal species in every sample plot and the number of grassy species in every micro plot were written. The mean of different diversity indexes in every sample plot was counted to analyze data and the statistical independent T test was used to examine the significant difference between the mean of indexes in two parcels (managed and unmanaged parcels). The results show that in the managed and unmanaged parcels the mean of dendroidal species richness index is,shanon simplexity index,shanon species diversity index,simpson species diversity index is 2.83, 3.37, 0.78, 0.71, 0.57, 0.79, 0.34 and 0.43 respectivly. In addition, the mean of grassy species richness index,shanon simplexity index,shanon species diversity index, and the mean of simpson species diversity index is 12.8, 13.36, 0.56, 0.59, 1.93, 0.2, 0.79 and 0.80 repectivly.

The ascending pollution procedure and also the decrease of water resources quality have necessitated the suitable management need on these resources for several consumptions. Sardabrood River is important due to drinking uses, agriculture and fishery as one of the protected river of Caspian Sea. Therefore, the study of water quality of this river is so essential in environment-subsistence management system, and the present research considers these goals. We appointed 8 stations in strategic points and 96 samples for considering the water quality of this river, then these cases have harvested two times in summer and fall. The cases from the view of Temperature, pH, D.O, B.O.D5, NH4, Caco3, T.D.S, T.S.S, qualitative indicators and 3 heavy elements including, Fe, Ba, Pb have been studied. results show that water quality of this river severely depends on the type of landscape and human presence. On this basis stations 1, 2, 3 have suitable quality and stations 7, 8 are the most polluted, so they are polluted on the basis of all qualitative indicators and heavy elements based on the present standards. Furthermore Pb in river water in all stations is more than standard.

The Sardabrood river is one of the protected rivers of the central Alborz. It is about 55 kilometers long and located at heights between-27 to 4850 meters above the free-sea level and has various ecosystems. So the study of the flora of the area can be an important measure for the better management of this river. The present study was done for this purpose. At the beginning, four different landscapes were identified, using the landscape ecology method. Then the sample floras of the areas at the river-bed and along the river were identified and collected by the ground survey. The results of the study showed that Chalous landscapes have 63 species from 35 genera and 38 families. The Hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes contain the greatest percentage of life forms in this ecosystem. The forest landscapes have 74 species from 65 genera and 50 families of which the Phanerophytes have the greatest percentage. Kelardasht landscapes have 43 species from 40 genera and 28 families of which the Hemicryptophytes are greater than the other life forms in number. In addition, the Therophytes have a considerable percentage which is an indication of the cold and dry climate in the area. The forest and mountain landscapes also have 76 species from 46 genera and 36 families of which the Hemicryptophytes, Phanerophytes and Chamaephytes have the greatest life forms which indicate the mountainous- forest cover with the cold climate.

Increasing the river's pollution and Reducing their quality is management esseutial for their usage. notifies management. The Sardabrood river which is taken into account as one protected river in the Caspian sea- northern Iran- flows through variety ecosystems. Therefore, for the management of this river, assessing the quality of this river related to the present ecosystems surrounding its basin is the basic task which this research presents. First, employing landscape ecology approach, four major landscapes were distinguished which result in river zoning. Those are consist of the Mountain, Kelardasht plain, Forest and the Chalous lowland landscapes. Then, in two seasons, winter with the lowest pollution rate and summer with the highest pollutants; sampling was carried out in the discharge at the strategic locations of each landscapes. Consequently, eight stations were selected and fourteen parameters including water temperature PH DO B.O.D C.O.D EC Turbidity NO2 NO3 NH4 Caco3 CL T.S.S T.D.S and four toxic metals (i.e., Fe Ba Pb Cr ) were measured. The fuzzy sets theory was employed for the analysis of the data related to each landscape in order to doing river quality zoning. Results showes that the river's quality is significantly affected by each ecosystem and its water quality and quality on Virgain landscape is very sufficient. however in human landscapes, quality is associated with the intensity of human activities. River quality in the Mountain landscape is the best, in Kelardasht plain landscape is moderate, in the Forest landscape is as well and the Chalous lowland landscape has poor quality.