فهرست مطالب فهیمه سراوانی

Painting has a deep connection to literature. The branches of painting can be named; Painting by the Gurkanian school of India which with the support of the Mongol kings and under the supervision of Persian masters. After the Safavid court gave up its extensive support for art, the painting school of Tabriz declined and some artists of the Safavid court migrated to India at the invitation of the Gurkani rulers. The presence of these artists and their supervision of Gurkani's book design workshops caused many aesthetic achievements of painting to be transferred to the new school of Gurkani. produced Persian illustrated books.one of these works is Dārāb-nama; It is a narrative and epic work by Abu Tahir Tarsusi which has not been illustrated before in any of the Iranian schools. the present article, in a descriptive-analytical manner, answers the question: what were the reasons and how this illustrated book was formed? And how did the way of managing the painting studio and the taste of the king affect the works?  The results of the research show that Akbar Shah was interested in narrative and illustrated books due to a disease that made it difficult for him to read and for this reason, the largest number of illustrated books in the Gurkani school, among other kings of this dynasty, belongs to his time But due to the large number of works of Akbar's court, and despite the participation of artists such as Basawan, the first painter of the court, Dārāb-nama's drawings are still weak and the lack of coordination between the images sometimes makes it difficult to tell if the drawings belong to a book. In general, the artistic policies and the conditions of Akbar Shah's painting studio caused the artists to constantly change their work methods in terms of subject matter and style and did not reach a coherence and harmony, at least during his time. Although Dārāb-nama paintings are not very compatible with each other and it is not possible to distinguish whether all these works are from the same collection or multiple collections, but they can be qualitatively divided into two categories, medium and weak, and as before It was pointed out that this inconsistency in the quality of the works is due to the lack of single supervision and the presence of all the factors involved in the work in one workshop.What Humayun intended to start at the beginning of his arrival was to transfer Iranian painting to his court, but the short life of his reign in India caused Akbar Shah to establish the "Mughal-India" school according to his personal views and the policies of his court. that native Indian painters should also be involved in the process of its formation, because Akbar Shah wanted this style to be rooted in the soil of India and spread and continue. Although many Indian painters were trained under the supervision of Iranian masters, the introduction of Indian elements into this style of painting was inevitable and approved and supported by Akbar Shah. The "Indian and Iranian" style of painting, which was founded by Humayun, gradually changed its nature to the school of "Indian Mongols" and turned into a style that can no longer be called imitation.

Sultan Hussein Bāyqarā (1505-1468) was the last ruler of the Timurid dynasty. During the reign of 38 years, with the creation of relative calm, he caused the flourishing of arts and sciences. This was possible with the support of his wise minister, Amir Alishir Nava' that stimulated the various branches of art. Sultan Hussein Bāyqarā because of personal interest as well as the policies of his court gave more freedom to mystics and artists, especially painters. The presence of the mystics such as Jami in his court and the formation of many circles with attending of scholars and artists created new attitudes and interest in selected topics for illustrating the books. Part of this transformation can see in the appearance of king in both costumes and the style of royal coronation. Dervish-like presence of sultan at the scene of coronation is a main feature of these paintings. The present research base on a descriptive-analytical method and with using historical documentation study the paintings in which the person of Sultan Hussein Bāyqarā is present and try to show the influence of Islamic mysticism on the royal coronation paintings.The purpose of this study is to find out how mystical issues arose and to identify this effect in the art of Persian painting, especially the scenes of royal sittin  Have mystical schools been able to influence art such aspersion  painting? How did mystical themes appear in the Persian paintings The present study, based on a descriptive-analytical method in a qualitative manner and using historical documents and drawings in which Sultan Hussein Bayqara is present, tries to show the effect of Islamic mysticism on the drawings of the royal throne Earlier, in the field of the relationship between the Timurid kings and mystics and the presence of mystical figures in the court of Sultan Hussein Bayqara, in numerous books and articles, speeches and quotations have been included and the religious policies and attitudes of Sultan Hussein Bayqara have been addressed. These historical documents are summarized by Hamideh Shahidi in an article entitled; The religious policy of Sultan Hussein Bayqara is included. Historians were also among those who rose to prominence during the reign of Sultan Hussein Bayqara. In the books left by him, there are references to the religious tendencies of the Shah. According to him, the ruling religion in Iran and the Shah himself was Sunni Hanafi Islam, but the religious interactions and actions of Sultan Hussein showed a tendency and attention to Shiism, as some consider him a Shiite. But the question is, what effect did the connection and the type of religious view of the Shah have on the themes of that era? And have religious policies influenced the image of the king in the scenes of royal enthronement? Sultan Hussein Bayqara gave more freedom to mystics and artists, especially painters, due to his personal interest and also due to the court policies. The presence and role of mystics such as Jami in his court and the formation of many circles with the presence of scholars and artists caused new attitudes and tendencies in selected subjects to illustrate the book. Some of these developments can be seen in the appearance of the king, both in the cover and in the type of sitting. The presence of the Sultan's dervish in the scenes of the royal sitting is a prominent feature of these paintings.

Sistan is a vast territory in the southeast of Iranian plateau. Hamun Lake and Helmand river are important factors to form ancient civilizations in the region. Archaeological excavations indicate that until the eighteenth century many people lived in Sistan. Shahr-i Shōkhta is an important symbol of urbanization and civilization in pre-history. The excavations of Shahr-i Shōkhta show that this town was One of the most important centers of the prehistoric settlement and also was a social, political, economic and cultural center for entire region in the third millennium BC. By examining the artifacts, we can see the evolution of science and technology in the Iranian plateau. The color of unearthed Potteries from archaeological site include buff, gray, red and multi-colored wares and decorated with animal motives. This study will be addressed the role of communication with adjacent areas in formation of these motives and focus will be on content and symbolic analysis of motives. Motives on pottery unearthed from the Shahr-i Shōkhta is divided into three categories, each with an equal share: geometric 93/7, animal 3/4, plant designs 2%. Animal motives have second ranks among other motifs. The environment and contact with other civilizations effected on them. Animal motives included antelope, deer, zebras, birds (unknown type), fish, snakes and butterflies. The most important features in animal motives are creation the illusion of motion in static motives but some motives are inactive. As well as the possibility of religious belief of people at that time and its impact on select or deselect some animal motives and some other ideas will be examined. This stud