فهرست مطالب فهیمه معتضدیان

The use of fossil fuels and resulting greenhouse gas emissions are the primary causes of climate change, which are among the major challenges facing humanity currently and in the future. Buildings, accounting for half of the world's energy consumption during construction and operation, have a significant potential for energy reduction. One of the fundamental solutions for estimating and reducing energy consumption in buildings is the use of energy simulation. The aim of this study is to comprehensively review the existing literature in the field of energy simulation in buildings based on previous studies to provide a complete description of the research conducted in this area. Using a systematic research method, information extracted from the Scopus database between 1982 and 2022 was preprocessed and classified. By examining 2929 scientific documents and considering the functional objectives of bibliometric studies, trends and declines, the most important articles, authors, and countries in the field were identified. Additionally, with regard to network objectives, influential co-citation patterns were identified, and then hotspots in the field were identified through explicit content analysis of keywords. Finally, gaps and future research trends in the field of energy simulation in buildings were identified and introduced.

Education and educational environments wield immense influence over societal mentality and civilization, notably through cultural and social lenses. Fostering a dynamic, creative education nurtures children's intellectual, social, cultural, and creative growth. Crucially, reforming educational structures necessitates the meticulous design of spaces intricately linked to students' activities, finely attuned to optimize the holistic growth—physical, mental, emotional, and social—of children. This research endeavors to introduce a comprehensive model for the design of group educational spaces, emphasizing the active participation of preschool children throughout the design process. Employing a nuanced amalgamation of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, the study underscored the pivotal role of architectural education, revealing starkly divergent outcomes between control and test groups. Physical elements, such as the interplay of color schemes, spatial configurations, and the predilection for well-illuminated, open spaces adorned with natural light and transparent architectural elements, emerged prominently. Additionally, the study unveiled the paramount importance of fostering spaces conducive to peer dialogue, artistic expression, comfort-enhancing large cushions, personalized areas, circular tables, and verdant, green surroundings. These insights pave the way for shaping educational spaces to meet children's needs, fostering an enriched and inclusive learning environment through their active involvement.

Education is the cornerstone upon which individual growth and societal progress are built. Its multifaceted nature extends beyond the mere transfer of knowledge, encompassing cognitive, social, and emotional development. Yet, within this expansive landscape, the integration of architectural education into early learning stands as an often overlooked but potent catalyst for transformation. This study endeavors to delve into the nuanced implications of introducing architectural concepts to preschoolers, recognizing and emphasizing their profound impact on cognitive and intellectual development during the critical formative years. Architectural education, typically associated with advanced learning stages, extends far beyond teaching design principles or spatial awareness. Its introduction in early childhood settings is poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the cognitive framework of young minds. Understanding the depth and breadth of how architectural education influences the developmental trajectory of preschoolers holds promise for redefining educational paradigms.

The methodology adopted in this study was meticulously designed to comprehensively evaluate the influence of architectural education on the cognitive development of preschoolers. From a vast national pool of 30,000 educational centers, a meticulously chosen sample of 384 preschoolers underwent stringent selection using a combination of robust methods, including the Morgan, Kersey, and Cochran techniques. Each classroom, representing diverse demographics and learning styles, actively participated in a meticulously structured study. This carefully curated sample was methodically divided into a control group and a test group. Before the commencement of the study, both groups underwent comprehensive initial assessments, ensuring a clear baseline understanding. Subsequently, the test group received dedicated architectural training, while the control group followed the standard preschool curriculum. Furthermore, the study involved in-depth face-to-face interviews employing a mosaic method, allowing for a nuanced understanding of the diverse learning styles and individual responses exhibited by these young learners.

The empirical findings from this exhaustive study present compelling evidence supporting a robust correlation between architectural education and the enhancement of critical cognitive skills among preschoolers. Noteworthy advancements were discerned across a spectrum of cognitive domains: heightened spatial recognition (P Value= 0.0325, F= 6.14), amplified visualization capabilities (P Value= 0.0269, F= 6.3), adeptness in spatial reconstruction (P Value= 0.0017, F= 21.307), improved orientation skills (P Value= 0.00001, F= 51.822), enhanced comprehension (P Value= 0.004, F= 14.77), and a notable surge in problem-solving aptitude (P Value= 0.039, F= 5.17) among preschoolers exposed to architectural education.

This research illuminates the pivotal role of architectural education as a transformative force that transcends conventional paradigms of knowledge dissemination. It emerges as a catalyst profoundly shaping the cognitive landscape during the crucial formative developmental years. The exposure to architectural concepts goes beyond imparting factual information; it fosters foundational comprehension and a nuanced understanding of spatial relationships. Furthermore, it ignites creative problem-solving abilities and cultivates holistic cognitive development, providing a robust groundwork for future educational endeavors and lifelong learning. Moreover, the implications of this study extend far beyond immediate educational contexts. They underscore the pressing need for the integration of interdisciplinary approaches in early childhood education. By integrating architectural education at the preschool level, educational systems can better nurture adaptable, innovative thinkers equipped to navigate and thrive in an increasingly dynamic and innovation-driven global landscape.

The industrial architecture heritage of Iran is exposed to natural deterioration or human destruction. In protecting the industrial architecture heritage, mostly physical aspects that have a tangible perception are often analyzed. While, other influential aspects with a non-physical nature are effective in the protection process. The present study is aimed to investigate the intangible aspects of industrial architecture heritage as a neglected values and variables in the conservation process by focusing on Tehran’s Silo.

This paper is a historical-adaptive research and has a qualitative nature. First among the typologies of heritage values, Pereira Roders’ typology is proposed using the logical reasoning technique; Then by re-reading the historical documents of Tehran’s Silo, the values of this kind of heritage are analyzed and after matching with the selected typology components, they are interpreted and analyzed.    

Knowledge in the field of industrial architecture heritage values plays a fundamental role in emphasizing on the approach of protecting the base value. The achievement of research is to explain and categorize the values of Tehran’s Silo based on Roders’ typology in eight primary values social, economic, political, historic, aesthetical, scientific, age, and ecological and thirty secondary values.

The results of the research indicate that a major part of the industrial architecture heritage values has intangible aspects. The exact analysis of the aspects of the industrial architecture heritage values, makes it possible to evaluate and prioritize the values of this heritage and take informed decisions about selecting the optimal type of conservation.

Creating effective educational environments for children necessitates the utilization of innovative and dynamic spaces that foster their talents and creativity. The design of such spaces is a paramount concern in children's education. Empowering children to articulate their preferences in educational settings can significantly contribute to the architectural design process, resulting in more suitable learning environments. This study explores the architectural elements of collaborative educational spaces from the perspective of preschool children. A total of 212 randomly selected children from across the country participated in the "Anna P. Taylor" educational program, emphasizing a cooperative approach. The study identifies and analyzes essential architectural components required for the development of collaborative educational environments tailored for preschool children, including considerations related to space quality, style, lighting, colors, sounds, and materials. The research employs content analysis, questionnaires, student interviews, crafts, and paintings to scrutinize these components. The findings underscore the significance of color, texture, materials, geometric shapes, volumes, and design approaches in the eyes of children. These factors are categorized as internal and external architectural elements within educational spaces, and the insights gained from this research can guide educational space designers in catering to children's needs. This, in turn, facilitates enhanced learning experiences and the creation of more engaging and efficient spaces for young learners.

Green spaces in primary schools, as part of the mechanism for improving student learning, provide a valuable environment for designers and planners to play a role in achieving this goal by providing these spaces. The present study tries to experimentally test the interior and exterior spaces of primary green schools in terms of emotionalism approach. In terms of the purpose of this research, it was applied and in terms of the nature of the data, it was qualitative-quantitative. The statistical population of the research consists of managers, experts, education specialists and teachers. From these people, 180 specialists were selected and a pairwise comparison questionnaire was designed and distributed by the researcher. Using the opinions of experts, six indicators were found to study the green space of primary schools. These indicators are: entrance green space, closed educational space, breeding space, open spaces, rest and sitting spaces, educational space in nature. Fuzzy AHP ranking method was used for ranking and statistical analysis. According to the results obtained from the ranking, the priority of green spaces by considering the three dimensions of instinct, behavior and reflection can be expressed as library indexes first, sports halls second and finally Classrooms ranked third. indicators rank first, gyms rank second and finally classrooms rank third in terms of importance.

In the army residential complexes of Iran, due to the lack of attention to the needs of different ethnic groups and the lack of favorable conditions for the interaction between residents, such sets have a great vacuum in creating a place of belonging and also causing social instability. In order to improve such conditions, we need to use the theoretical framework and formulate indicators and urban components for the promotion of spatial identity and social sustainability. To this end, based on theoretical foundations, we achieved the structure of an empirical model and then, using the views and opinions of the owners of thought in the field of urban and architectural design as well as 150 families of naval personnel of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Located on the shores of the Oman Sea. We sought to prove the model for which the factor analysis method evaluated the indexes in the structure of the model and, using SPSS and AMOS software for analyzing the pathway, a model based on the relationships between this. The factors and their correlation coefficients were compiled and monitored. Accordingly, indicators were categorized in two main groups of spatial identity and social sustainability, which were confirmed by their quality and life satisfaction in reaching a favorable urban design.

Daylight is an essential resource that is readily available and unlikely to run out through an unforeseeable future. Lighting affects the appearance of a place, its occupants’ mood and productivity level. Daylighting is chosen to save energy, avoid adverse health effects of over-illumination by artificial lights, and also for aesthetics matters. By careful usage of natural light and the appropriate control of electric light, saving important energies can be achieved. Daylight presence in buildings is vital for people, therefore daylighting should respond to their visual and perceptual needs. Visual comfort is multidimensional; it is not sufficient to simply provide adequate illumination levels. Visual perception is the most developed sense of ours so for its comfort, glare must be controlled and patterns of contrast should be appropriate. Many innovative daylight devices have been invented that have different functions, such as light guiding, light transport and light diffracting systems. Light shelf is a direct light guiding system that is attached to a window. Light guiding systems refract and reflect sunlight to deeper parts of a place. Light shelf is considered as one of the most efficient solutions for the light energy issues. It is a part installed horizontally or with a slope way up a window to control and redistribute incoming sunlight and daylight. Light shelf improves the uniformity of daylight in a room by reflecting light into the building from its upper surface, while it provides solar shading and decreases glare. According to these features and also appropriate price and the quality that does not hinder the vision, it has been made with an eligible technology. Using light shelves decrease energy consumption. There are many kinds of light shelves based on their features, such as dimension, proportion, slope, material, geometry and form (rectangular, curved, etc.), their combination with other devices (such as solar shadings), being installed interior, exterior or both, being single or multiple, static or dynamic and effect of interior spaces (such as ceiling height or slope) and other matters, these variety of typologies makes it hard to choose the best alternative for any particular situation. Researches about light shelves began in the early 1950s. After a while many experts tended to know much about such systems and various studies have been conducted. This paper reviews the publications that discussed light shelves during recent years -about 43 papers and books- then classifies the light shelves and finds out about the exploration of each field. Three categories of research method, research questions and building functions have been surveyed in these researches. 1. Research method has been categorized to make model and test it under actual sky or artificial sky, computer simulation (such as Radiance, Daysim, Diva, etc.), post occupancy evaluation (POE) and evaluation of light shelf productivity in actual situations, and mathematical calculations. 2. Research questions have been categorized into introduction of a new method, comparison light shelf with other devices, light shelf efficiency, light shelf material, types of light shelves, and space proportion effects on light shelf function, new or combinative light shelves. 3. Building functions have been categorized into residential, office, commercial, educational and unknown. The review reveals that 35% of researches are based on computer simulation and this method has been developed and used more in recent years. Data calibration with two or three methods assures the researcher of the results. Making a model stands at the second position and simulation and making a model together is the third one. About 30% of researches were conducted on office buildings and that shows the importance of daylighting in such kind of properties. Educational spaces were the next one. Unfortunately many researches were operated on hypothetical spaces without any specific usage. It was clear that a large amount of researches were based on comparing of light shelves with other appliances and the results show that light shelves have a popularity and good qualification among other daylight technologies. After that surveying different features of light shelves have been tested. To control glare, light shelves can be used in combination with other devices, and to find the optimum case, all variables should be considered. Dynamic light shelves and new combinational devices are at the beginning of their way and it seems fulfilling as the advancement of science introduces and develops new systems. Finally, the use of light shelves is according to illuminate a space which should be integrated with the electric lighting system.