فهرست مطالب فریده عتابی

By using photocatalytic processes, it is possible to reduce volatile organic compounds in the air under special conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the photocatalytic process in the presence of organic-metallic nanostructures model Bi2S3@NH2-MIL125(Ti) in reducing ethylbenzene concentration. The concentration of 150-300 ppm and the amount of deposited catalyst (1-3 g/m2) were studied. By increasing the airflow rate contaminated with ethylbenzene, the efficiency of the process decreased from 79% at 0.5 l/min to 41% at the flow rate of 3 l/min. By increasing the amount of catalyst coated on the reactor wall, the efficiency of the process increased from 65% at a dosage of 0.5 g/m2 to 86% at a dosage of 3 g/m2. By increasing the amount of input concentration. Of ethylbenzene, the efficiency of the process decreased from 94% at a concentration of 150 ppm to 55% at a concentration of 300 ppm. The optimal process conditions were determined at a flow rate of 0.5 l/m, the concentration of ethylbenzene, 150 ppm, and the amount of catalyst, 3.0 g/m2. The presence of different light sources including UV A, C, and visible light could reduce the initial concentration of ethylbenzene by.94, 95, and 67% respectively.

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems. Asphalt plants are the sources of air pollutants, especially particulate matters. The purpose of this study is to investigate the emission rate of PM2.5 and PM10 emitted from asphalt plants in the southwest of city of Tehran, also the present study was conducted to estimate the dispersion of particulate matters concentrations on surranding areas of a mining complex and city of Tehran.

This descriptive-cross sectional study was performed on the asphalt plants in a mining complex in the southwest of Tehran. In this study, at first the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 emitted from asphalt plants located in the southwest of Tehran were calculated using emission factors suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Then, the dispersion of particulate matters concentrations was estimated on the surrounding areas of the mining complex with a radius of 50 km using the AERMOD model for the average times of 24 hours and annually using emission rate, meteorology and topography data. At last, the simulated concentrations were compared to EPA and WHO standards.

The maximum particulate matter concentrations are in the mining complex, and is gradually reduced by moving away from it. Dispersion of particles in the directions of dominant winds has been uniform. The maximum PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations have been estimated about 1 µg/m3 and 2 µg/m3 in Qods, 1 µg/m3 and 2 µg/m3 in Shahriyar, 0.6 µg/m3 and 1 µg/m3 in Andisheh and 0.2 µg/m3 and 0.4 µg/m3 in Tehran respectively in a 24-hour period. The amount of PMs that reached the west of Tehran continues to the eastern regions of the city. PMs concentrations were not significant in the average annual period.

Although dust emission rate from asphalt plants in the southwest of Tehran is acceptable, but it affects on the air quality in the surrounding areas of the mining complex and to some extent in Tehran. The cumulative effects of different industries can increase the potential health risks in the communities vicinity of this mining complex.

Metro lines are responsible for 20% of the total passenger traffic in Tehran. Particulate matter is one of the most important major pollutants in subway stations and increasing their concentration leads to numerous health consequences for passengers and subway employees. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in four underground metro stations (Azadi, Enghelab, Tohid and Vali Asr) and compare them with the concentration of these particles in the open air. Research

Seasonal sampling (April 2016 - April 2017) of particulate matters was conducted in the middle months of all four seasons for one week in the middle months of each season at peak traffic times from 8 am to 12 am, at three locations (entrance, middle, and exit in each station) and also at outside ambient of each station. The results were then compared with the relevant standards.

The main sources of suspended particulate matter in the underground subway stations were due to passenger traffic, train piston pressure, floor cleaning, maintenance operations, wheel-rail wear and braking and the performance of ventilation system in the subway station. The results of the monitoring measurements in this study showed that the annual average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in the four underground subway stations were 68 µg/m3 and 47 µg/m3 and in the outdoor ambient around these stations were 42 and 29 µg/m3, respectively.  

The results of this study showed that in the four underground subway stations, the annual average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were 1.5 - 1.7 times higher than those in the outdoor ambient, respectively.

This study focuses mainly on employing trombe wall systems to provide the heat required for restoring the desiccant wheel and investigating the optimal surface area of the wall for attaining air conditioning comfort. In this study, a solar desiccant wheel was modeled that receives the thermal energy required for regeneration from a trombe wall. In this system, first, the components of the desiccant wheel, the trombe wall, and the insolation were separately modeled in MATLAB and then assembled. The integrated system may be examined in all humid weather conditions around the globe. The results of the model are compared with the experimental results and have acceptable agreement with each other. The model had been developed for cooling the building in July in Rasht city by using the ground heat exchanger. A ground coil was incorporated in this system to pre-cool the process air. The optimal surface area of the trombe wall was extracted as a function of the parameters of the desiccant wheel. For a wall output temperature of 66 °C, the comfort temperature was found to be 24 °C, the humidity ratio to be 12 gw/kgra, and the optimal wall surface area to be around 52 m2.

This study focuses mainly on employing trombe wall systems to provide the heat required for restoring the desiccant wheel and investigating the optimal surface area of the wall for attaining air conditioning comfort. In this study, a solar desiccant wheel was modeled that receives the thermal energy required for regeneration from a trombe wall. In this system, first, the components of the desiccant wheel, the trombe wall, and the insolation were separately modeled in MATLAB and then assembled. The integrated system may be examined in all humid weather conditions around the globe. The results of the model are compared with the experimental results and have acceptable agreement with each other. The model had been developed for cooling the building in July in Rasht city by using the ground heat exchanger. A ground coil was incorporated in this system to pre-cool the process air. The optimal surface area of the trombe wall was extracted as a function of the parameters of the desiccant wheel. For a wall output temperature of 66 °C, the comfort temperature was found to be 24 °C, the humidity ratio to be 12 gw/kgra, and the optimal wall surface area to be around 52 m2.

Predicting the results of the implementation of strategic air pollution control policies is the first and most important challenge for Tehran municipality. The main objective of this study was to define a specific method for assessing the result of urban air pollution controlling strategies in Tehran metropolis using a multi-dimensional decision support system. First, the most appropriate air pollution control strategies were selected based on existing conditions and structures in each zone of the city and then weighed according to selected criteria. Based on the spatial monitoring of air pollution formation patterns in the past and present time, as well as the analysis of their effects, the results of implementing air pollution control strategies were simulated using Geo-Artificial Neural Network models. In the next step, variables of time series and uncertainty variables were simulated for predicting the potential future air pollution patterns and finally, the results of the defined control strategies were evaluated based on spatial thematic layers. Definition of final clusters of air quality control strategies, weighting and ranking of the selected policies based on defined criteria have been the first findings of this research. Also, extraction of time series zoning based on the data collected during a four-year period, as well as simulation of the baseline scenario models and spatial data layers of their output were among the achievements of this study. Finally, the modeling of the predictive variables, design of the air quality control software and the prediction of the results of the the implementation of air pollution control strategies were presented. The results showed that by applying the Geo-Artificial Neural Network models (GANN), the urban managers could effectively predict the results of implementing the air pollution control strategies. The results of this study showed that the spatio-temporal analysis supports the process of evaluation and prediction of the effects of pollution and can be used to determine the best pollution control strategies for the zones affected by air pollution. The final results of GANN models indicate that if the selected strategies are implemented based on the scenarios defined, in the "optimistic scenario", air quality in all areas of Tehran is completely stable and remains healthy, while in the "ordinary scenario" will reduce the level of air pollution up to 70 percent in the autumn and winter season if the selected strategies are implemented compared to the lack of implementation of control plans. The final model of the verification process model also confirmed that the pattern of pollution predicted by the model in each of the urban areas had a proper trend and adaptation compared to the pattern of contamination obtained from the actual results of the field data.

Air pollution reduction is important in health being of people and environment. Applying of an effective and efficient strategy is key consideration in facing with environmental challenges of management and control of air pollution. Recently, the main effort of environmental researchers is finding low cost and effective methods to control of environmental pollutants. Pollution prevention and control account as main techniques of pollution reduction. However, the prevention role is important than pollution control. Implementation of control practices and using of effective devices and technical equipments is necessary to achieve control strategy of pollution. One of the most important steps in air pollution control is selection the appropriate control equipment. Several factors included in selection of proper and technical equipments such as; cost, designing, efficiency, and etc. Choosing of proper control devices with lower emission rate of pollutants would result in lower destruction and environmental costs. Desired decision should be based on different criteria of socio-economic, and management. Choosing of appropriate control devices by consideration of various characteristics is complicated. Recently, one of the management challenges is selection of control devices based on the socio-economical, technical and environmental criteria. MADM models are one of the supportive decision systems applied for priority, and selection of best alternative. These methods seek for choosing the best and effective alternative by considering of multiple criteria. The aim of the present study is selection of air pollution control technologies with considering appropriate aspects of socio-economic and techno-practical criteria. Selection of suitable and effective control devices is key factor in prevention of losing human and financial capital. In this research, MADM technique based on fuzzy TOPSIS method has been used for appropriate selection of air pollution control equipment and pollution management. By literature review and cooperation of air pollution experts, common technologies in fields of air pollution included in petrochemical industries have been identified and keyed. Firstly, primarily questionnaire is prepared and then its reliability and validity were done using Lawshe's method. Five criteria including filtration efficiency, cost, maintainability, design ability and size for rating the control technologies related to air pollutants include of (NOX, SOX and CO) have been considered.  Criteria weighting has been done using Shannon entropy and Fuzzy TOPSIS technique has been applied for prioritize of indicators. Data bank of primarily questions including pollution control technologies about three categories of air pollutants (NOx, SOx, and CO) has been collected and organized to provide final questionnaire. Then, questionnaire has been distributed between expert panel with air pollution discipline to complete it. After that, the weight of study criteria (including; cost, treatment efficiency, size, maintenance, design and build up) is identified using Shannon entropy method. The answers of expert panel to questionnaire were verbal. So, there was a need to be converted as scales with analytical property. As, doing mathematical operations on descriptive qualitative variables were impossible. Therefore, descriptive variables have been converted to fuzzy scales. In this research, triangular fuzzy values have been used. Fuzzy TOPSIS technique has been applied for ranking of indicators. Accordingly, it is implemented during 7 steps including; choosing proper fuzzy scale of measurement, provide decision matrix (calculation of importance degree of each indicator for every criterion), weighting of decision matrix, normalize weighted decision matrix, determination of positive and negative fuzzy ideal responses, identify distance of each indicator, and determination of closeness coefficient of indicators to ranking indicators.   The results of study illustrate that final weighting of study's criteria based on expert panel opinions and using Shannon entropy technique is different for each pollutant (Table 1).
Table 1. Final weighting of study's criteria based on Shannon entropy technique in terms of each pollutant




No.
Final weighting for each pollutant
Cost
Size
Maintenance
Efficiency
Designing


1
Wi ( NOX)
0.212
0.063
0.047
0.378
0.300


2
Wi( SOX)
0.278
0.165
0.059
0.390
0.107


3
Wi( CO)
0.111
0.154
0.042
0.651
0.042



Fuzziness decision matrix of control technologies for three types of pollutants is given in Table 2.
Table 2. Fuzziness decision matrix of control technologies



Pollutant
Control technology
Cost
Size
Maintenance
Efficiency
Designing


NOx
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
(1.13, 1.52, 2.26)
(0.61, 0.86, 1.06)
(0.45, 0.67, 0.89)
(0.68, 0.88, 0. 99)
(0.4, 0. 61, 0. 82)


Non Selective catalytic reduction (NSCR)
(1.14, 1.48, 2.18)
(0.51, 0.75, 0.97)
(0.46, 0.73, 0.96)
(0.54, 0.74, 0.88)
(0.6, 0.83, 1)


Non- thermal plasma
(1.26, 1.64, 2.35)
(0.56, 0.78, 0.97)
(0.5, 0.7, 0.9)
(0.69, 0.88, 1)
(0.53, 0.73, 0.9)


Plasma- catalytic hybrid process
(1.12, 1.5, 2.14)
(0.55, 0.79, 1)
(0.51, 0.76, 1)
(0.73, 0.91, 1)
(0.55, 0.78, 0.96)


Scrubber
(1, 1.25, 1.76)
(0.53, 0.76, 0.99)
(0.51, 0.76, 0.98)
(0.49, 0.69, 0.86)
(0.6, 0.82, 0.98)


SOX
Scrubber
(4.67, 6.53, 8.2)
(5, 6.93, 8.6)
(4.13, 5.93, 7.47)
(6.07, 7.8, 8.93)
(5.67, 7.4, 8.6)


Catalytic
(2.53, 4.13, 5.93)
(4.33, 6.13, 7.87)
(3.93, 5.73, 7.27)
(5.93, 7.67, 8.73)
(4.33, 6.13, 7.53)


Flare
(2.87, 4.4, 6.13)
(3.4, 5.2, 6.93)
(3.27, 4.93, 6.6)
(4.6, 6.47, 8)
(4.4, 6.27, 7.73)


High Stack
(3.8, 5.2, 6.53)
(3.27, 4.73, 6.27)
(4.2, 5.8, 7.13)
(3.07, 4.57, 6.14)
(4, 5.53, 6.87)


Active carbon
(2.6, 4.2, 6)
(4.13, 5.93, 7.6)
(3.27, 4/.93, 6.73)
(4.47, 6.07, 7.6)
(4.4, 6.13, 7.67)


CO
Non- thermal plasma
(2.73, 4.27, 5.93)
(3.87, 5.8, 7.53)
(4.27, 6, 7.67)
(7, 8.73, 9.73)
(4.87, 6.8, 8.4)


Plasma- catalytic hybrid process
(3.2, 4.87, 6.6)
(4.33, 6.33, 8.07)
(4.27, 6.13, 7.87)
(6.87, 8.53, 9.6)
(5.07, 6.8, 8.2)


Flare
(3.33, 4.87, 6.47)
(3.13, 4.87, 6.73)
(3.4, 5.07, 6.73)
(4.33, 6.07, 7.6)
(4.13, 5.73, 7.13)


High Stack
(3.07, 4.6, 6.2)
(2.93, 4.6, 6.47)
(4.2, 5.93, 7.53)
(2.93, 4.4, 6.07)
(4.4, 6, 7.4)


Scrubber
(4.07, 5.87, 7.47)
(4.4, 6.27, 7.8)
(3.8, 5.47, 7.07)
(5.53, 7.07, 8.13)
(5.07, 6.67, 8)


After weighting of decision matrix it has been normalized and then positive and negative fuzzy ideal answers are determined. Then, distance of each indicator has been identified and closeness coefficient of indicators is reported to ranking of control technologies based on pollutant type (Table 3).
Table 3. Priority of selected optimum technologies for air pollution treatment in present study 



Control technology of NOx
+D
-D
CCi
Rank
Control technology of SOx
+D
-D
CCi
Rank
Control technology of CO
+D
-D
CCi
Rank


Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
0.104
0.143
0.5782
4
Scrubber
0.272
0.201
0.4254
4
Non- thermal plasma
0.011
0.313
0.9657
1


Non Selective catalytic reduction (NSCR)
0.102
0.142
0.5808
3
Catalytic
0.038
0.435
0.9194
1
Plasma- catalytic hybrid process
0.022
0.302
0.9316
2


Non- thermal plasma
0.046
0.199
0.8129
1
Flare
0.172
0.304
0.6384
3
Flare
0.217
0.108
0.3327
4


Plasma- catalytic hybrid process
0.054
0.189
0.7769
2
High Stack
0.382
0.098
0.2049
5
High Stack
0.313
0.011
0.0341
5


Scrubber
0.181
0.063
0.2584
5
Active carbon
0.123
0.351
0.7407
2
Scrubber
0.138
0.211
0.6049
3





As we can see from Table 3, Cold plasma technology with closeness coefficient of 0.8129 was identified as the most appropriate filtration technology for treatment of NOX pollutant at the petrochemical industry. It has been choose as proper and selective option due to selective and effective treatment efficiency of this technology for NOx pollutant, very low energy consumption and safe performance of reactor because of very low amperage. Plasma- catalytic hybrid process has been selected as secondary priority because of costly selective catalyst and also generation of unwanted byproducts. Catalytic based methods with closeness coefficient of 0.9194 possess higher ranking for SOX control compared to other techniques and carbon active technology placed at the secondary rank. The main reasons in catalytic priority are high efficiency, availability of absorbent chemical materials, easy and low cost of designing and build up that technology. In priority of control technologies for CO removal, non- thermal plasma technology with closeness coefficient of 0.9679 has been identified as the best technology and plasma catalytic hybrid process placed at the next priority. It has been known that one dimensional attitude to proper decision-making process is inefficient. Also, comprehensive considerations in management methods to make appropriate decisions are undeniable. Fuzzy TOPSIS technique is a reliable method to achieve effective and efficient technology based on different and multiple criteria. Selection of appropriate control equipment using multi attribute decision making methods and consideration of multiple criteria using Fuzzy TOPSIS method are possible. In present study, selection of appropriate control technologies using Fuzzy TOPSIS technique is addressed for some pollutants including NOX, SOX and CO. Recognition, prioritize, and selection of proper technologies with low cost and effective performance in field of environmental pollution control according to effective criteria are undeniable requirements of optimum consumption of project's resources. Thus, new designs of control technologies with emphasize on effective efficiency should be identified. Multi attribute decision making method known as efficient tool in this subject. It is applied for prioritize treatment technologies with low uncertainty especially, in petrochemical industries with high level of some considerations including; socio-economic, techno-operational, and environmental.

The goal of this research was to assess the severity of diseases caused by suspended particulate matters for the residents of the area and the health risk assessment in Sanandaj. The statistical information about the concentration of particulate matters was taken in 2012 from the Sanandaj Department of Environment. The field measurement of particulate matters was also carried out in 17 monitoring stations in Sanandaj for different months during a year by using portable devices. Then for quantifying the effects of air pollutants, Air Quality Health Impact Assessment (AirQ) software was used. Next, calculations were made in Excel for preparation of the input data. Finally, prediction of mortality and comparing it with the available statistics was performed and the health risk assessment was conducted for the region. The study of air pollution due to particulate matters in the city of Sanandaj showed that most of the days, the area was contaminated with low intensity and the days of unhealthy and dangerous including less than two months from June to August. The highest amounts of the average concentrations of particulate matters in different months of the year were seen in the first five months of the year and especially in June. However, the number of patients admitted by health centers due to air pollution, in the winter and April, were the greatest. Most of the air pollution was seen in the northeast (Area A) due to the repairing workshops, passenger terminal and industrial park located in that area. Assessment of the number of patients admitted by the medical centers in the city of Sanandaj and comparing it with the amounts predicted by AirQ, showed that the results of AirQ were less than the real data, while the predicted mortality rates were more than the real data. In terms of demographic categories indifferent parts of the city, the distribution was almost equal. However, it was the highest rate in the area number 3, which had the lowest air pollution. Prediction of health risk in the area showed the highest risk in the area number one and for the people in age of 20- 44 years old. The main cause was the more exposure of people living in this area to air pollutants.  In cold seasons of the year, due to inversion and the topographical situation of the region, respiratory diseases and mortality rate increased in the study area. Based on the diseases recorded in the statistical year, 581 cases of chronic lung diseases,570 cases of angina thoracic, 23 cases of asthma and 39 deaths attributed to air pollution has been reported.

Increasing development of industry And keep pace with the rising cost of energy around the world Has meant that engineers are always looking for items The ability have to transfer large amounts of heat in the area of long and low, with a drop in temperature as well as lower power consumption than traditional equipment . Thermosyphon heat pipe type have attracted much attention. The main purpose of this project Evaluate the performance of a particular type of thermosyphon heat pipe with variable conductivity. The heat input to changes in load or temperature evaporation temperature of the evaporator can be fixed. We did this by using the metal balls in the evaporator tube thermosyphon . According to the current situation and said Laboratory equipment was required by the With to provide for measuring The rate of fluid filling tube , We study on heat pipe with variable coefficients The loss and the overall heat transfer coefficient. The results showed that Performance of the heat pipe is different in the thermal load 30, 60, 90, 120 watts per square meter due to changes in the size of the evaporator . The best performance of themosyphon was by comparing the data on the maximum amount of heat load of 120 watts at least during the inactive part of the evaporator between 0 to 1.5 cm.

Road transportation of chemicals due to occurring various accidents and their hazardous consequences has high importance. The aim of this study was to determine safe distance in the accidents of road transportation of toxic chemicals in order to use in emergency response planning.
In this study, firstly, transportable chemicals -by road- were studied and ammonia, chlorine, 1,3-butadiene, benzene and toluene were selected for further study and modeling of toxic materials releases. Next, chemical exposure index (CEI) was determined and hazard ranking was done. Finally, modeling of toxic substances releases was done using ALOHA and PHAST softwares.
The results showed that, using the CEI index, ammonia, chlorine and 1,3-butadiene with exposure indexes of 597, 548 and 284, respectively, have high importance and need further investigation. In the final assessment that was done according to ERPG-3 concentration, using ALOHA software, ammonia with 2800 meters, and using PHAST software, chlorine with 3004 meters, have the highest hazard distances.
Assessment of the results showed that the used softwares and the CEI index dont have the capability to provide correct results at low concentrations (ERPG-1 & 2). Due to difference of the results using PHAST and ALOHA softwares, and CEI index, it is recommended to use the highest hazard distance-obtained by ERPG-3-for emergency response planning, without paying attention to type of the material and type of the softwares.

Background and Goal: Refineries are the main source of various pollutants, including Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S). Therefore distribution and control processing to meet the environmental standard limits is an important issue in industrial units.The present study was carried out to investigate H2S concentrations and dispersion patterns originating from incinerators of sulfur recovery units in a gas refinery located in Asaluyeh.
In this study, H2S concentrations exhausted from two incinerators’ stacks and also ambient H2S concentrations at five monitoring stations in and around the refinery were measured in four seasons from summer 2014 to spring 2015. Moreover, the ambient concentrations and dispersion of H2S were simulated at average times of 1-hr and 8-hr on 50×50 km2 scale using AERMOD model and the simulated results were compared with the measured ones. Meanwhile, the concentration contour plots and the sensitive regions were determined using GIS.
The simulation results indicated that maximum ambient H2S concentrations were in 1-h average. Assessment of model performance was performed by comparison of H2S simulated and measured concentrations using statistical analysis and showed that the correlation coefficients in summer 2014, autumn 2014, winter 2014 and spring 2015 were 0.77, 0.89, 0.75 and 0.8, respectively.
The results of this study showed that the variations of measured concentrations were consistent with those of simulated ones. Meanwhile, the contribution of neighbor industries was determined. Comparision of 8-h H2S concentrations with OSHA and NIOSH standard limits indicated that there was no significant health risk in this refinery.

The relation between a climate and its vegetation cover is a function of special condition. Climate is considered as one of important ecologic factors and has the most important effect on quality and quantity of vegetation cases. Selection of plants per improvement and recovery of each region should be simple implemented based on the knowledge of that region concentration of special species of each region is determined by three factors namely temperature, precipitation and humidity, which today are named as biological variables. The goal of this study was to investigate diversity of vegetation in Pardisan forest park and climatic adaptation of its dominant species in the region.
In this research by collection of tremendous species of vegetation coverage of Pardisan Park, preliminary recognition of vegetation cover and collection of information such as their names, growth forms, dispersion and application in the land landscape was done. Given the Pardisan Park management didnt have any statistical data of the numeral and position of hand planted plants. The general location and areas of prevailing species of the park was determined and was marked on the map of the park by using GIS software. The frequency of each gens and of each family were ordered by each software. In next step after getting the information and statistics and the values of climate logical parameters related to geophysical station from meteorological organization, we studied them and analyzed their relation to the survival of prevailing species of the park.
Climatology and ambrotermic diagrams and curves were plotted based on climatic parameters and finally echo gram curves of dominant vegetation cover of Pardisan Park were analyzed based on climatology parameters.
Results show that, given that there is no significant difference in the micro climate of different areas of the park, factors such as microclimate, soil, direction and amount of access of plants to water resources play the most important role in the diversity of vegetation even of Pardisan forest park.

Air pollution issue is one of the most important environmental challenges in any country. In Zahedan, moderately, the air in 70 days of the year is polluted by dust.The goal of this study was assessment of air pollutants’ concentrations and determination of AQI in the city of Zahedan.
In this study, after performing the primary studies concerning the climatic and geographical conditions of Zahedan, four stations were selected for air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, O3, NO2, CO, NO) monitoring. The measurement process was performed monthly during one year (three days per month) and the monthly wind rose in the city was prepared by Word Lop and Saba Wind software. Then considering the Air Quality Index (AQI), and by using GIS software, 96 maps were prepared and the health quality of air pollutants was determined.
Considering the AQI in Zahedan City, the responsible pollutant was PM2.5 for all season in 2009. Its value in spring was 185, in summer was 201, in fall was 168 and in winter was 208
The results of this research showed that the main responsible pollutant during the year 2009 in Zahedan was PM2.5. Also during this year, air quality for 208 days was unhealthy for all people, 95 days was unhealthy for the sensitive people, 33 days was in hazardous condition, 16 days was unhealthy and 4 days was moderate for all citizens of Zahedan city.

Energy consumption in food industries is high and increasing due to the growing population, inadequacy of cultivating farms, and life condition improvement. This growing consumption is a threat to the environment and human’s health. Sugarcane industries are considered as high consuming industries which have a tangible impact on the environment and emission of greenhouse gases. Sugarcane industrial energy consumption share among other industries is 4.3% and more than 70% in total energy of food industry consumption. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of CMD application on the reduction of fossil fuel energy consumption and GHGs emission reduction in Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Factory.
The results of the factory energy auditing indicated that one of the proper methods to benefit from CMD is to replace the old boiler which has low efficiency with a new boiler. Pre-feasibility assessment of the environmental and economical aspects of implementing the project has been calculated using “Proform” software. It ran through three scenarios assuming the investment, installation, and maintenance costs; the new boiler consumption rate with higher efficiency and cost-effectiveness of replacing the new system with the old one having lower efficiency. Calculation was based on carbon credit value in global market.
As results show in case if scenario C is applied, the Net Present Value (NPV) will equal 21,000,000 dollars and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) will become 39.18%. Carbon credit was considered 20 dollars based on the reduction of CO2 equivalent which was calculated by carbon supply and demand market for CERs of CDM projects that are sold and purchased in carbon exchange market. IRR is higher than 16% discount rate; consequently, it proves that implementing such a project is cost-effective. Provided that the new high efficient boiler is used, the emission of CO2 equivalent during implementing the project-25 years- will reduce to 763,353 ton equal to CO2 equivalent; furthermore, 13,607,000 GJ is saved on consumption of natural gas.
Considering the boilers with high energy consumption and low efficiency in this factory, the replacement of old boiler with the new one through CDM project is cost effective

Background and Molasses is colored, toxic and non-biodegradable compound which is found in the wastewater of fermentation industries. This study investigated the kinetic and efficiency of molass dye removal and mineralization in the yeast wastewater using nanocomposite catalysts in ozonation process.
The catalytic ozonation process (COP) of colored effluent of biological treatment of yeast production factory was carried out using semi-continuous flow cylindrical reactor and the effects of operational parameters such as initial pH value (4-10) and reaction time (5-60 min) on removal efficiency of dye and mineralization were investigated. After determining the kinetic parameters of reaction, the effects of some other parameters such as adsorption and reuse of the catalyst were calculated and the efficiency was compared with single ozonation process (SOP) and granular carbon as catalyst.
The removal efficiency of dye of molass factories effluent and its kinetic, at the condition of initial dye concentration 4521 ADMI, catalyst concentration 2 g/L and 60 min reaction time were 95% and 0.045 min-1, respectively; while these parameters in SOP and granular activated carbon as catalyst were 71% with 0.018 min-1 and 86% with 0.028 min-1, respectively. But, the mineralization and its kinetic in COP were 74% and 0.023 min-1, respectively, in which initial TOC was decreased from 510 mg/L to 132 mg/L.
The nanocomposite was found to have the best efficiency in dye degradation and TOC removal and it is easy to recover and reuse over and over by magnet. The main mechanism of dye degradation in COP was chemical oxidation and less occurred by adsorption.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been simultaneously measured at industrial cities and inside the buildings as well. These compounds are concerned for their influences on indoor air quality and thus on human health. This study was, therefore, aimed to determine the relationship between VOCs concentration in indoor and outdoor environments of two administrative offices in the center of Tehran.
In the present work, indoor/outdoor concentrations of VOCs were measured in totally 143 rooms of two Petroleum Industry Health Organization administrative buildings in winter. Ethical issues with regard to obtaining the required permits were considered. First Check (model 6000) was used to measure VOCs concentration. Natural ventilation was calculated using the rate of air changes per hour in the indoor environment. Tables given by authorized organizations were exploited as well.
The results indicated that indoor/outdoor concentration ratios for volatile organic compounds ranged from 1 to 2 for office building No.1. This ratio ranged from 0.5 to 1 for office building No.2. The indoor concentrations of totally measured VOCs in these two office buildings were 1006.23±179.39 ppb and 645.44±123.42 ppb, respectively.
Indoor concentrations of most studied volatile organic compounds were higher than their corresponding outdoor values. Office building No.1 experienced higher concentrations of measured VOCs as compared with office building No.2. The measured concentrations were higher in office rooms with 1 air change per hour than rooms having 1.5 air changes per hour.

Air pollution is one of the most important factors in conflict with environmental quality in many cities around the world that can have negative effects on human health. Emission control from industrial and domestic sources in line with the objectives of sustainable development is an important and challenging problem. Decision making with regard to various indices of social، economic، and operational، is complicated. The aim of the present study are weighting، prioritization and selection of appropriate filtration technology with consideration of technical aspects، economic، high performance and low uncertainty. In this study a fuzzy TOPSIS method was used for weighting and ranking of air pollutant filtration technologies. Five research criteria were included: efficiency، cost، maintenance، design and size. This five criteria were considered for ranking of air pollutant filtration technologies related toNH3، PM، and VOCs. According to the results HEPA filters with coefficient of 0. 923 were identified as the most appropriate filtration technology for the particles in the petrochemical industry. Chemical absorption with coefficient of 867/0 for controlling particulate matter and plasma chemical technology with coefficient of 9586/0 for controlling VOCs were identified as the best technology. TOPSIS is one of the most reliable scientific and managerial methods of decision-making. In this study selecting the appropriate filtration technology for air pollutants including NH3، PPM، VOCs was addressed by using TOPSIS fuzzy method.

Occupational accidents may occur in any types of activities. Carrying out daily activities such as repairing and maintaining are one of the work phases that have high risck. Despite the issuance of work permits or work license systems for controling the risks of non-routine activities, the high rate of accidents during activity indicates the inadequacy of such systems. A main portion of this lacking is attributed to the human errors. Then, it is necessary to identify and control the probable human errors during issuing permits.
In the present study, the probable errors for four categories of working permits were identified using SHERPA method. Then, an expert team analyzed 25500 issued permits during a period of approximately one year. Most of frequent human errors and their types were determined.
The “Excavation” and “Entry to confined space” permit possess the most errors. Approximately, 28.5 present of all errors were related to the excavation permits. The implementation error was recognized as the most frequent error for all types of error taxonomy. For every category of permits, about 40% of all errors were attributed to the implementation errors.
The results may indicate the weakness points in the practical training of the licensing system. The human error identification methods can be used to predict and decrease the human errors.