فریده نصیری

Pregnancy and childbirth are natural events in the life cycle of women, but at the same time, they are considered stressful experiences that are associated with extensive psychological and physical changes in pregnant mothers. Since spirituality as a hidden source of love, pleasure, and connection with divinity, helps to strengthen and protect human beings against confusion, distress, and the stresses of daily life, it seems that spiritual intelligence can be effective in reducing stress during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and stress in pregnant mothers referred to Alzahra Medical Education Center in Tabriz.

This study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the current study consisted of 190 pregnant women who referred to Alzahra Medical Education Center in Tabriz in 2022. They were included in the study using the availability sampling method. Questionnaires on spiritual intelligence (with subscales of understanding and connection with the source of existence and spiritual life with reliance on the inner core) and perceived stress (with subscales of negative perceived stress and positive perceived stress) were utilized for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including an independent t-test, an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson's correlation coefficient.

This study showed that there was no significant difference between the mean of total perceived stress and the positive dimension of perceived stress with the demographic characteristics of the participants. However, there was a significant difference between the mean score of the negative dimension of perceived stress and the history of abortion. A significant correlation was found between the negative and positive dimensions of perceived stress and the source of existence (a small scale of spiritual intelligence), with correlation coefficients of 0.154 (P= 0.04) and 0.224 (P<0.001), respectively. Also, the correlation between the score of spiritual life with reliance on the inner core (from the subscale of spiritual intelligence) and the negative dimension of perceived stress was significant, with a correlation coefficient of 0.234 (P< 0.001).

Given the results of this study with respect to the correlation between understanding the connection with the source of existence and perceived stress in the negative and positive dimensions, it seems that women's possession of spiritual intelligence and connection with the source of existence can reduce their stress during pregnancy and ultimately improve the health status of mothers and babies.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the components of assertiveness in elementary school social studies textbooks. The statistical population comprised all the social studies textbooks of the elementary school, in which all the sentences, pictures and worksheets were analyzed. We used a researcher-made checklist based on content analysis to collect the data. The Shannon Entropy and TOPSIS methods were used to analyze the data.The results showed that the highest coefficient of importance was related to the sub-component of "ability to say no" and the lowest coefficient of importance was related to the sub-component of "criticism and evaluation". According to the score obtained through TOPSIS the 6th grade textbook ranked 1st and the 4th grade textbook ranked last. Therefore, there is no balance in the content of elementary social studies textbooks.

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the objective structure of the classroom with creativity and the mediating role of basic needs. For this purpose, a descriptive-correlational research design was used. The statistical population of this research is all the male and female students of the second year of Semnan secondary school in the academic year 1401-1400, of which 220 were randomly selected. The research data were collected by Abedi's creativity questionnaires, the perceived structure of the classroom (Mighli et al.) and the basic psychological needs of LaGuardia et al. And then statistical analysis was done using structural equation modeling with SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that the effect of mastery and functional goal orientation on basic needs is positive and significant. Also, there is a significant relationship between basic needs and creativity; But the effect of avoidance goal orientation on basic needs is not significant. Another finding of the present research indicates that the effect of three exogenous variables of mastery, performance and avoidance goal orientation on creativity is not significant. In this way, no meaningful relationship has been directly seen between goal orientation and creativity; But when the fulfillment of basic needs in the individual is strengthened by increasing the level of independence, competence and communication, creativity can be promoted in the objective structure of the classroom.

Brain death refers to the irreversible state of all brain functions and is one of the definitive criteria for determining death.At the time of brain death, some of the organs in which life is established can be donated and transplanted to patients in need.Because the knowledge and attitudes of influential people in the field of treatment are very important, this study was conducted to determine the evaluation of medical students' knowledge and attitudes about brain death and organ donation.

This cross-sectional study was conducted randomly in 1398 on medical students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.A questionnaire containing 45 questions was distributed among 150 students. Cronbach's alpha was used for the reliability of the questionnaire. Independent t-test or analysis of variance was used to compare the scores of attitude and knowledge between the levels of variables. Independent t-test or analysis of variance was used to compare the scores of attitude and knowledge between the levels of variables.Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between attitude and advertising. SPSS software version 17 was used for data analysis.

In this process, the knowledge and positive attitude of the test subjects play an essential role. Therefore, it is suggested that medical students be made aware of the nature of brain death and the importance of organ donation in regular educational programs. On the other hand, considering the challenges in people with brain death, it is better to complete the

Philosophy of medicine is the overlap of the philosophy and medicine disciplines. It examines the underlying concepts of the overt and covert phenomena of medicine and the associations among them by inquiring fundamental questions. In this review, we have tried to evaluate the various aspects of philosophy and medicine, explain the necessity of integrated teaching of these disciplines, and analyze the state of medical philosophy education in Iran and around the world, in order to emphasize on the importance of this issue and provide practical solutions to eliminate the current limitations.

A comprehensive search was conducted in the Magiran, SID, Noormags, Iranmedex, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase databases, using the keywords related to philosophy, ethics, education, teaching, medicine, medical sciences, and their Persian equivalents. The records were extracted till the end of Bahman 1399 for Persian databases, and till the end of February 2021 for English databases. The articles were reviewed based on their consistency with the research subject, and all related articles were evaluated and critically reviewed. After classifying the results, determining the articles' differences, and with reference to the previous studies, the research components were defined and analyzed.

After extracting the chief components related to the research subject and matching its key concepts among the selected articles, the research results were ultimately presented in four topics, including the definition of the philosophy of medicine, the state of medical philosophy worldwide, philosophy of medicine in Iran, and the approaches to integrate the philosophy and the medical education.

By valuing the worthiness and the morals of medical philosophy, we can be rewarded with the advantages of integrated medical education and philosophy. The results of the previous academic courses in medical philosophy in educational centers around the world confirm the benefits of integrating philosophy into medical education.

Today, issues related to meaning and spirituality are accepted as essential parts of chronic diseases’ experience as they may seriously affect people's attitude towards their ego, illness and future. The present study was conducted to investigate the spiritual health of the patients with gastrointestinal cancers and its association with general health.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 128 patients with gastrointestinal cancer ≤54 years with knowledge of their disease type at Imam Reza Hospital and Shahid Madani Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Samples were selected using the simple sampling method. The spiritual status of the patients was evaluated using the Paloutzian & Ellison (1982) questionnaire & General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and the checklist designed by the researchers, containing demographic characteristics. Data analysis, including the descriptive analytic statistics, independent t-test, correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation coefficient and regression model were done using SPSS V16 software.

Regarding Pearson correlation coefficient, there was a significant association between general health and spiritual well-being (p=0.003, r=0.71). Also, there was a direct and significant association between spiritual health in the religious section (p=0.01, r=0.51) and spiritual well-being in the existential (p=0.001, r=0.68) with general health.

Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that most cancer patients have high spiritual health, this makes the patient more adaptable to their illness.

The cultural orientation of educated academics in Iran with the religious government, is a phenomenon worthy of consideration. The present study seeks to discover students' awareness and firmness to religious beliefs and instructions and their relation with cultural tendencies.

In the framework of an analytical study, religious beliefs affecting behavior were studied using a questionnaire tool. The statistical population of this study were all male and female students with different educational levels in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.A sample of 268 studentswas selected randomly and the questionnaire was completed for them. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and Pearson or spearman correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis.

The results showed thatstudents' knowledge and firmness to the beliefs and religious guidelineshad a significant relationship with cultural orientation.The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between religious beliefs (r=0.59 , P<0.001)and the influence of beliefs on behavior, religious beliefs and cultural tendencies(r=0.42 , P<0.001), and the influence of beliefs on behavior and cultural orientation(r=0.59 , P<0.001).There was also a significant negative correlation between religious beliefs(r=-0.16 , P=0.019) and cultural injuries and, cultural orientation and cultural harm(r=-0.18 , P=0.008).

The results of this study showed that fixations of religious beliefs depend on the acceptance of religious beliefs. By increasing the cultural orientation of students to religious issues and beliefs, religious beliefs will be stronger. Therefore, in order to improve the cultural and religious situation in the college, it is recommended to publish and promote indigenous and religious culture.

Exposure to cancer causes the physical, psychological and spiritual aspects. Spiritual health coordinates different aspects of human life and it is necessary to adapt to the disease. The present study was conducted to investigate the spiritual health, forgiveness and coping strategies in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. In this study, 45 patients with various types of gastrointestinal cancers referred to the Imam Reza Educational Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2018 were evaluated. Ellison Spiritual Wellness Questionnaire, Ray Forgive Questionnaire, and Pargament and Queen's Religious Coping Strategies Questionnaire were used. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, independent t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used by SPSS 19 software. The results showed significant correlation between forgiveness and spiritual health (P<0.001, rs=0.61), forgiveness with religious coping strategies (P=0.031, rs=0.73) and spiritual well-being. There was a significant positive correlation with religious coping strategies and Spiritual Health (P=0.001, rs=0.44). All subjects were informed on the content of the study and if they agreed to participate, a written informed consent was obtained. The results of study showed that most patients with cancer have a high spiritual level. Positive emotions resulted in better self-expression. Religious coping strategies lead to delightful emotional experiences and positive emotions in subjects and it will make life satisfying and thanksgiving and full of forgiveness.