فیروزه مقیمی نژاد

 The cooperative institution is considered the first and most essential pillar of strengthening social capital, whose stability guarantees the survival and continued participation of local communities in natural resource management projects. Village Development Group and Microcredit Fund are two important social and economic institutions in the implementation of the international project of revitalization of forested and degraded lands with special emphasis on lands sensitive to saline soils and lands prone to wind erosion (RFLDL) in Sarayan city of Khorasan province. It has been the southern region that has brought valuable lessons from the participation of users in the more effective implementation of projects to combat desertification. The stability of these institutions depends on the participation and activity of the members in the decision-making meetings of the development groups in order to strengthen the social, economic, human, natural and physical capital of the village, as well as complying with the regulations of the microcredit fund and depositing monthly small amounts. However, the low activity or liquidation of some of these institutions has become one of the important challenges and concerns of project executive experts. The current research was carried out with the aim of explaining the main factors of the instability of these institutions.

This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method, practical in terms of purpose, and the method of gathering information is two documentary and survey methods. The target community is all the members of the village development groups and micro credit funds in the target villages of the implementation of the RFLDL project in Sarayan city. The measuring tool of the research was a researcher-made questionnaire, based on Cochran's formula and matching with Karjesi and Morgan's table, 96 people were selected as a statistical sample. After validating the validity with the opinion of experts, the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.83, which shows that it is reliable. Data analysis was done using 22SPSS software. The relationship between variables was investigated using Smart PLS3 software. For this purpose, the factor load of each item was obtained.

 The results related to the explanation of the main components of the sustainability of cooperative institutions were classified and prioritized in the form of 4 groups of social-cultural, economic-household, educational-promotional and policy-management factors. Based on this, in the socio-cultural factors, the items "lack of attention to the structural characteristics and composition of groups", "lack of commitment and sense of responsibility among group members" and "lack of a specific pattern for the preservation and survival of groups", in the economic factors, the items " The fund's small financial capital", "low amount of fund facilities" and "the inability of the fund to conclude contracts and attract funds from other sources", in the educational-promotional factors, the items "non-simultaneity of skill training with granting loans" and "insufficient training for effective use" of facilities" and in policy-management factors, the item "non-provision of government facilities to support the funds" had the highest priority. The results of the hypothesis examination and path analysis also showed that the management-policy component with a coefficient of 0-0.581 had the strongest negative and significant effect on the sustainability of cooperative institutions at the level of 99%.

 In general, the results of this research show that policy-management factors and social factors (especially the structure and composition of institutions) are considered as the most important factors of the stability of cooperative institutions. Therefore, it is suggested that experts and facilitators first strengthen organizational coordination and coherence at the level of government officials and, while securing appropriate credits, remove the legal obstacles to the participation of local communities in the implementation of projects to combat desertification. It is also necessary to consider network analysis studies, in order to achieve the appropriate composition of members, in the stage of establishment and establishment of institutions.

Integrated rural development planning is the result of a series of different developments in planning, economy, politics and sociology in the last decade, which has become necessary due to globalization and decentralization on a local or regional scale. This type of thinking mechanism planning It is based and problem-oriented and seeks to answer the three basic questions of what, why and how in a people-oriented and place-oriented framework and deals with this issue with integrated rationality. Planning issues and problems have emerged at the national level. The examination and evaluation of the ecosystem within the realm of global studies pertaining to integrated development planning hold significant importance, specifically in light of institutional pluralism, aimed at mitigating disparities in rural areas. Numerous insights can be gleaned from research outcomes and strategies in the realm of development and rural progress. Hence, the primary objective of the present study is to methodically scrutinize the knowledge network concerning integrated development planning by scrutinizing the co-occurrence network of terminologies and collaborative authorship within this domain, in order to uncover patterns of knowledge, origins, and their limitations.

This research is applied in terms of type, which uses the scientometric approach to review scientific documents. In the current research, the social network analysis method has been used to analyze and explain both vocabulary and authorship of related studies in the entire network. In the initial phase of the methodology, data was retrieved from the Scopus database, followed by stages of refining concepts, and ultimately, the conclusive data was scrutinized utilizing algorithms grounded in social network analysis through VOSviewer software.

The findings revealed that among 93 scholarly works and 191 authors, countries like South Africa, England, and the United States exhibited the highest number of publications, with scholars such as Madziohendila, Van Niekerk, Asha, and Banda receiving notable references. Furthermore, the intellectual cluster associated with Chakwizera demonstrated the highest density within the network. Also, the results of this study showed that researches on integrated development planning have been carried out from different dimensions and in diverse and related ecosystems in such a way that it covers different levels and links from urban to rural spaces. Analysis of word co-occurrence also brought to light 6 distinct research clusters within the scope of integrated development planning studies, focusing on aspects like comprehensiveness, urban planning, local governance, participation, sustainable development, and spatial justice.

The insights garnered from scrutinizing the knowledge network and visualizing its structure in this study could potentially yield significant advancements in adopting a comprehensive, rational, and expert-driven approach to socio-political planning, thereby opening up new avenues for further study and implementation.

Rangeland management is the science and art of range management and administration, which requires technical and managerial foundations in decision-making and planning to protection, reclamation and sustainably use it, in parallel with each other and in accordance with the range ecological conditions and beneficiary's socio-economic conditions, especially the pastoralists, should be considered. In the technical basics section, there are always several key projects, including planting, plowing, grazing management, Inter Seeding, Seeding, fertilizing, pitting, ripping, and contour furrowing, each of which has criteria and indicators. Has its own characteristics. Considering the vast area and variety of physiography and geomorphology of the rangelands, any tool that can help experts in selecting improvement and restoration projects by combining indicators can be useful. The purpose of this research is to use the geographic information system to locate suitable areas for range improvement and management projects in the Chahtalkh watershed.

For this purpose, based on the range condition and range condition trend, a range method was developed for each plant types. For types with excellent to good condition, equilibrium method was recommended, and for types with moderate condition, natural method and consequently grazing systems were recommended. Artificial or improvement range management, were considered for types that were poor and very poor. In the next step, the homogeneous baseline maps were prepared by combining altitude, slope and direction maps. Subsequently, the homogeneous layer was combined with plant types layer and the final homogeneous units. Based on the rangeland condition and suitability yield of plant types, geological maps, soil characteristics, iso-therms, iso-rain and water resources, the characteristics of each homogeneous unit were extracted in GIS environment. Considering effective ecological and environmental criteria and indices to perform range improvement and management operations and to match the characteristics of each homogenous unit, the type of rangeland management and management operations in each homogenous unit was proposed and based on this, a round map was prepared. Finally, by superimposing the map of range improvement and management operations and customary systems, the range management model of the region was presented.

According to the results, a wide range of rangelands have poor and very poor conditions that require artificial range management. The resulting management model showed that in 10.6% of rangelands, contour farro, in 8.3%, pitting and in 5.9%, ripping is recommended. In 29.3% of rangelands, grazing management and in 14.6% prevent livestock from entering (exclosure) are recommended.

The model presented in the Chah Talkh watershed, which was obtained by combining the layers of RANGE condition and range condition trend, suitability yield of plant types, land use, soil texture and depth, elevation class, slope and direction, temperature and rainfall lines, and the map of customary systems, can play a significant role in provide a comprehensive and all-round management. The model enables quick and easy access to all ecological and environmental criteria and environmental parameters for effective range improvement and range management. In this regard, weighting indicators and using multi-variable decision-making tools can play an important role in more precisely choosing suitable places for range improvement and revitalization projects.

The increasing popularity and trade of medicinal plants on the one hand, and the expansion of polluting water, soil and air resources on the other hand, have made the health, safety and quality of medicinal plants raw materials and their processed products a major concern of world organizations. Become more and more diverse and implement various research projects in this field. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cadmium heavy metal on the phytochemical properties of licorice in a completely randomized design with cadmium treatment at 6 concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 (ppm)) and 4 replications. Potted cultivation (24 pots in total) was performed. After planting substrate and spraying cadmium heavy metal nitrate with above mentioned concentrations, licorice rhizomes were cultured in pots and kept in greenhouse for 7 months. Finally, dried and powdered plant samples (in two sections of aerial parts) were transferred to laboratory for measurement of phytochemical properties. The measured variables in the underground organs were glycyrrhizic acid, glabridine, liquoritin and in the aerial parts of routine and catechin flavonoids. Extraction was performed by ultrasonic and solvent methods. The best solvent for extraction of active substances in aerial and ground organs was determined after ethanol: water (70:30) tests and the measurements were performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Comparison of mean cadmium concentrations in the studied concentrations showed that increasing the concentration of this element in soil had a significant effect on glycerolic acid, glabridine and liquoritin levels in groundwater and routine flavonoids and catechins in aerial parts of licorice. In this regard, glyceric acid and liquoritin were the most additive effects at concentration of 10 (ppm), 70.12 and 56.44%, and glabridine at concentration of 20 (ppm) at 51.70%, respectively. It also showed that the amount of active substances in licorice underground increased initially with cadmium treatment and then decreased with increasing concentration of heavy metal.

Precipitation deficiency, its uneven spatio-temporal distribution, groundwater decline, and water loss in traditional irrigation systems, make it necessary to introduce appropriate solutions to improve the soils in arid areas. Meanwhile, the optimal use of rainfall, should be a priority in water-scarce areas. Achieving these objectives can be an effective factor in reduction of irrigation costs in planting projects in desert areas. The effect of these supplements on plant traits has been less studied. In this regard, the effect of Abyar and Absar irrigation supplements on the amount and duration of irrigation and soil properties of planting areas has been investigated. Therefore, this study investigates the efficiency of different concentrations of two irrigation supplements on some morphological characteristics (plant traits) of A. canescens in vitro conditions.

A completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications at concentrations of 1:1000, 1:2500 and 1:5000 in a five-months period under greenhouse conditions. In addition, the structural and biomass traits of aerial and underside of A.canescens rootstocks were measured in different treatments. At the end of the research period and removal of seedlings from the soil, plant traits of aerial parts and subsurface, including; shoot length, shoot weight, shoot dry weight, and increase shoot height and root length, root weight and root dry weight were measured for each replication. The statistical analysis was performed by using Duncan test.

The results showed that the effect of supplements on root length and fresh and dry weight of the plant was not significant. Based on the results, the effect of supplements on root width was increasing and had a significant effect at 95% confidence level. the effect of supplements on the length, weight and dryness of the shoot was significant and increasing. However, the effect of supplements on increasing the height of the aerial part was significantly reduced at 95% confidence level. Overall, an increase in the concentration of the supplements showed a negative effect on the structural and biomass traits of aerial and species. Therefore, the use of irrigation supplements with low concentrations (1:1000 and 1:2500) for structural and biomass of A.canescens transplants is recommended in greenhouse conditions and before their transfer to the natural environment.

The use of Abyar & Absar, has negative effects on the structural and biomass traits of aerial parts and root of A. canescens. Also, it had a significant effect on root width only among root characteristics. The effect of supplements on the amount of root length and their wet and dry weight was not significant. The effect of supplements on the width, length, weight and dryness of the shoot was significant and increasing. It is suggested to investigate the effects of irrigation supplements on plant traits and characteristics of different species in different field conditions as well as other concentrations.

 Toxicity of heavy metals and their accumulation in soil, plant and food chains is one of the main environmental and health problems of today's societies. In this regard, the impact of these metals on valuable medicinal plants and forages that enter into the food chain through human and animal consumption is of particular importance. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is one of the most valuable species which is important in the world due to the presence of important medicinal and nutritional compounds in its roots and rhizomes and has been considered by the pharmaceutical and food industries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of heavy metals of lead and cadmium on the absorption of high consumption nutrients and also the accumulation of these elements in the tissues of the lichen plant.

  This research was carried out in a completely randomized design with two treatments of lead and cadmium in 4 replicates and 6 concentrations in pot culture (a total of 48 pots). The treatments consisted of concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 (ppm) for cadmium and zero, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 (ppm) for lead. After preparing bedding and spraying a heavy metal salts solution of lead and cadmium with the above concentrations, rhizomes were cultivated in pots and placed in the greenhouse for 7 months under irrigation and care. Finally, samples of soil and plant (in two parts of the air and underground organs) were prepared and transferred to the laboratory for acid digestion and extraction of lead and cadmium. To assess the plant's ability, TF, BCF and BAC indices were also used to evaluate the accumulation capacity of these elements.

  The results of the comparison of the mean of lead and cadmium in the studied concentrations showed that increasing the concentration of these two elements in the soil did not have a significant effect on the amount of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium and organic matter in the aerial and underground parts of this plant. While the increase in the concentration of cadmium in the soil has a significant reducing effect on the amount of this metal in the air and underground organs and the amount of nitrogen in the air. Also, the increase in lead concentration has a significant effect on the amount of this metal in the air and underground organs and the amount of phosphorus and nitrogen in the air.

 The results of the study on the accumulation and transfer of cadmium and lead in the lichen plant showed that the plant could play the role of stabilizing plant and extractive plant in these two heavy metals, respectively

The aim of the this study was to investigate the allelopathic effect of aerial and underground tissues of mountain sagebrush (Artemisia aucheri) on seed germination properties, seedling length, number of leaves, seedling dry weight and seed vigor of Festuca arundinaseae species. For this purpose, species of Ar. aucheri selected from Taleghan rangelands in Tehran Province. Then for 72 hours aerial and underground issues were exposed to direct sunlight. After air drying, obtained powder was used to do the experiment. The provided powder of 3, 6 and 9 grams from aerial and underground tissues of sagebrush mountion (Ar. aucheri)  was mixed with 900 grams of sand in pots and arranged in a completely randomized with four replications. 10 seeds from Festucaarundinaceae  were planted in each pot to 2-3 cm depth and germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, seeding length, leaf number, seedling weight and seed vigor was measured. Result showed that above ground and underground parts of Ar. Aucheri reducted germination and vigor characteristics of Festuca arundinaseae. Comparing the influence of aboveground and underground tissues revealed that root effectiveness was more than shoot.Regardless of the type of Artemisia effective compounds, characteristics of this plant on seed germination and early growth of seedlings Festucaarundinaceae have adverse effects that can be considered seriously in developing culture program of these two plants.

In order to study the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescensvarious strains on germination and seedling growth of Khazar cultivar and Hashemi landrace, an experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in laboratory of agriculture college of university of Guilan. In this experiment, rice seeds of Khazar cultivar and Hashemi landrace inoculated with strains 168, 93, 177, 136, 103, 169, 4. No inoculation treatment considered as control. Investigated characteristics were included radicle and shoot length, radicle wet weight, plumule wet weight, radicle dry weight, shoot dry weight, allometric coefficient, germination percentage, and germination speed and vigor index. Results showed seed inoculation with P.fluorescents strain 136 andP. fluorescents strain 168had the effect maximum on shoot dry weight, germination percentage, and germination speed and vigor index. Meanwhile, the minimum of these characteristics was related to seed inoculation with strains 83, 103, 4 and control; respectively. At the end of experiment, it was found thatPseudomonas fluorescensvarious strains improved rice seed germination that meanwhile strain 168 was better than the rest.