قباد عسگری جعفرآبادی

This study, was conducted in one of the rangeland of Lar National Park, Estarkolak and Malek Cheshmeh area (3176 hectares) to estimate the amount of metabolizable energy and daily requirement of animal. In this research, to determine the weight of various classes of Zandi sheep grazing in the Lar National Park rangelands of Estarkolak and Malek Cheshmeh region, three prevalent flocks of Zandi race were selected randomly and from each flock, 60 heads of animals including 20 heads of ewe ageing 3 years old, 20 heads of ewe aging 4 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 3 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 4 years old and 10 heads of lamb aging 3 months were signed and selected in two phases, one at the beginning of the season and the other at the end of season. In the study area, first a topographic map with a scale of 1: 25000 was prepared and the location of the plots was randomly determined on the map and then the rangeland. Inside each plot, all grazable animal plants were identified and according to the size and height, one centimeter of soil surface was harvested. The forage species grazed by sheep at the flowering stage were identified and collected in this rangeland (41 plant species). Having utilized the mean weight of ewes aging 3 and 4 years, the weight of the sheep glazing in the studied region was estimated to be equal to 48.54 ±2.44 kg. The forage species grazed by sheep at the flowering stage were identified and collected in this rangeland. The mean percentage of CP, ADF, DMD and the amount of ME in every kg of dry forage were determined 12.8, 37.54, 57.74 and 7.81 mega joule, respectively. Metabolizable energy and animal daily requirement based on dry matter in maintenance condition for animal unit equivalent of this rangeland were estimated 10.29 mega joule and 1.31 kg respectively. Using the results of this study, new grazing capacity can be determined for this rangeland.

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of different sources in the extruded flaxseed production and its impact on the performance of laying hens and the quality of egg trays.In this experiment LSL laying hens in a completely randomized design with 9 treatments, 5 replicates and 10 hens in each replicate at the age of 34 to 42 wk-old. Experimental control treatment standard diet based on corn and soybean, treatments flaxseed full fat with 7.5 and 15% ration levels, treatments flaxseed full fat and soybean meal with 7.5 and 15% diet ration, treatments flaxseed full fat and sunflower meal with 7.5 and 15% diet ratios, treatments flaxseed full fat and corn gluten 7.5 and 15% diet rations. The results showed that using 7.5 and 15% full-fat flaxseed and corn gluten and 15% full-fat flaxseed and soybean meal improved the units (P<0.05). The highest shell weight was observed in treatments containing full-grain flaxseed and corn gluten, the difference was significant (P>0.05). Blood metabolites analysis showed that the number of white blood cells in the treatments containing full fat flaxseed and corn gluten significantly was different from the other treatments (P<0.05). But there was no significant difference in the number of heterophiles, monocytes and eosinophils (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that the use of 7.5 and 15% of extruded flax and corn gluten increases the yield and improves the quality of eggs.

In order to investigate the effect of flaxseed consumption as a source of omega-3 fatty acids on the expression of genes effective in mammary gland tissue development in primiparous Sanan goats, 30 does (young female goats) in the second half of their first pregnancy were selected and divided into three groups of 10 based on their average initial live weight . One group received a diet without any fat source (negative control), the second group received a diet containing palm saturated fat (positive control) and the third group received extruded flaxseed (flax) as a source of omega-3. The diets of all three groups were adjusted according to the requirements of NRC 2007 dairy goats. Experimental groups received nutritional treatments from the last 2 months of pregnancy up to  4 months after parturition. During the experimental period, milk production was recorded weekly for each animal and mammary gland tissue sampling was performed three times, 24 to 36 hours after parturition, two and four months after parturition were performed to investigation the expression of IGF- 1, IGFBP3 and IGFBP5 genes. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference among the treatments in terms of expression of the studied genes. Also, the interaction between treatment and time was not significant for any of the above genes and only the effect of time was significant for IGFBP-3 gene (P <0.05).

Being aware of the animals` food requirement, the amount of available forage in the rangeland and forage quality is necessary as the first step in successful management of animals and rangeland. Therefore, determining the weight of various animals` classes grazing in the rangeland and their conversion factor regarding country`s animal unit is an essential issue. In this research, to determine the weight of various classes of Zandi sheep grazing in the Lar National Park rangelands of Aroo region, three prevalent flocks of Zandi race were selected randomly and from each flock, 60 heads of animals including 20 heads of ewe ageing 3 years old, 20 heads of ewe aging 4 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 3 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 4 years old and 10 heads of lamb aging 3 months were signed and selected in two phases, one at the beginning of the season and the other at the end of season. Having utilized the mean weight of ewes aging 3 and 4 years, the weight of the sheep glazing in the studied region was estimated to be equal to 1.65±48.03 kg. Various kinds of forage being glazed by the sheep were identified and collected in this rangeland through two phases of flowering and seeding. The mean percentage of CP, ADF, DMD and ME in every kg of dry forage equaled to 11.56, 37.78, 56.88, 7.69 mega joule, respectively.

111543 records of first calving test day milk production with three milking times during the years 1983 to 2016 were used for 62 herds in the Breeding Center data file. The dairy cows under study had 10 test day records. Variables from the herd-year-calving combination as random effect and herd-test-month-age combination at the time of record as fixed effects were created for each animal. Average milk yield in hot and dry climate was higher than hot and wet climate. The average traits of milk fat and milk protein percentage in hot and dry climates were higher than hot and wet climates, but somatic cell traits were higher in hot and wet climates. The phenotypic variance of milk yield was higher in hot and dry regions in all ten test day records. The phenotypic variance of milk fat percent was higher in hot and dry area on the first, second, fifth and sixth test days. The average genetic variance of milk fat percentage in hot and wet region at 9 test day records was higher than in hot and dry region. Phenotypic variance of milk protein percentage in hot and dry area was higher than in hot and wet regions in all test days. In countries where calving occurs throughout the year, mastitis is dependent to the pattern of growth of pathogens in different seasons and years. Changes in animal physiological conditions (calving and changes in breast status) increase the number of somatic cells in milk, which has a physiological effect. As a result, the interaction of genotype and environment changes the ranking of male cows in high-yield, medium-yielding and low-yielding herds. In other words, male cows that have a high corrective value in high-yielding herds may not have the expected yield in low-yielding herds.

Knowledge of the daily nutrient requirements of grazing animals in rangelands of different climates is essential to calculate grazing capacity in rangeland plans. In this regard, the daily metabolizable energy requirement at the maintenance level for small wild ruminants grazing in Lar National Park rangelands were studied. For this purpose, according to the average values of forage quality indexes of rangeland species and their contribution to rangeland vegetable composition, the among of metabolizable energy was estimated in kg of dry forage rangelands and considering the daily metabolizable energy requirement of small wild ruminants, the amount of feed provided for the daily requirement of livestock was calculated to calculate the separate grazing capacity of these animals in the rangelands of the region. Using the animal unit weight of small wild ruminants, the required daily maintenance metabolizable energy for grazing animals were determined using equation method of MAFF and NRC standard in the studied rangelands. Forage species of grazing animals were identified and collected at flowering stage in the studied rangelands. Results also showed mean of percentage 12.42±0.17, 37.59±0.28, 57.81±0.28 and 7.89±0.07 were respectively for CP, ADF, DMD and ME (MJ) per kg dry forage was estimated. Also Daily metabolizable energy was calculated for grazing wild ruminants such as: male goat, female goat, ram and ewe. The results also showed daily metabolizable energy were 16.32±1.25, 14.07±1.36, 13.67±1.15 and 11.58±1.21 MJ/day and for daily requirement 2.06±0.25, 1.78±0.12, 1.71±0.17 and 1.46±0.25, respectively for male goat, female goat, ram and ewe.  Using the results of this study, we can determine the new and separate grazing capacity for wild ruminants in the study areas. The results also showed that because of the cost of determining the quality of forage, these results can be used to estimate the daily requirement of these livestock in different years.

In this survey polymorphism of SLC24a5 gene of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was studied. Samples were prepared from 100 Rainbow trout muscles. After DNA extraction, part of gene from polymorphism area with 1000 bp amplified by PCR then cut with Taq1 inhibiting enzymeand electrophoresed on agarose gel 1.5%. Results shows that M and N alleles are in this area of gene, and the frequency of them is 0.72 and 0.28 in population respectively. MM and NN genotypes were distinguished which frequency of them were estimated 0.72 and 0.28 in whole population respectively. Chi-Square test for this part of SLC24a5 gene was not similar with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. It shows non-random mating, small population and increase in inbreeding and homozygotes increase in the population of this study. Furthermore Rainbow trout is so important in aquaculture industry in Iran the notability of this issue is significant because SLC24a5 gene is highly inheritable and selection of that can improve the color of meat.

This research aimed to investigate the attitude of broiler breeders toward the production of antibiotics-free chickens in Tehran province. The statistical population in this study included all broiler breeders (N=450) in Tehran province. Using stratified-random-sampling method 136 breeders were selected. The main tool for data gathering was a questionnaire contained 44 questions and items. Results showed that 52.9% of the respondents had “positive” or “relatively positive” viewpoints about the production of antibiotic-free chicken. The results also indicated that there were a significant (p

In this study a population of 160 males and 320 females with genome consists of 4 chromosomes were simulated. The first chromosome have 100 biallelic loci and the other chromosomes each one have 50 biallelic loci. Then a causative mutation (QTL) on chromosome 1 and 50th loci with genotypic effect equal to the half of the supposed standard deviation of breeding values were simulated for a randomly selected individual (Mutant). Remainder loci of chromosome 1 were considered as traceable SNP markers neglecting other chromosomes. Assuming random mating of selected parents, 2 offspring per dam were simulated. 50 discrete generations by selecting 50% of the male progenies based on breeding values and all female progenies as parents of the next generation. Linkage disequilibrium and allelic frequency of progenies were calculated for markers of first chromosome for different levels of dominance during all generations. The results showed that the levels of dominance cannot change linkage disequilibrium pattern and no efficiently on identify sweeps. But they can play a role in continuity of Sweeps.

16 newborn calves were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (4 calves for each group). T₁:control group, T₂:1 gr day-1 bacterial probiotic, T₃:2 gr day-1 yeast probiotic and T₄:1 gr day-1bacterial gr day-1yeast probiotic was added in their daily milk Consumption until 70 days of age.Blood samples were obtained from jugular vein to determination of blood parameters such as Glucose (GLU), Total protein (TP), Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol (Cho), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), and Beta- Hydroxyl Butyric Acid (βHBA (, at three times (present at birth,40 and 70 days. Amount of cholesterol in Treat 3 at the end of period was lower than other treatments and the amounts of βHBA and Ca in Treat 3,4 at the middle of period were higher than other treatments (p

In this research, 6517 records, collected by Khojir sheep Breeding Station (Tehran, Iran), during 1991 to 2011 were used to estimate genetic parameters of lamb survival in Zandi sheep. Genetic parameters were estimated using 16 different models of animal model, sire and threshold models using REML procedures. The AIC criterion was used to evaluate the models. The effects in the most suitable animal model were included direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic and permanent environmental effects. The effects in the most suitable sire model were included sire additive genetic effects and maternal common litter effects. The effects in the most suitable threshold model were included only sire additive genetic effect. The estimated heritability of lamb survival based on animal, sire, and threshold models were 0.09 ± 0.001 and 0.13 ± 0.02, and 0.19 ± 0.06, respectively.

This study was conducted to evaluate nutritive value of Trifolilum montanum and Thymus vulgaris in ruminants. Samples obtained from Lar ranges in Damavand. Samples were immediately air dried and then oven dried during 48 h, at 65◦C. Chemical composition and degradability of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibility were determined. Results were shown that amount of dry matter, crude protein, crude ash, crude fat, NDF and ADF were 54.97, 5.17, 4.12, 1.5, 36, 4.6 and 54.97, 28, 12, 2.2, 21 and 8.14 percentage of dry matter respectively for Trifolilum montanum and Thymus vulgaris. Degradability of dry matter, protein and organic matter inTrifolilum montanum and Thymus vulgaris determined as 48, 75, 77, 75.8 and 48.1, 87.9, 86.6 respectively. Digestibility values for dry matter, organic matter and organic matter in dry matter of experimental samples were 67, 67.9 and 58.7 percentage of dry matter. The results shows that experimental medical herbages in this study have potential to use as ruminant feed competitiveto alfalfa hay.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Protexin (7 strains of different bacteria plus 2 strains of fungi, totally 2×109 CFU/g), Probio-Sacc (Saccharomyces cerevisiae MUCL/BCCM 39885, 1.5×1010 CFU/g) and their synergistic effects on performance and blood metabolite of suckling female calves.Sixteen newborn female calves were used in a completely randomized design and each 4 calves randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) control (with no probiotic);2) 1g Protexin; 3) 2g Probio-Sacc;4) 1g Protexin plus 2 g Probio-Sacc. Probiotics mixed into milk replacer and fed from 3 days to 70 days after birth. Body weight, growth measurements, Starter intake and fecal score were evaluated weekly. Starter intake and body weights on fourth and fifth weeks of age were higher (P ≤ 0.05)for Probio- Sacc and Protexin plus Probio-Sacc groups. Three and one cases of diarrhea were observes in group 1 and 2, respectively.Probiotics were effective in group 3 and 4 during 40 days after birth. Reducing their effectiveness after this time can be related to method of probiotic feeding and change their site of effect simultaneously with rumen development.

Several breeds of dogs can be found in Iran. Some of them are completely different in their phenotype while others are similar. These animals are kept in rural families as guard animals for their herds. In order to study the genetic diversity of a part of Y sex chromosome between and within the population of Sarabi, Sangsari and Afshari dogs, total number of 21 non inbred male dogs were sampled. Blood samples collected from these animals were transferred to laboratory by EDTA containers. DNA extraction was applied using extraction kits and forward and reverse primers were designed using Oligo5 software. After sequencing, results were analyzed by Finch and Mega4 softwares. Analyzing the replicated sequences showed that all of the sequences were conserved and having repeated sequences caused the existence of slip pages. In this study, both neighbor joint approach and unweighted pair-group method of the arithmetic average (UPGMA) were utilized to draw phylogenetic tree. Results showed that these three populations of dogs, based on their genetic, are completely different

In this study, total number of 4817, 1913, 1515, 6249, 1871, 1532, 1208 records of birth weight, weight of 3 and 12 month age, cashmere weight, total number of lambs born, total number of lambs weaned and lambing interval in Raienian cashmere goat were used. These records were collected in Baft station from 1989 to 2006. The animal model was used for genetic evaluation and estimation of genetic and phenotypic correlations for these traits. Heritability above was estimated 0.24, 0.07, 0.20, 0.17, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.03, respectively on the basis of the best model for each trait. Genetic correlation between birth weight and12 month weight, birth weight and cashmere weight, 3month weight and total number of lambs weaned, 3month weight and total number of lambs born, 12 month weight and cashmere weight, 12month weight and total number of lambs born, 12 month weight and total number of lams weaned, 12month weight and lambing interval, lambing interval and total number of lambs born, lambing interval and total number of lambs weaned, was estimated 0.27, 0.072, 0.02, -0.16, 0.28, 0.10, -0.27, -0.12, 0.30 and 0.42, respectively and phenotypic correlation was estimated 0.23, 0.056, 0.066, 0.07, 0.20, 0.01, -0.54, -0.43, 0.02 and 0.04 respectively, using Bivariate analaysis.

The phylogenetic study of Tangsayad and Kerayi wild sheep populations was conducted by using 5 microsatellite markers (BM6444, MCM63, MCMA2, LSCV38, and OARAE129). The PCR responses for all 5 markers were done truly and each marker was checked. The OARAE129, LSCV38, MCM63 markers showed a meaningful deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in wild sheep populations, and 60% of Poly Morf locus which contains 3 LSCV38, MCM63, OARAE129 markers, and the two MCMA2 and BM6444 markers were Mono Morf. Low average of Allel for any locus (1.6 Allel) showed the low genetic diversity of wild sheep. Nie (1972, 1978) indicators were used to obtain the genetic distance between two wild sheep populations, which showed the high genetic similarity (0.9615) and (0.9771) and low genetic distance (0.0392) and (0.0232) in Tangsayad and Karayi wild sheep populations. Observing the average heterozygosity showed that life and the future of these animals are in danger.

In this study، 10839 records of first parity Iranian Holstein dairy cattle (that were collected by Animal Breeding Center of Iran) were used to estimate genetic and phenotype parameters of 5 different type traits، 2 longevity traits، and their correlations. The genetic parameters were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood method with an animal model using ASREML software. Heritability estimates for type traits ranged from 0. 11 (fore udder attachment) to 0. 20 (body depth). The genetic correlation between longevity traits and type traits of body depth، loin، chest width، udder width and body size were negative and type traits of fore udder attachment، udder depth، median suspensor and udder height were positive and ranged from 0. 03 (true productive herd life with fore udder attachment) to -0. 47 (functional productive herd life with fore udder attachment). According to these results، it could be recommended to use type traits index for effective selection of animals with better longevity and fertility traits.

This experiment conducted to determination the best level of substitution of barley with rice bran in fattening Holstein bulls for maximum of weight gain and blood index. 4 treatment and 4 replicate were used in a CRD. 4 diets were used, treat(1) control(base on NRC 1989 Table with 50% barley) treat(2) a diet cotain rice bran replaced to 20% barley, treat (3) a diet cotain rice bran replaced to 30% barley, treat (4) a diet cotain rice bran replaced to 50% barley. Diets used during 120 days. CP, NDF and ADF of barley and rice bran were determined befor experiment. Daily dry matter intake, daily weight gain, feces pH, blood urea and blood sugar also were determined mid and final of period. The results showed that effects of treatments on daily dry matter intake, blood urea nitrogen and blood sugar were meaningfull (p<0.05) and effect of treatments on feces pH were not statistically significant. Based on the results it is clear that treat(3) were superior treatment.

In this research, the statistical data related to karakul (fars grey) sheep that were collected during years 1986 to 2001 by national animal breeding center, were used to estimate the economic coefficient for 15 traits including: birth weight (bw), weaning weight (ww), weight on six month (wsm), weight on nine month (wnm), weight on one year (woy), colour of skin (cs), skin flower type (cft), rate of skin flower type (rsft), concession of skin flower type (csft), extent of skin flower (esf), diameter of skin flower (dsf), radiation and luminosity of skin (rls), scheme and harmony of skin flowers (shsf), skin size (ss) and skin thickness (st) for 7 distinct animal group in 3 herds of this breed in Abadeh, Marvdasht and Fasa townships in fars province. The economic indices of traits were estimated through applying system analysis method,via partial derivation of profit function in relation to the considered trait. Then, sensitivity of the model to changes in each parameter in the model was calculated. Among Skin and weight traits, the highest economic coefficient was related to weaning weight trait and skin thickness trait. Also, it was observed that the increase in costs and the decrease in productions price (by ±20% from base condition) lead to reduction of relative economic indices with regard to base condition and the decrease in costs and the increase in productions price lead to increase of relative economic indices with regard to base condition. Finally, According to the results obtained in this study, a selection index was determined based on market condition in this breed of sheep. hisbreed of sheep this breed of sheep this breed of sheep is breed of heep.

For the first time, study on Crocodylus palustris population was conducted in Sistan & Baluchistan province of Iran for the first time. They distribution is being limited to part of Makran in Baluchistan and also part of Yahoukalat region. The Crocodylus palustris has a medium or big body with wide snout. In Iran, the population of this animal belongs to small number of them in whole world. Sample was made from 12 crocodiles captive in Dargas region of Chabahar province and after biometric measurement, the samples was provided from scale tissue and then DNA was extracted by kit. RAPD seven primers with 10 Nucleotides sequence was used for RAPD-PCR. All seven primers except primers number 3 caused polymorphism among samples. Averagely, in per use of these primers, seven locus are present polymorphism. The result was analyzed by PopGene32 software which showed approximately 56% of polymorphism was among samples and genetic species in this population.

Intense selection for quantitative traits has recently led to the unexpected appearance of new genes with major effects. The information of such genes or their linked markers can increase the accuracy of selection. In this research a population of dairy cattle with overlapping generations in presence of a major gene was generated. This research was completed between years 1385 and 1386 in Varamin Azad University, using personal computers. Different modes of major gene inheritance (different initial frequency of favorable allele, different magnitude of additive effect and various degree of dominance) in addition to different values for polygenic heritability lead to various combinations. The changes of some variances (major gene, polygenic, total additive and phenotypic variance) were investigated in each combination. The speed of these changes was calculated by the regression coefficient of changes over a 20- years period selection.. The magnitude of major gene’s effect was shown as the level of its contribution to total additive variance. The relation between speed of changes and level of contribution was studied. Speed of changes in major genes variance, total additive variance and phenotypic variance was regressed significantly over the level of contribution. But this relation was not significant for the polygenic variance. As a conclusion, the existence of major genes with large effects in such populations leads to reduced rate of changes in variance and lack of diversity.