فهرست مطالب فرید گل زردی

AbstractIn recent years, attention to sorghum has increased due to its high forage production potential and drought tolerance in many regions of the world. Since the yield and quality of this plant's forage are influenced by the growth stage, this study was conducted to examine the effect of harvest time on the quantitative and qualitative traits of sorghum forage. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement within a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj. The experimental factors included harvest time at four levels (milk stage, soft dough stage, hard dough stage, and grain physiological maturity) and promising sorghum lines at seven levels. The maximum protein and digestible organic matter yields (22.64 and 17.98 ton.ha-1, respectively) and the highest production of metabolizable energy (65.44 Gcal.ha-1) were obtained at the grain physiological maturity stage, whereas the highest protein content and organic matter digestibility (9.2% and 62.9%, respectively) and the maximum metabolizable energy content (2.35 Mcal.kg-1) were recorded at the grain milk stage. Furthermore, with increasing plant age, the amount of prussic acid, water-soluble carbohydrates, ash, and ether extract decreased, while the contents of fiber and organic matter increased. Among the genotypes studied, the highest quantitative and qualitative yield and the minimum prussic acid content were observed in the promising line MDFGS1. As maturity progressed from the milk stage to physiological maturity, the quantitative yield increased while forage quality decreased. Overall, to achieve suitable quantitative and qualitative yields, it is recommended to harvest sorghum forage at the soft dough stage. Furthermore, the promising line MDFGS1 is recommended as the superior genotype.IntroductionIn recent years, attention to sorghum has increased in many regions of the world due to its high potential for forage production and drought tolerance. In the domain of forage production, the significance of forage quality extends beyond dry matter considerations. The quality of forage holds paramount importance, as it serves as an indicator of its nutritional value and energy content, directly influencing the quantity of nutrients that animals can efficiently acquire from the forage within the most efficient timeframe. Since the forage yield and quality of this crop is affected by the growth stage, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of harvesting time on quantitative and qualitative traits of sorghum forage.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted as a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran (35°47'N, 50°54'E; 1248 m a.m.s.l.) with a semi-arid environment. The experimental factors included the harvesting time at four levels (milk, soft dough, hard dough, and grain physiological maturity) and the sorghum promising lines at seven levels (KDFGS4, KDFGS6, KDFGS9, KDFGS16, KDFGS26, MDFGS1, and MDFGS2. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM (general linear model) of SAS 9.1 software. The means comparison was conducted utilizing Tukey's test at a significance level of 5%.Results and DiscussionThe maximum protein and digestible organic matter yields (2.64 and 17.98 ton ha-1, respectively) and the highest production of metabolizable energy (65.44 Gcal ha-1) were obtained at the grain physiological maturity, whereas the highest protein content and organic matter digestibility (9.2 and 62.9%, respectively) and the maximum metabolizable energy content (2.35 Mcal kg-1) were recorded at the grain milk stage. Furthermore, with increasing plant age, the amount of prussic acid, water-soluble carbohydrates, ash, and ether extract decreased, and the contents of fiber and organic matter increased. Among the studied genotypes, the highest quantitative and qualitative yield and the lowest prussic acid content were observed in the promising line MDFGS1. With progress toward maturity from the milk stage to physiological maturity, quantitative yield increased and forage quality decreased.ConclusionsOverall, it is recommended to harvest sorghum forage at the soft dough stage to achieve a suitable quantitative and qualitative yield. Furthermore, the promising line MDFGS1 could be introduced as the superior genotype.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran [Project number 03-03-0313-043-960461]. The authors are thankful for providing laboratory facilities and all technical support in the experimental field.

In order to evaluate the impact of different ratios of forage sorghum of espidfid cultivar and clover of berseem cultivar intercropping on forage yield and economic profitability, an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons at the Research Farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran. The treatments consisted of eight different planting ratios: 75% sorghum + 25% clover, 50% sorghum + 50% clover, 25% sorghum + 75% clover as replacement intercropping; 100% sorghum + 50% clover, 50% sorghum + 100% clover, 100% sorghum + 100% clover as additive intercropping; and sorghum monoculture and clover monoculture as control. For economic analysis was used partial budgeting method and profitability indices including net income, the percentage of sale return and the percentage of cost recovery in production. The results showed that, the highest cost of production were achieved in 100% sorghum + 100% clover treatment with a average of 49.7 million rials ha-1 and the lowest cost were obtained in clover monoculture with an average of 40.6 million rials ha-1 . The treatment of 100% sorghum + 100% clover had the highest net income with an average of 99.6 million rials ha-1. In the treatment of 100% sorghum + 100% clover the sale return was calculated 66.7%. Also, the percentage of cost recovery was estimated 200%. According to the results, 100% sorghum + 100% clover was recommended as a superior treatment in Karaj.

Clover is considered as one of the most important forage crops of the leguminous family which is appropriate for temperate and humid areas. Insufficient water can severely affect the production of forage legumes leading to a reduction in yield based on the severity and duration of drought stress. Due to the relative sensitivity of clover to drought stress, the yield of this crop is affected by water scarcity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the effective solutions in the field of plant breeding for drought resistance is to identify stress-tolerant genotypes. This study aimed to compare the forage yield and water productivity of Persian clover genotypes under full irrigation and drought stress conditions, as well as evaluate their drought tolerance. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, during the 2017-18 and 2018-19 cropping seasons. Irrigation regimes at two levels (full irrigation and deficit irrigation with supply 100% and 75% of clover water requirement, respectively) as the main factor and Persian clover genotypes at five levels (cultivar Pars, and ecotypes Zabol, Aleshtar, Eghlid, Harati) as sub-factor were evaluated. Each subplot consisted of four rows with a length of five meters and 50 cm between rows. The planting operation was carried out manually on September 11 of each year with 20 kg ha-1 seeding rate. The volume of irrigation water was determined by the Penman–Monteith method and the counter meter was used to accurately measure and control the amount of applied water. In the first and second cropping seasons, the total volume of irrigation water used were equal to 10125 and 11985 for full irrigation and 7594 and 8989 for deficit irrigation conditions, respectively. In this study, the fresh forage and dry matter yields, irrigation water efficiency for production of fresh forage and dry matter, the days to flowering, and drought tolerance indices were investigated. For all three cuts, clover cultivars were harvested at the 10% flowering stage. To determine the fresh forage yield, the middle four rows of each plot were harvested and weighed. To determine the dry matter yield, fresh samples (2 kg plot-1) were randomly selected and dried in a forced-air oven at 65 °C. Irrigation water-use efficiency was calculated from the ratio of yield to the amount of water consumed. The combined analysis of variance was performed using SAS9.1 and the means were compared by the LSD method at P < 0.05. The fresh forage and dry matter yields in the first, second and third cuttings, as well as their total and the irrigation water-use efficiency for forage and dry matter production were significantly affected by the year × irrigation × genotype interaction. Ecotype Harati had the highest total fresh forage and dry matter yields during three cuts (91.19 and 13.02 ton ha-1, respectively) in full irrigation conditions, whereas, under deficit irrigation conditions, the maximum total fresh forage and dry matter yields (68.07 and 10.79 ton ha-1, respectively) were obtained by ecotype Zabol. The maximum water-use efficiency (1.455 kg dry matter m-3) was obtained in the second year and by ecotype Zabul under deficit irrigation conditions, whereas the minimum efficiency (0.899 kg dry matter m-3) was recorded in the first year under full irrigation conditions and in the ecotype Zabol. Drought stress treatment in genotypes Pars, Aleshtar, Eghlid, Harati and Zabol compared to full irrigation caused a decrease in dry matter yield by 24.0, 21.7, 23.4, 23.8 and 11.9%, respectively. Among the drought tolerance indices, tolerance index (TOL), stress sensitivity index (SSI), yield stability index (YSI) and relative stress index (RSI) had the highest correlation with yield under full and defecit irrigation conditions. Based on the mentioned indices and principal components analysis (PCA), the ecotype Zabul, followed by ecotype Eleshtar were identified as the most tolerant genotypes to the defecit irrigation stress. Overall, the results of this experiment demonstrated that in the irrigation water availability conditions, the ecotype Harati and in the water limitation conditions, the ecotype Zabol are recommended for cultivation in the semi-arid regions of the country.

The lack of irrigation water resources in the country in recent years has reduced the yield of crops and threatened food security; Therefore, it is necessary to think of ways to produce crops while saving water. One of the ways to increase production with limited irrigation water resources is the cultivation of drought-tolerant crops with high water use efficiency. Sorghum is known as one of the most important crops in arid and semi-arid regions of the world with its unique characteristics (including tolerance to environmental stresses, especially drought and heat, deep and extensive root system, C4 photosynthetic pathway, etc.). The use of appropriate irrigation methods is also known as another way to increase the production of crops with limited water resources. In this regard, the irrigation methods of alternate furrow irrigation and drip irrigation have been used as new irrigation management solutions in the country with favorable results. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different irrigation regimes and methods on yield, morphological characteristics, water productivity, and drought tolerance of open-pollinated and hybrid forage sorghum cultivars.

This experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons. The factorial combination of four irrigation methods (CFI, conventional furrow irrigation; FFI, fixed alternate furrow irrigation; AFI, variable alternate furrow irrigation; and drip irrigation) and three levels of drought stress (full irrigation, moderate stress, and severe stress; including the supply 100, 75, and 50% of soil moisture deficit, respectively) as the main factor and two sorghum cultivars (Speedfeed and Pegah) as sub-factor were investigated. In this study, traits including silage yield, dry matter yield and percentage, irrigation water use efficiency, benefit per drop, net benefit per drop, leaf-to-stem ratio, plant height, and drought stress tolerance indices were evaluated. Due to the homogeneity of the variances of experimental errors over two years, the data were subjected to combined analysis of variance using SAS 9.1 statistical software, and Tukey's test (P≤0.05) was used to compare the means. In addition, IPASTIC online software was used to calculate stress tolerance indices and principal component analysis (PCA) based on these indices.
Research

The results showed that drought stress in all investigated irrigation methods decreased the silage yield, dry matter yield, and plant height and increased water use efficiency for silage and dry matter production, dry matter percentage, and leaf-to-stem ratio. The highest silage and dry matter yields (79.11 and 17.19 ton ha-1, respectively), and the maximum net benefit per drop (18854 Rials m-3) were obtained by cv. Pegah under full irrigation and drip method, whereas the maximum water use efficiency for silage and dry matter production (34.53 and 7.88 kg m-3, respectively) and the highest benefit per drop (60542 Rials m-3) were recorded in hybrid Speedfeed under severe stress and drip method. The highest leaf-to-stem ratio (0.715) was obtained in the FFI method under severe stress and the amount of this trait in cv. Pegah was about 8.6% higher than that of hybrid Speedfeed. Based on the stress tolerance indices, cv. Pegah under the CFI and drip methods and hybrid Speedfeed under the FFI method had more drought tolerance. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the cultivars under the FFI method.

In order to save water while achieving suitable forage yield and water productivity, the drip irrigation method and supplying 75% of soil moisture deficiency is recommended. If it is impossible to implement the drip irrigation system, the variable alternate furrow irrigation method can produce suitable forage yield while reducing the amount of water consumed.

High plant density is considered as a stress that affects growth and developmental stages of crops throughout the life cycle. Results of previous studies have indicated that high yielding maize cultivars under high-density planting conditions are better adapted to most environmental stresses. Therefore, maize breeders use high plant density to identify cultivars tolerant to environmental stresses. The present study was conducted with the objective of evaluating 97 promising hybrids and parental lines of maize under high plant density planting conditions, facilitating the identification of cultivars tolerant to unfavorable environmental conditions.

This study consisted of four seperate experiments conducted on 21 early-maturity lines (first trial), 26 late-maturity lines (second trial), 24 early-maturity hybrids (third trial), and 26 late-maturity hybrids (fourth trial) of maize. The experiments were carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications at research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, in 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. The late- and early-maturity lines and hybrids were cultivated at plant densities of 140000 and 160000 plants.ha-1, respectively. Grain yield, number of grain rows ear-1, grain number row-1, 1000 grain weight, grain number plant-1 and test weight (hectoliter) were measured and recorded.

The results showed considerable variations in grain yield of maize hybrids and parental lines across different trials. In the first trial, line No. 12 with 8262 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield.  In the second trial, the highest grain yield (6025 kg.ha-1) obtained from line No. 12. In the third trial, hybrid No. 1 had the highest grain yield (9594 kg.ha-1), while in the fourth trial, hybrid No.10 with 8313 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield. Principal component analysis also indicated that the t suitable adapted genotypes for cultivation under high-density planting conditions included; early-maturity line KE781010/521, the late-maturity line K47/2-2-1-2-2-1-1-1, early-maturity hybrid K1263/17×MO17, and late-maturity hybrid K47/2-2-1-3-3-1-1-1×K166B.

Based on the results of all four experiments, which demonstrate significant and positive correlation between grain yield and grain number row-1, grain number plant-1, and ear number plant-1, it can be concluded that maize genotypes adapted to high plant density planting conditions produce more grains and ears in high plant density conditions are better adapted to environmental stresses.

The present study is conducted to separate the effective and influential management factors in the production of clover forage in Iran and to identify its limiting factors. In this study, the data obtained from 68 research projects conducted by the Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO) throughout the country during the 2009-2020 years have been analyzed, using the meta-analysis method. The results show that planting date -3.31%, planting method -22.82%, species +40.14%, seeding rate (planting density) +1.53%, drought stress -16.16 %, and phenological stage of forage harvesting -15.42% justify the amount of forage clover variation. Thus, fall planting in the middle of September, basin planting method, choosing the Berseem clover species (Trifolium alexandrinum var. Karaj), the seeding rate of 15-20 kg ha-1 (for forage production), and forage harvesting at the phenological stage of 10-25% flowering, are the most important management and agronomic factors in increasing clover forage production in cold and temperate regions, and not complying with one or a set of these factors will reduce the clover production and will cause yield gap. Overall, the species, planting method, and drought stress are respectively recognized as the most important factors affecting clover forage yield in Iran.

In order to evaluate the quantity and quality of safflower cultivars forage in three forage harvesting times based on plant phenological stages, the present study has been conducted in a randomized complete block design with split-plot in time arrangements with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran, during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 cropping seasons. The main factor includes three safflower cultivars (Goldasht, Golmehr, and Parnian), with three forage harvesting time (namely stem elongation, branching, and flowering stages) considered as the sub-factor. The effect of year only on plant height and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) has been significant (P≤0.05). The results show that the interaction effect of cultivar × harvesting time on the fresh forage yield, plant height, WSC, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) has been significant (P≤0.01). The highest fresh forage yield (52103 kg ha-1) is obtained by harvesting the Golmehr cultivar at the beginning of flowering; however, the highest dry matter yield is observed in Golmehr and Parnian cultivars. The highest dry matter yield has been observed in the branching stage (11900 kg ha-1), with the crude protein content in this stage being 14.57%. In contrast, the maximum crude protein content is observed in the flowering stage (19.22%), even though the mean dry matter yield at this stage has been 9937 kg ha-1. The maximum and minimum RFV (130.3% and 92.3%) are recorded in the forage of Goldasht and Golmehr cultivars, respectively. Therefore, among the studied cultivars, Parnian, and among the growth stages, forage harvesting at the branching stage is introduced as the superior treatment to achieve maximum yield and quality of safflower forage.

Climate change drastically reduces the amount of water available to plants and increases the severity and frequency of droughts. By the end of this century, it is anticipated that droughts will continue to increase significantly. Drought stress, as one of the major climate events, induces physiological and morphological alterations, which can restrict crop growth, yield, and quality. In recent years, separate research projects and studies in the country have evaluated the effects of drought stress on grain maize, forage maize, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, grain millet, alfalfa, and clover yields, as well as the effects of drought stress on their yield gap. However, if the results of these separate studies were evaluated together, it would have been possible to compare the drought sensitivity and tolerance of various crops. Consequently, the optimal crop to plant under drought-stress conditions in the nation's agroecosystems would be determined. The meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that can assess the aggregate effects of numerous studies conducted under varying conditions. In other words, meta-analysis is a statistical technique for integrating the findings of multiple studies in order to comprehend a problem. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the impact of different drought stress levels on the yields of grain maize, forage maize, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, grain millet, alfalfa, and clover.

In this study, the data obtained from 145 final reports of the Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO) and published articles over the past decade were analyzed using the meta-analysis method. This included grain sorghum (18 studies), forage sorghum (21 studies), grain maize (28 studies), forage maize (23 studies), grain millet (18 studies), alfalfa (17 studies), and clover (20 studies). In addition to the difference in quantitative results between studies, the effect size variance was utilized in this method. Consequently, the means, standard deviations, and sample sizes (replications in each study) for the control and evaluated treatments were determined. After classifying the data, the reaction ratio (R) and its natural logarithm were calculated. Subsequently, the method determined which treatments have additive or decreasing effects on yield under drought stress conditions, as well as which treatments had no positive or negative impact on yield. Utilizing the T-test, a group comparison was conducted between the mean yield under drought stress conditions and the mean yield under normal irrigation conditions in order to determine the significance level of yield changes caused by drought stress. The statistical analysis and preparation of the figures were performed by Excel.

According to the findings of the meta-analysis, the overall effect of drought stress on the yield of all seven crops was significant for grain sorghum (-16.30%) (P<0.05), forage sorghum (-18.27%) (P<0.05), grain maize (-31.75%) (P<0.01), forage maize (-33.24%) (P<0.01), grain millet (-25.66%) (P<0.01), alfalfa (-30.79%) (P<0.01), and clover (-32.14%) (P<0.01). The yield reductions in grain maize, forage maize, alfalfa, and clover were significant under all levels of drought stress, whereas grain sorghum, forage sorghum, and grain millet yield reductions were significant only under severe drought stress. The yields of grain sorghum, forage sorghum, grain maize, forage maize, grain millet, alfalfa, and clover decreased by 10.03, 11.84, 18.21, 20.27, 14.13, 19.74, and 20.37%, respectively, under moderate drought stress, and 21.98, 25.41, 39.09, 41.37, 32.55, 40.13, and 42.08%, respectively, under severe drought stress.

As a result, it is impossible to cultivate and develop grain maize, forage maize, alfalfa, and clover in areas with limited water resources without significantly reducing yield. According to the findings of this meta-analysis, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, and grain millet with a moderate drought stress tolerance threshold could be recommended for cultivation in regions where drought stress conditions are likely to occur.

Quinoa is known as a suitable plant in adverse environmental conditions due to its desirable nutritional value and high production potential such a country like Iran, which has a climate diversity, it will create food security, increase farmers'''' incomes and sustainable production. To study the genotype and environment interaction and determine the stability and adaptability of grain yield of quinoa genotypes in different regions of Iran, ten genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in four regions of Karaj, Shahrekord, Urmia, and Kashmar during 2017-2018 cropping season. The studied genotypes included Titicaca, Red Carina, Giza1, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29, and Q31. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment and the genotype and environment interaction on the grain yield were significant (p≤0.01). The highest grain yield in Karaj and Shahrekord (717 and 2196 kg.ha-1, respectively) was obtained by the Q26 genotype and in Urmia and Kashmar (1614 and 829 kg.ha-1, respectively) by the Q18 and Titicaca genotypes, respectively. According to the results of stability and compatibility analysis with different methods and indices (parametric and non-parametric), the Red Carina genotype was identified as a genotype with suitable and stable yield and compatible with the study areas, with 996 kg.ha-1 grain yield higher than the average yield of all genotypes (939 kg.ha-1), the highest rank of simultaneous selection index for yield and stability, the lowest mean rank (1.56), and the minimum standard deviation of rank (SD = 1.03).

To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative forage yield of clover cultivars under water deficit, a split plots experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, for two cropping years (2017-18 and 2018-19). Three irrigation regimes included full irrigation (supplying 100% of clover water requirement), moderate stress (supplying 75% of clover water supply) and severe stress (supplying 50% of clover water supply) as the main factor, and five clover cultivars (Karaj, Elite, Ekinaton, Win and Alex) were evaluated as the sub-factor. The results showed that the maximum yield of fresh forage and dry matter in all three irrigation levels were obtained from Win and Karaj cultivars and the minimum from Ekinaton cultivar. The highest water use efficiency for the production of lactation energy at the irrigation levels of 100%, 75%, and 50% was obtained from Win, Alex and Elite cultivars, respectively. In water deficit stress, dry matter yield, metabolizable protein yield, content and yield of net lactation energy decreased, whereas metabolizable protein content increased. In addition, water deficit stress increased water use efficiency for the production of dry matter, metabolizable protein, and net lactation energy. Overall, due to the both quantitative and qualitative traits, Elite and Karaj cultivars are recommended as the best genotypes for cultivation under water deficit stress conditions.

According to studies, the agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water and in this sector, paying attention to optimal water consumption is very important. On the other hand, climate change and the spread of environmental stresses in recent years have reduced crop yields; therefore, the need to identify appropriate solutions to deal with such situations is fully felt. Restoring diversity to agricultural ecosystems and its effective management is recognized as one of the important strategies in sustainable agriculture. Mixed cropping as a sample of sustainable systems in agriculture pursues goals such as creating ecological balance, greater utilization of resources, and increasing crop yields. The most important benefit of intercropping systems compared to monoculture systems is the increase in production per unit of area, which of course has not always been achievable and this advantage is achieved only when the plants that make up the mixture are completely different in terms of how and how much to use growth factors (water, light, and nutrients). Therefore, when plants with different morphological characteristics are grown in a mixture next to each other, they can make optimal use of environmental factors and as a result, their total yield increases per unit of area. The present study aimed to evaluate the forage production potential in the replacement and additive intercropping systems of sorghum and red clover under different irrigation regimes.

This experiment was conducted as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three repetitions during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons at the Research Farm of Damavand Natural Resources Department. The main factor was the irrigation regime at three levels including irrigation with 100% field capacity (full irrigation as control), irrigation with 75% field capacity (moderate stress), and irrigation with 50% field capacity (severe stress). Different cropping systems were considered as sub-factors, including 75% sorghum + 25% clover, 50% sorghum + 50% clover, and 25% sorghum + 75% clover as replacement intercropping systems; 100% sorghum + 50% clover, 50% sorghum + 100% clover, and 100% sorghum + 100% clover as additive intercropping systems, and the monocultures of sorghum and red clover as control. Each experimental plot consisted of six planting rows with a length of six meters with a distance between the lines of 60 cm. In order to prevent water leakage to adjacent plots, the distance between the main plots was four planting lines. In this experiment, forage sorghum of the Speedfeed cultivar and red clover of the Nassim cultivar were used. For planting sorghum and clover in monoculture treatments, 15 and 25 kg of seeds per hectare were used respectively. Also, for planting intercropping treatments based on mixing ratios of 25, 50, and 75%, 3.75, 7.50, and 11.25 kg of sorghum seeds and 6.25, 12.50, and 18.75 kg of clover seeds per hectare were consumed respectively. Experimental treatments were irrigated by the furrow method. The irrigation cycle was adjusted based on draining 40% of available water in the root zone under full irrigation conditions. Irrigation water depth in full irrigation treatment was determined based on the soil moisture deficiency (relative to the point of field capacity) at the time of irrigation through sampling. Irrigation water depths in moderate and severe stress treatments were considered based on 75% and 50% of full irrigation water depth, respectively. It should be noted that after the establishment of sorghum plants, thinning operations were performed and its density was adjusted based on 20 plants per square meter. In this experiment, the planting pattern was in rows and the change of mixing ratios was applied based on the change in the number of planting rows of sorghum and clover. In monocultures and replacement intercropping systems, planting operations were performed in the middle of the ridges, while in additive intercropping treatments, a two-row pattern was used and each species was planted on one side of the ridges.

The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of year, irrigation regime, and cropping system and the interaction of irrigation regime × cropping system on fresh and dry forage yield of clover, sorghum, and total yield were significant. The highest fresh and dry forage yields (65.169 and 14.059 ton ha-1, respectively) were obtained in the additive intercropping system of 100% sorghum + 100% clover under the full irrigation regime, whereas the minimum fresh and dry forage yields (4.191 and 0.920 ton ha-1, respectively) were recorded in clover monoculture under severe drought stress. Under moderate and severe drought stress, the maximum fresh and dry forage yields were obtained in sorghum monoculture and then in the additive intercropping system of 100% sorghum + 100% clover. Furthermore, the effect of the cropping system and the interaction of irrigation regime × cropping system on the land equivalent ratio (LER) for fresh and dry forage production were significant. The highest land equivalent ratio for fresh and dry forage production (1.719 and 1.723, respectively) was obtained in the additive intercropping system of 100% sorghum + 100% clover under full irrigation, whereas the lowest land equivalent ratio for fresh and dry forage production (1.024 and 1.022, respectively) was recorded in replacement intercropping system of 25% clover + 75% sorghum under full irrigation.

According to the results of this study, the additive intercropping system of 100% sorghum + 100% clover can be recommended as the superior treatment in all irrigation regimes, whereas sorghum monoculture was suitable only in moderate and severe drought stress regimes.

To assess the productivity potential of dual-purpose (grain-forage) sorghum promising lines at different harvesting times, a field experiment was carried-out using randomized complete block design with three replications in six locations (Karaj, Mashhad, Isfahan, Birjand, Shiraz, and Gorgan) Iran, during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Morphological traits and yield of seven dual purpose sorghum promising lines (KDFGS4, KDFGS6, KDFGS9, KDFGS10, KDFGS16, MDFGS1, and MDFGS2) were evaluated at four harvest stages (milk, soft dough, hard dough, and physiological maturity). The results showed that the lowest silage forage yield and the highest dry forage yield in all sorghum promising lines were obtained at the physiological maturity stage. The highest dry forage (34.32 ton.ha-1) and grain yield (7.39 ton.ha-1) were recorded in Shiraz and Isfahan.  The lowest forage and grain yield were produced in Birjand and Gorgan, respectively. The highest (6.67 ton.ha-1) and lowest (5.04 ton.ha-1) grain yield (obtained from KDFGS6 and KDFGS16 lines, respectively. The highest silage forage yied and dry forage yield, the tallest plant height, and the shortest panicle length belonged MDFGS1 line. Considering the suitable dry matter content for silage forage production, the soft dough stage was identified as appropriate stage to harvest sorghum forage. The highest grain yield stability belonged to MDFGS2, KDFGS6, and KDFGS10 lines, repectively. While, the highest forage yield stability belonged to KDFGS9, KDFGS6, and MDFGS1 lines, respectively. Based on the results of this study and considering the yield and yield stability, KDFGS6 line was identified as the superior dual-purpose (grain-forage) sorghum genotype, and MDFGS1 promising line was more suitable for forage production.

This study aimed to investigate some physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance in grain sorghum genotypes.

The experiment was conducted as a split plots design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Karaj. Irrigation regime as the main factor in three levels, including normal irrigation , mild stress, and severe stress and genotype as the sub-factor at five levels were evaluated.

Drought stress decreased biological yield, grain yield, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductivity, and osmotic potential and increased the canopy temperature, proline, and soluble sugars. Under normal irrigation, the highest grain yield (8994 kgha-1) was obtained by cultivar Kimia. In contrast, the maximum grain yield under mild and severe stress conditions (7633 and 6275 kgha-1) was recorded in cultivar Fouman. Also, under stress conditions, cultivar Fouman showed the highest stomatal conductivity and the lowest percentage of yield reduction compared to normal irrigation. In addition, the lowest canopy temperature was recorded in Fouman cultivar under mild and severe stress conditions(32.40 and 32.63 °C, respectively).

Overall, cultivar Fooman with higher water uptake efficiency than other genotypes, which showed more stomatal conductivity and lower canopy temperature, was able to reduce the severity of water deficit stress in the plant and produce maximum grain yield under drought stress. Cultivar Kimia was able to increase its water absorption capacity and produce a relatively good yield under stress conditions by reducing the osmotic potential and increasing the accumulation of osmolytes such as soluble sugars and proline.

Forage sorghum is a valuable plant that tolerates environmental stresses such as drought and heat, which can be used for direct grazing, green forage, dry forage and silage. One of the most important advantages of sorghum is having diverse genotypes that allow the use of appropriate cultivars based on the type of consumption at the time required by the farmer for Their farm animals. Forage quality is highly correlated with fiber components such as NDF (neutral detergent insoluble fiber), ADF (acid detergent insoluble fiber) and lignin (Gholami, 2014; Moore, 1994). To compare forage quality, agronomists and livestock nutritionists use common shortcut units such as RFV (relative value of forage) and RFQ (relative quality of forage), which are highly correlated with the amount of milk and meat produced by livestock. Relative Forage Value (RFV) is a quality comparison index based on digestible dry matter content (DDM) and livestock forage consumption (DMI), which is obtained indirectly from NDF and ADF. Relative forage quality (RFQ) is also a quality comparison index based on total digestible nutrients (TDN) and DMI, which is more accurate than the RFV index due to NDF digestibility (Moore and Andersander, 2000). Due to the production potential and high growth rate in forage sorghum genotypes and also the high resistance of this plant to environmental stresses, this plant seems to have a good ability to produce forage in semi-arid regions. However, there is little information about forage quality in domestic and foreign cultivars and hybrids of forage sorghum in the country and most of the available information emphasizes the quantitative performance of sorghum cultivars; Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the potential of forage production in domestic and foreign genotypes of forage sorghum and considering both forage quantity and quality indices to the most suitable domestic and foreign cultivars of forage sorghum for high forage production and nutritional value Be properly identified. Eighteen cultivars, lines and hybrids of forage sorghum were evaluated, planted and harvested at Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. In order to determine the dry matter yield and also to evaluate the quality traits, five plants from each plot were randomly selected and weighed in an oven at 60 ° C until reaching a constant dry weight. Finally, dry matter yield was calculated in the samples. To determine the quality traits, the dried samples were ground. Qualitative traits of forage including crude protein content, ADF, NDF and lignin were determined by the Iranian Institute of Animal Sciences Research by chemical analysis (AOAC, 2002). The digestibility of the samples was determined by the gas test method and the amount of metabolizable energy in the forage was estimated using the amount of gas produced in the twenty-fourth hour and the amount of crude protein (Menke and Steingass, 1988). The means were compared by LSD method at the level of 5% probability. The results showed that the studied genotypes in terms of plant height, number of tillers and number of leaves per plant were significantly different at the level of one percent probability, while the effect of genotype on stem diameter was not significant. Among the internal genotypes, maximum fresh forage yield (103.84 tons per hectare) was obtained by Pegah cultivar and minimum yield (63.16 tons fresh forage per hectare) was obtained by KFS2 line. The highest dry matter yield (20.61 t / ha) was obtained by Siloking cultivar and the lowest (8.83 t / ha) was obtained by Juicy Sweet BMR SSH.2 cultivar. There was a narrow difference in forage crud protein content, so that the average of crude protein in all studied genotypes was 6.357, internal genotypes was 6.363 and external genotypes 6.354%. The mean NDF in all studied genotypes was 60.36%, internal genotypes 62.06% and external genotypes were 59.51%. Among the studied genotypes, the highest amount of NDF (69.75%) was obtained in Titan cultivar and the lowest NDF content (54.25%) in PHFS-27 cultivar. The average lignin content in all studied genotypes was 1.78, internal genotypes was 1.71 and external genotypes 1.82%. The average metabolizable energy in all studied genotypes was 2.41, internal genotypes 2.33 and external genotypes 2.44 Mcal per kg of dry matter. Juicy Sweet BMR SSH.2 and PFS-21 cultivars had the highest ME levels with 2.67 and 2.64 Mcal of metabolizable energy per kilogram of dry matter, respectively, while Speedfed and Titan cultivars had the highest metabolizable energy ( Produced 2.13 and 2.17 Mcal per kilogram, respectively. The average relative value of forage (RFV) in all studied genotypes was 99.74, domestic genotypes 96.96 and foreign genotypes was 101.13%. The maximum RFV index among external genotypes was obtained by PHFS-27 cultivar (115.75%) and among domestic genotypes by Pegah cultivar (111.38%); While the minimum relative value of forage was observed among foreign genotypes by Titan cultivar (76.28%) and among domestic genotypes by Speedfed cultivar (79.73%). Siloking cultivar, which while producing the most dry matter per unit of area had a high rate of relative forage quality index, is introduced as the most suitable cultivar in terms of quantity and quality of forage. Among domestic genotypes, Speedfed hybrid was able to produce the highest dry matter yield, but was not of good quality. Therefore, planting SpeedFeed cultivar to produce forage will be recommended in situations where only the quantity of forage is important for the farmer. Pegah cultivar, which had good dry matter yield and good forage quality, is introduced as the best domestic genotype for forage production.

Timely planting of sorghum, taking into account the climatic conditions of the region, especially sufficient water supply, can improve the growth period of this plant in the region. In this regard, In order to determine of economic productivity of irrigation water in the production of forage sorghum cultivars by using of different planting methods in different dates, an experiment was carried out as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Alborz province, Iran during 2017 and 2018. In this research, The main factor was the planting date at four levels (1, 11, and 23 July and 1 August) and the sub-factor included planting methods (direct seeding without pre-treatment, hydroprimed seed planting, and transplanting) and forage sorghum cultivars (Pegah and Speedfeed). In order to measuring of productivity be used indicators of physical productivity (kg m-3) and economic productivity (rials gross and net income of products m-3) and estimating of return be used profitability indexes (gross income and net income). According to the results, the planting of speedfeed sorghum cultivar to hydroprimed seed planting with irrigation water consumption (4790.5 m3 ha-1) , economical productivity od water (20687.5 rials net income m-3) and maximum net income of forage production (99.11 Iranian million rials ha-1) in date of July 1st recommended as suitable treatment based on return and economical productivity of water in the target area.

To evaluate the effect of seed pre-soaking on forage yield and quality and water productivity in late planting of two forage sorghum cultivars, a field experiment was conducted was conducted as split factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 and 2018 growing seasons at the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Four planting dates; July 1st, July 10th, July 23rd, and August 1st were assigned to the main plots, and factorial arrangement of seed treatments (without pre-soaking as control and seed pre-soaking) and sorghum cultivars (Peghah and Speedfeed) were randomized in sub-plots. The results showed that days from planting to the emergence of sorghum cultivars were reduced by four to six days, at different sowing dates, as affected by seed pre-soaking treatment. Late planting significantly reduced forage production, dry matter yield, protein yield, and digestible dry matter yield but improved crude protein content and dry matter digestibility. The highest fresh and dry forage yields (147.79 and 32.82 ton ha-1, respectively) and the maximum digestible dry matter and protein yield (18498 and 2904 kg.ha-1, respectively) were obtained in seed pre-soaking treatment of cv. Speedfeed in July 1st planting date. The highest water productivity for dry matter production (7.22 kg.m-3) was recorded in seed pre-soaking treatment of cv. Speedfeed in July 23rd planting date. Although seed pre-soaking reduced the digestibility of dry matter by 0.64% compared to without pre-soaking treatment, but significantly increased digestible dry matter yield and protein content. Peghah cultivar was superior for crude protein content and dry matter digestibility, and cv. Speedfeed for forage yield and water productivity. Based on the results of this experiment, seed pre-soaking treatment could compensate for the delay planting of two forage sorghum cultivars by increasing forage yield. The results of this experiment also showed that seed pre-soaking and July 1st planting date were more effective on the performance of cv. Speedfeed.

Lack of irrigation water resources has been identified as the most important problem in forage production. Therefore, to increase the productivity of crop production using limited water resources, it is necessary to pay attention to the cultivation of drought-tolerant crops. Sorghum has a high resistance to abiotic stresses and can perform well in comparison with other summer crops. Irrigation and fertilization are not only costly but also are of the most important factors affecting the quantity and quality of forage crops. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the sorghum forage yield and quality, and water use efficiency.

This study was conducted as split-plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj, Iran, during the 2018 growing season. Drought stress at three levels (no-stress, moderate and severe stress; including the supply of 100, 75, and 50% soil moisture deficit, respectively) as the main factor and nitrogen fertilizer application from urea source at four levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg ha-1) as the sub-factor were evaluated. In all experimental treatments, nitrogen fertilizer was applied in two equal parts, at planting and 5-6 leaf stage. In the present study, drip tape irrigation approach was applied (with a diameter of 16 mm and drip distance of 10 cm). Irrigation cycle was considered constant for all plots and different levels of irrigation water were applied. In order to properly establish the sorghum crops, deficit irrigation regimes were started after 2-4 leaf stage. Sorghum forage was harvested at the milky-dough stage. Data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the difference between treatment means was separated using LSD test. A significance level of 95% was applied by GLM procedure of SAS 9.1.

The results of ANOVA showed that the main effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the forage yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), plant height, and quality characteristics of sorghum forage (except hemicellulose) was significant (p≤0.01). Also, the interaction effect of drought stress × nitrogen fertilizer on the forage yield, IWUE, plant height, and crude protein content at the probability level of 1%, and on other quality characteristics of sorghum forage (except hemicellulose) at the probability level of 5% was significant. The highest dry-matter and protein yield (40.03 and 3.48 t ha-1, respectively) and the maximum plant height (224 cm) were obtained with full irrigation and application of 450 kg nitrogen ha-1, whereas the maximum IWUE for dry matter and protein production (6.793 and 0.672 kg m-3, respectively) was obtained under moderate stress and with the application of 450 kg nitrogen ha-1. By increasing the nitrogen fertilizer application from 0 to 450 kg ha-1 under full irrigation, moderate stress, and severe stress conditions, the dry matter yield increased by 167, 181 and 101%, respectively, protein yield increased by 238, 284 and 174%, respectively, forage protein content increased by 27, 36 and 39%, respectively, and relative feed value increased by 8, 6 and -2%, respectively. Overall, in order to achieve the maximum quantity and quality of forage and the highest water use efficiency in full irrigation and moderate drought stress conditions, application of 450 kg nitrogen ha-1, and in severe stress conditions, application of 300 kg nitrogen ha-1 can be recommended.

Generally, the results illustrated that the treatment of moderate drought stress (supply of 75% soil moisture deficit) with the application of 450 kg nitrogen ha-1, along with saving water and producing high forage yield, among the studied treatments resulted in the highest water use efficiency, DMD, NEL, and RFV, and the minimum ADF and NDF, can be recommended as the superior treatment for sorghum forage. In case of severe limitation of irrigation water resources, supply of 50% soil moisture deficit (severe drought stress) along with application of 300 kg nitrogen ha-1 can be recommended.

To identify the limiting factors in forage maize production in Iran, this study has been carried out in order to separate the effective and influential management factors in forage maize production in the country with data. It is obtained from 43 final reports or their derived extracted articles in Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) with meta-analysis method. According to the results, plant density (5.65%), drought stress (-13.44%), cultivar (0.31%), planting date (2.54%), and nitrogen fertilizer (24%) justify the amount of forage maize variation. Based on the results of this study, forage yield has increased by about 9.49%, increasing plant density between 80 to 100 thousand plants per hectare. Maize forage yield has decreased significantly under mild stress, severe stress, and very severe drought stress by 25.30%, 14.38% and 8.99%, respectively. Also, for different cultivars and different groups of maturity, group-700 has had a significant increase of 3.83% compared to other groups. For the planting dates of forage maize compared to the control, which is the first half of June, a decrease in forage yield is observed. Finally, the highest percentage of increase in maize forage yield has been obtained from the use of 450 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer. Overall, nitrogen fertilizer, drought stress, and planting density are recognized as the most important factors affecting corn forage yield in Iran, respectively.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative traits of forage of three safflower cultivars in dual-purpose cultivation.

The present experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the two cropping years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Karaj. Experimental treatments included 9 treatments: three safflower cultivars (Parnian, Goldasht and Golmehr cultivars) and two forage harvest times (stem and branching stage).

The results showed that forage harvesting in the branching stage leads to a significant increase in safflower forage dry matter. On the other hand, different safflower cultivars were different in terms of low-quality and quality forage traits and grain yield in dual-purpose cultivation. The results of mean comparison showed that safflower seed yield was significantly higher in forage-free treatments and the highest grain yield was obtained in forage-free treatment and Goldasht cultivar with an average of 2226 kg.ha-1. The highest grain yield was observed in the forage harvesting treatment at the stem stage in Golmehr cultivar with an average of 1310 kg.ha-1. Forage harvest in the branching stage increased the digestibility of dry matter and forage protein compared to the rapid stem growth harvest stage in all three cultivars tested.

Forage harvest at the stemming stage in Golmehr, in addition to forage production, had the lowest reduction in grain yield compared to the other two cultivars in Alborz province, which can be economically justified in the case of dual-purpose cropping.

To evaluate the effect of planting management on forage production in hybrid and open-pollinated sorghum cultivars, a two-year experiment based on split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Planting date at four levels (July 1, 10 and 23, and August 1), was considered as the main factor and the factorial combination of planting method at three levels (without priming as control, seed hydropriming, and transplanting) and genotype at two levels (Pegah cultivar and Speedfeed hybrid) as the sub-factor. The results showed that delayed planting on July 10th and 23rd, and August 1st reduced forage yield by 15.1, 32.7, and 48.7%, respectively, compared to the July 1st planting date. The highest silage yield in the first and second harvests (106.21 and 62.78 ton.ha-1, respectively) were obtained by the transplanting Pegah and Speedfeed on the July 1st, respectively, whereas the seed hydropriming of Speedfeed produced the highest total forage yield (147.80 ton ha-1). The results of the economic evaluation showed that the highest net income (99.11 million Rials.ha-1) and the maximum benefit-to-cost ratio and sales return (2.52 and 60.35%, respectively) were obtained by planting the hydroprimed seeds of Speedfeed hybrid on the July 1st. The transplanting of Pegah cultivar was uneconomical in all the studied planting dates, whereas transplanting Speedfeed hybrid from July 1st to July 23rd was superior to the conventional sowing method. In total, the results of this study showed that to produce the maximum yield and economic profit, it is recommended to carry out the planting operation at the earliest possible time with hydroprimed seeds of Speedfeed hybrid.

In order to study of morpho-physiological attributes in corn under influence of weed, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was performed at the Moghan climate during 2020 growing season.

The experiment was included 14 treatments; seven weed-infested and seven weed free treatments were applied at regular intervals as 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after corn emergence in which weeds were allowed to grow until harvest, and weeds were removed, respectively. Total dry weight of weeds, plant height, length of ear, total biomass, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area duration (LAD), and yield of corn were measured.

The results showed that all measured traits were affected by weed interference duration and weed control period. Weed interference duration increased total dry weight of weeds and weed-free duration reduced total dry weight of weeds. Also, increase in weeds interference duration significantly reduced, plant height, length of ear, total biomass, LAI CGR, RGR, NAR, LAD, and grain yield of corn. On the other hand, total biomass, LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR, LAD, and grain of corn increased by rising weed-free duration.

The weed interference duration had a significant effect on the final yield of corn and with interference of the all weed season, grain yield of corn decreased. Weed interference duration increased total dry weight of weeds and weed-free duration reduced total dry weight of weeds.

The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of transplanting and hydro-priming in different planting dates on maize yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and some morphological traits of two grain maize cultivars.

This study was carried out as a factorial split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design at the seed and plant improvement institute, Karaj, Iran in 2017. Planting date (July 1, 11, 23) was allocated to the main plot and planting methods (hydro-priming, transplanting and direct seedling) and maize cultivars (S.C. 704, S.C. 260) were randomly placed in the subplots.

The results showed that grain yield, biomass, leaf area index and leaf dry weight significantly decreased respectively, 58.3%, 26.0%, 8.6% and 10.2% under late planting (23 July) compared with earlier planting (11 July). Transplanting significantly increased grain yield, biomass, leaf area index and leaf dry weight compared with hydro-priming and direct planting methods. Assessing the interaction between sowing date and cultivar revealed that highest grain yield and biomass (9193.2, 19767 kg.ha-1, respectively) were obtained from sowing SC704 in the earliest planting date (1 July). Also the highest WUE for grain production and biomass were observed in SC704 planted in 11 July (1.49, 3.34 kg.m-3, respectively).

Overall, in order to achieve maximum grain yield, biomass and WUE in Karaj region with semi-arid climate, transplanting of SC704 on July 1, can be recommended. Also if planting is delayed transplanting of SC260 could compensate yield loss.

To evaluate the grain and forage yield in promising sorghum lines, a two years factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, during 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. Experimental factors included harvesting time at four levels (milk, soft dough, hard dough and physiological maturity stages of grain) and dual-purpose grain-forage sorghum genotypes at seven levels (KDFGS4, KDFGS6, KDFGS9, KGFGS10, KDFGS16, MDFGS1, and MDFGS2). Maximum and minimum grain yields (6847 and 4061 kg.ha-1, respectively) were obtained from KDFGS6 and KDFGS16 lines, respectively, whereas the maximum and minimum 1000-grain weight (35.27 and 22.03 g, respectively) were recorded in KDFGS6 and MDFGS2 lines, respectively. MDFGS1 line produced the highest silage forage (101.73 ton.ha-1) at the grain soft dough stage, and the highest dry matter (38.13 ton.ha-1) at the grain physiological maturity stage. In total, according to the results of this experiment, KDFGS6 line is introduced as the best dual-purpose genotype for grain-forage production and MDFGS1 line as the suitable genotype for forage production. Furthermore, based on the suitable dry matter percentage of forage for silage production, it is recommended that the forage of promising dual-purpose sorghum lines be harvested at the grain soft dough stage. Therefore, forage harvesting from MDFGS1 promising line at the end of the soft dough stage is suggested as the superior treatment of this experiment for silage production.

Studying the interaction of genotype ×environment and identifying high-yielding and stable cultivars is very important for breeders. In this research, the yield stability and compatibility of ten grain sorghum genotypes were evaluated in seven regions of Iran, Karaj, Gorgan, Birjand, Isfahan, Shiraz, Hamadan and Zabol, during two years (2019-2020). The experiment was performed as randomized complete block design with three replications in all years and regions. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of location, year and genotype and all their interactions on grain yield significant at 1% probability level. The results of AMMI analysis also showed that the main effect of genotype, environment and interaction of genotype × environment as well as the first five main components of interaction on grain yield were significant (p≤0.01). In total, the cumulative share of the five main components was 93.61%. Genotypes 5 and 4 had the most positive and negative interactions, respectively. Although these genotypes had high grain yield, they were known as unstable genotypes. Genotypes 2 and 7 were selected as stable genotypes and are recommended to all regions based on the AMMI1 model. In this experiment, genotype number 7 with the lowest AMMI  stability value (ASV) was recognized as the most stable genotype and genotype number 1 with the highest ASV was recognized as the most unstable genotype. In terms of stability, genotype number 6 with the highest grain yield (7379 kg.ha-1) was ranked after genotypes 7 and 3. Genotype number 7 with the lowest value of interaction compared to the two axes (IPCA1 and IPCA2) was known as stable genotype and genotypes 2 and 9 had the highest values ​​of interaction. In terms of other stability indices such as MASV, SIPC, DZ, EV and ZA, genotypes 7 and 3 were determined as the most stable genotypes.