فهرست مطالب لطف علی بلبلی

The increase in the serum level of the biochemical indicators of cardiac muscle cells is related to the intensity and duration of exercise. The aim of the present study was to the effect of a period of resistance training with blood flow restriction on the level of Biochemical Markers of Cardiac Cells in judokas.

The current research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of the present study was made up of male judokas athletes in Tehran. 30 male judo players were randomly divided into 2 groups, the first group (with an average age of 26.33) and the second group (exercise with blood flow restriction with an average age of 25.33). Before the implementation of training programs, blood samples were taken from the subjects by ELISA method to determine the serum concentration of CK-MB, CTN-T, and CTN-I indicators.

The results of the intergroup test showed that CTN-I (P=0.028), CTN-T (P=0.036), and CK-MB (P=0.027) in the two groups of resistance training with blood flow restriction and resistance Traditional had a significant difference. The results of the intra-group test showed that CTN-I (P=0.000), CTN-T (P=0.000), and CK-MB (P=0.003) in the resistance training group with blood flow restriction and CTN- I (P=0.000), CTN-T (P=0.000) and CK-MB (P=0.000) increased in the traditional resistance training group in the post-test phase compared to the pre-test.

According to the results of the research and the examination of the difference of the averages, both exercises have led to an increase in the specific biochemical indices of heart cells, and this increase was less in the group of resistance exercises with blood flow restriction. Therefore, the use of resistance training along with blood flow restriction can be considered by male judo coaches and athletes.

Diabetes is more prevalent in obese individuals compared to non-obese individuals. This study aimed to examine the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) combined with quercetin supplementation on the gene expression levels of peroxisome gamma coactivator alpha-1 (PGC1-α) and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) in the heart tissue of obese male diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 35 male rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of five: Diabetic control, healthy control, quercetin control, HIIT, MICT, HIIT with quercetin, and MICT with quercetin. The training protocols were conducted daily for eight weeks. Additionally, intraperitoneal injections of quercetin (15 mg/kg) were administered for eight weeks (5 days in each week) in the supplement groups. The expression levels of PGC1-α and NRF-1 genes in rat heart tissue were assessed using the qRT-PCR method.

Following the 8-week intervention, a significant decrease in blood glucose levels was observed in the quercetin control group and the four other training groups (P<0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of PGC1-α and NRF-1 genes in the heart tissue of rats significantly increased in both the training groups with and without quercetin supplementation (P<0.05).

The findings of the present study indicate that the combination of quercetin injection with HIIT and MICT resulted in a significant increase in the expression levels of PGC1-α and NRF-1 genes in the heart tissue of rats, along with effective blood glucose level control.

Creation a relationship between athletes and physical closeness between them can increase the risk of coronavirus at during team and group training. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to design a new smart training tool for ball sports in order to use at pandemic covid-19 period. This training tool includes 4 fixed mechanical rods to install the net on it, a movable column that can be adjusted at different angles, and 3 fixed mechanical rods to keep smart tool fixed on the ground. Also, another mechanism was used in this tool was a complex of electronic components which can count all impact there. The smart training tool can be a very useful tool in order to continue exercise program during the covid-19 pandemic and it can provide a healthy environment for athletes.

Resistance exercise with new training methods such as blood flow restriction, which is performed with lower intensities than the traditional method, can lead to different physiological responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of upper body resistance exercise with blood flow restriction on the level of cortisol, testosterone and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol in male judo players.

Thirty male judo players were divided into two groups of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction. The training program consisted of 6 weeks of resistance training, 3 sessions per week. Resistance exercise with blood flow restriction included performing barbell biceps curl exercise at an intensity corresponding to 30% of one repetition maximum (1-RM) with cuff pressure about 120 to 160 mm Hg (around the proximal area of the arm) based on the systolic pressure of each person. For the traditional resistance training group (without vascular occlusion), subjects performed biceps exercise at an intensity corresponding to 75% of 1-RM.  To measure testosterone and cortisol, first blood sample (5ml) was taken before training from the antecubital vein of the right hand. The second blood was taken 48 hours after the last training session of 6th week, the third blood sample was taken 24 hours before the start of the second 6-week activity and the fourth sample was taken 48 hours after the last training session (after 12 weeks).

Between-group comparisons showed that cortisol (P=0.018), testosterone (P<0.001) and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P=0.001) were significantly different beuween two groups of resistance training with blood flow restriction and resistance training. Within-group comparisons showed that cortisol (P<0.001; d=1.76), testosterone (P<0.001; d=4.03) and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P<0.001; d=1.53) were increased significantly following resistance training with blood flow restriction and the percentage of changes were 38.48, 121.11 and 53.57%, respectively. Moreover, cortisol (P<0.001; d=1.27), testosterone (P<0.001; d=2.05) and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P=0.010; d=0.63) increased significantly in resistance training group by 25.35, 60.29 and 21.66 %, respectively.

According to the results of the research, it could be concluded that both traditional resistance training and resistance training with blood flow restriction can lead to increases in testosterone, cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol. Furthermore, according to the size of the effect and percentage of differences, it can be mention that effectiveness of resistance training along with blood flow restriction is more pronounced than traditional resistance training.

Dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system causes secondary complications in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to survey the effect of walking exercise on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and heart rate variability in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of the present study was made up of all type 2 diabetic elderly in Tehran. 30 male judo players were randomly divided into 2 groups, the first group (walking exercise) and the second group (control). Blood and heart variables were taken from the subjects before (24 hours before) and after the implementation of exercise programs (72 hours). The exercise protocol consisted of an 8-week walking program, which was based on Kao's (2007) article and also the suggestions of experts regarding the design and implementation of an exercise program in elderly and diabetic people who exercise three days a week and the intensity of 35% of the maximum oxygen consumption or 45% of the suggested heart rate was designed.

The results of the intergroup test showed that there was a significant difference in cholesterol (P=0.020) and insulin resistance (P=0.006) in the two training and control groups. SDNN (P=0.013), rMSSD (P=0.005), HF Power (P>0.001) and LF/HF Ratio (P=0.001) had significant differences in the two training and control groups. The results of the intra-group test showed that insulin resistance (P=0.009) and LF/HF ratio (P=0.020) in the training group decreased significantly in the post-test phase compared to the pre-test. SDNN (P=0.003), rMSSD (P=0.004) and HF Power (P=0.004) in the training group increased significantly in the post-test phase compared to the pre-test.

According to the research results, it can be concluded that a period of walking training can lead to improvement of insulin resistance and heart rate variability in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, these exercises are recommended as a measure to reduce cardiovascular complications in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of intense interval training on lipid profile, body composition indices and VO2max of overweight male smokers.

20 men with an average age of 46.41 ± 4.48 years and BMI (27.41±3.32), voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group performed interval exercises for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The exercises consisted of 10 steps of activity at 85-95% of maximum heart rate for 90 seconds, which was accompanied by 60 seconds of active recovery. Before and 48 hours after the exercises, fasting blood was taken from the subjects. Body composition indices and VO2max were also measured. Paired t-test, independent t-test and multivariate analysis of covariance was used for intra-group and inter-groups comparison.

A significant difference was observed between the post-test values of the training and control groups for VO2max (p=0.001) and HDL (p=0.016), but the post-test difference was not significant for TG, LDL, TC and anthropometric indices (p>0.05).  The results of the paired t-test in the training group showed that HDL and VO2max levels increased significantly compared to the pre-test (P < 0.05), but the changes in other lipoproteins, body fat percentage, abdominal circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio in the training group were not significant (p>0.05).

  Six weeks of intense interval training causes a significant increase in HDL and VO2max and non-significant decrease in some body composition indicators and TG, LDL, and TC levels in overweight male smokers.

Imbalance of some microRNAs and its cell apoptosis has an important role in myocardial infarction. Based on the role of curcumin supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on myocardial infarction, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these types of training and supplementation on left ventricular gene expression levels of miR-133 and miR-1 in the isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) rat model.

Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as: HIIT, curcumin, HIIT+curcumin and control groups, following induction of MI via intraperitoneal injection of isopretrenol (100 mg/kg/day) within two consecutive days. The HIIT protocol was performed during eight weeks (five sessions per week), each session was consisted of 10 bouts of running occasions (each for four min) at 85 - 90% of vVo2max with two min rest intervals at 50 to 60% of vVO2max. Moreover, Curcumin (15 mg/kg) was administered daily via gavage. The gene expression levels of miR-1 and miR-133 were evaluated using Real-Time PCR method and the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the significance level of p<0.05.

Although, in all three intervention groups of HIIT, curcumin and HIIT+curcumin, the cardiomyocytes miR-1 gene expression level was significantly lower (p=0.001), while miR-133 expression level was higher (p=0.001) than control group. However, gene expression in both variables after HIIT+curcumin showed more changes than curcumin group (p=0.006 and p=0.01 respectively).

Probably, curcumin supplementation along with HIIT training after myocardial infarction is associated with improvement of cardiac function; but due to research limitations, more research is needed.

Obesity and overweight have become a global problem today. Resistance exercises have the highest effect on muscle strength, which can lead to the improvement of people's quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training with a double and flat pyramid pattern on the muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs of non-exercising and overweight handball players.

This research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of the present study includes handball players from Zanjan who did not practice sports for at least 6 months. The statistical sample of this study was randomly selected from among 36 athletes and divided into three groups of 12 people (double pyramid group, flat pyramid group and control group). The exercise program of flat and double pyramid groups was carried out for eight weeks (three sessions per week). No program was considered for the control group and they did not have any special activities. Shapiro-Wilk statistical test was used for the normality of data distribution. Correlation t and ANOVA statistical tests were used to investigate intra-group and intergroup differences, respectively. All statistical analyzes were performed using spss software version 22 and EXELL software version 2010.

The muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs of nonexercising and overweight athletes showed a significant increase during eight weeks of resistance training with a double and flat pyramid pattern (P=0.001). The results of the T-test of correlated groups showed that eight weeks of resistance training with a double pyramid pattern had a significant effect on the muscle strength of the lower limbs of untrained and overweight athletes (P=0.001).

The results of the present study showed that strength training with double and flat pyramid yielding pattern was effective in improving the strength of untrained athletes. It seems that the double pyramid exercises were superior to the flat type exercises in increasing strength or muscle mass.

The objective of this study was the effect of eight weeks of brisk walking and ascorbic acid supplementation on some physiological indicators in obese and overweight smoking students.

In this semi-experimental study that was conducted in Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 1401, 40 obese and overweight smoking students with an age range of 21 to 26 years and BMI above 25 kg/m2 were selected by selective sampling in accessible and targeted were selected; Then the subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 people including the fast walking group, the ascorbic acid supplement group, the combination walking and ascorbic acid supplement group, and the control group. The fast walking group performed fast walking for 8 weeks, 3 times a week for 45-60 minutes with an intensity of 65-75% of the maximum heart rate. The ascorbic acid supplement group consumed 100 mg of ascorbic acid before each training session while maintaining their diet. The maximum oxygen consumption, body mass index and fat percentage of the students were measured in the two stages of the pre-test and post-test from the exercise protocol and for the significant comparison of the four groups in the dependent variables from the one-way analysis of variance statistical test and also for the comparison of the mean If there are pairs of groups, Tukey's post hoc test was used.

8 weeks of walking with ascorbic acid consumption caused a significant decrease in weight, body mass index and body fat percentage. Also, fast walking led to a significant increase in maximum oxygen consumption.

It seems that combining walking with ascorbic acid consumption is a suitable method for obese and smoking students. Therefore, this method is a valuable nonpharmacological strategy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training on cardiomyocytes HSP70 and Caspase-3 gene expression levels in myocardial infarction (MI) male rat model. 

Thirty male Wistar rats (age: 16 wks, weight: 200 to 250 grams) were randomly divided into three groups of healthy control, MI control and MI training following induction of MI (verified by CK, LDH and CTnI as cardiac injury indices) via intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol (100 mg/kg.day) within two consecutive days. HIIT was included on eight weeks (5 sessions per week), each session was consisted of 10 bouts of running occasions (each for 4 min) at 85 - 90% of vVo2max with 2 min rest intervals at 50 to 60% of vVO2max. The gene expression levels of HSP70 and Caspase-3 were evaluated using Real-Time PCR method and the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the significance level of p <0.05.

Cardiomyocytes HSP70 expression levels was lower in MI control than healthy control counterparts (p=0.001); However, in the HIIT group the expression levels of HSP70 and caspase-3 genes were respectively higher and lower compared to both of healthy control and MI control groups (p=0.001, p=0.001 respectively).

 It seems that HIIT could be efficient for inhibition of MI induced cardiac apoptosis. However further research is needed in this area because of study limitations and lack of similar evidence.

Hyperglycemia causes disorders of cardiovascular system, kidneys, retina, lens of the eyes, skin, and central and peripheral nervous system. Since two indicators PGC-1α and Atf2 are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, therefore, this study was designed and implemented to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks’ endurance training with quercetin supplementation on the expression of mitochondrial PGC-1α and Atf2 genes in the hippocampus of diabetic male rats.

The present study was an experimental study with a post-test design with a control group that was performed by laboratory method. In the present study, 35 Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (7 in each) including: healthy control, quercetin supplement, control diabetic, exercise diabetic, and diabetic quercetin supplement. 15 mg of quercetin per kg of body weight were injected to two experimental groups (diabetic exercise supplement and supplement) each day after diabetes induction. The protocol used in the present study was 6 weeks’ moderate intensity endurance training (55-50% of maximum oxygen consumption). Hippocampal tissue was taken surgically 24 hours after the last training session to evaluate the expression of PGC-1α and Atf2 genes. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey post-hoc test (with a significance level of P <0.05) was used to examine the data.

Results showed that the expression of PGC-1α and Atf2 genes after 6 weeks of intervention, increased significantly in the diabetic supplement training group compared to the diabetic control, training diabetes, and quercetin supplementation groups (P<0.05). The diabetic exercise group had a significant increase compared to the diabetes control group for both of the genes (P <0.05).

It seems that 6 weeks’ endurance training alone and in combination with quercetin supplementation has a positive effect on mitochondrial PGC-1α and Atf2 gene expression, and increases them in the diabetic patients.

Weightlifting is a sport that is performed in different weights. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of different degrees of weight loss on the values of ground reaction force during the lift movement in elite weightlifters.

The current research was semi-experimental. The statistical sample of the research was selected using the available method and included 10 elite weightlifters (at least 3 years of experience in national competitions, age: 25.50±0.75 years, weight: 99.4±4.9 kg, height: 1. was 178.8±4 cm). The ground reaction force data was measured at 1000 Hz during the isometric lift movement before and after weight loss equal to 2 and 4% of body weight. Two conditions of weight loss were performed with an interval of one week. The selection of weight loss conditions of 2 or 4% of body weight on the first day was randomly selected. For the statistical analysis of the data, two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the peak vertical ground reaction force decreased after 2% weight loss and increased after 4% weight loss (P<0.05).

The decrease in body mass percentage leads to an increase in ground reaction forces, which can be a mechanical risk factor for orthopedic injuries.

Background & Aims:

Cytokines are a group of proteins that play the main role in inflammatory responses to pathological stimuli such as inflammation and tissue damage. Also, immunoglobulin A is the main class of antibodies in the body that undergoes changes during physical activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of resistance training with blood flow restriction on the level of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IgA and TNF-α in judokas.

Materials & Methods:

The present research method was interventional (semi-experimental). The statistical population of the present study was male judokas athletes in Tehran. 30 male judokas were randomly divided using available sampling method into 2 groups of training with blood flow restriction as the first group and training without blood flow restriction as the second group. Before the implementation of training programs, blood samples were taken from the subjects, and serum concentrations of IL-6, IgA and TNF-α were measured by ELISA method. Resistance exercise with blood flow restriction was an exercise with 30% intensity of one repetition maximum with cuff pressure (around the proximal area of the arm). Blood flow restriction was considered to be about 120 to 160 mmHg, which depended on the systolic pressure of each individual. Multivariate covariance test was used for inter-group comparison and dependent t-test was used for intra-group comparison at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results of the inter-group comparison showed that IL6 (P=0.023), TNF-α (P<0.001) and IgA (P=0.019) in the two groups of resistance training with blood flow restriction and traditional resistance training were significantly different.
The results of the intra-group comparison showed that IL6 (P < 0.001), TNFα (P = 0.003) and IGA (P = 0.027) in the resistance training group with blood flow restriction in the post-test stage was decreased compared to the pre-test. Also, IL6 (P<0.001) and TNFα (P<0.001) in the traditional resistance training group had a significant decrease in the post-test phase compared to the pre-test.

According to the research results, it can be concluded that a period of traditional resistance training and resistance training along with blood flow restriction can lead to diminishment in TNF-α and IL-6 levels, which shows the improvement of the inflammatory index. Also, resistance training along with flow restriction has led to a decrease in IgA, which indicates weakening of the immune system. According to the findings of this study, in terms of immune system physiology, muscle injuries and inflammations, it is recommended to eliminate intense resistance training programs and develop appropriate training programs such as resistance training with moderate intensity blood flow restriction for athletes.

The most common neurological complication of hyperglycemia is neuropathy which leads to changes in the central nervous system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of aerobic exercise with quercetin supplementation on the expression of mitochondrial Ampk and Nrf-1 genes in the hippocampus of diabetic male rats.

This experimental study was performed by the laboratory method. Thus, 35 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=7): Healthy Control, Diabetes Control, Diabetes Exercise, Diabetes Exercise Quercetin Supplement, and Quercetin Supplement. During the course, the supplement and diabetic groups were injected with 15 mg/kg of quercetin per day after induction of diabetes. For the training groups, six weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was performed on a revolving bar. To evaluate the expression of mitochondrial Ampk and Nrf-1 genes, hippocampal tissue was isolated 24 h after the last training session. The SPSS statistical software (version 23), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's post hoc test onther significance level of  0.05 were used to analyze the collected data.

The findings of this study showed that after six weeks of aerobic exercise, the expression of mitochondrial Ampk and Nrf-1 genes in the exercise supplement diabetes group significantly increased (P<0.05) compared to diabetes control, exercise diabetes, and quercetin supplementation. A significant increase was observed only for Ampk in the exercise diabetic group compared to the diabetic control and quercetin diabetic groups (P<0.05).

It seems that six weeks of aerobic exercise with quercetin supplementation can positively affect the expression of mitochondrial Ampk and Nrf-1 genes in hippocampal tissue and increase it in diabetic conditions.

peak torque and peak joint power are two important variables in the performance of weightlifters. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute weight loss on the power and torque of the knee joint of elite weightlifters at different angular speeds of knee flexion and extension.

The statistical sample of the research was selected according to the available method and included 10 elite weightlifters (at least 3 years of experience in national competitions) with an age range of 20 to 30 years. Using an isokinetic device, the peak extensor and flexor torque and the peak extensor and flexor power before and after weight loss (3% of body mass) in the sauna were calculated in the two superior and non-superior legs. Statistical analysis was performed using the correlated t-test.

The results showed that weight reduction caused a decrease in flexion and extensor torque in the left leg at angular speeds of 60, 180 and 360 degrees/second (p=0.001). In addition, in the angular velocity of 360 degrees per second, the flexion and extensor moment in the right leg has decreased significantly after weight loss (P=0.001).

According to the results of the research, it can be said that rapid weight loss caused by sauna (approximately 3% of body mass) resulted in disturbances in torque, flexion and extensor power at different angular speeds, especially on the non-superior side.

The purpose of this study was to developing and updating physical fitness norm for men and women aged 18-60 years of Ardabil province. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 400 men and 400 women aged 18-60 years old with a mean age of 28.16 years, from different regions of Ardabil were recruited by cluster and random sampling and divided into different age classes. In this study, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), fat percentage, cardio-respiratory fitness, strength of hands (hand grip) with a hand dynamometer, Endurance of shoulder girdle muscles (modified push up), Flexibility, and endurance of abdominal muscles (curl up) measured in subjects. Descriptive statistics were used to classify data, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum variables. In the inferential statistics section, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to distribute the normality of the data and the independent t-test was used to examine the differences between groups. The findings of this study showed that the mean cardio respiratory fitness 44.13 ml/kg.min (men) and 39.83 ml/kg.min (women), body fat percentage 14.29 (men) and 21.94 (women), BMI 24.8 (men) and 24.2 (women), endurance of abdominal muscles 36.89 (men) and 28.20 (women), Flexibility 29.41 (men) and 29.11 (women). According to the obtained results, the physical condition of men and women in Ardabil province is in a favorable condition that the findings of the present study can be used as a reference for future research in the field of health at different ages.

Exercise and obesity alter angiogenesis in adipose tissue, resulting in large changes in metabolic processes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of resistance training and high-intensity intermittent aerobic training (HIIAT) on the expression of microRNAs associated with adipose tissue angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis in rats fed a high-fat diet.

In the experimental study, 60 six-week-old male wistar rats (mean body weight = 192.40 ± 11.35) were obtained from Pasteur Institute of Iran. The animals were randomly divided into six equal groups after transfer to the laboratory environment and one week of exposure to the new environment: 1. Normal diet (CO), 2. Normal diet + Resistance training (NRT), 3. Normal diet + HIIAT (NHT), 4. High-fat diet (HF), 5. High-fat diet + Resistance training (HFRT), 6. High-fat diet + HIIAT (HFHT) (n = 10 per group). The training groups performed their training protocol for eight weeks and five sessions per week. Resistance training included climbing a 1-meter ladder with a 90-degree slope and 46 steps. Initially, the weight attached to the rats' tails was 30% of their body weight and gradually reached about 180% of their body weight in the final week. The exercises were performed in five sets of four repetitions. High-intensity intermittent aerobic training was started on the treadmill at an initial speed of 15 meters per minute, and in each session, one to two meters per minute was added to the treadmill speed, depending on the ability of the rats. During the Pabani week, the exercise reached six stages of three minutes of running at a speed of 40 meters per minute with a slope of 15 degrees. To evaluate the effect of resistance training and high-intensity intermittent aerobic training and high-fat diet (58% of calories in the form of fat) on miR-221, miR-222, miR-329 and VEGF variables, subjects in each group were killed 48 hours after the last training session. Sampling of mesenteric adipose tissue was performed immediately after killing the animals. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test, one-way and two-way ANOVA at the significant level (P ≥ 0.05). Scheffe post hoc test was used to compare the pairwise .

The miR-221, miR-222 and VEGF in the Normal diet + Resistance training, Normal diet + HIIT and High-fat diet + Resistance training groups a significant increase was observed compared to the control group (P ≥ 0.01). However, miR-329 was significantly higher only in the high-fat diet group than in the normal diet + HIIAT group (P = 0.022).

The results showed that resistance training and HIIAT by increasing miR-221, miR-222, and decreasing miR329 led to the activation of pathways that increased VEGF protein and ultimately increased angiogenesis in rats with a high-fat and normal diets. Therefore, these exercises are an important factor in angiogenesis and mechanism in adipose tissue, which may be able to cause significant changes in adipose tissue during this process. However, in order to confirm this point and generalize it to humans, more research is needed, especially on human specimens. Also, since the effect of resistance training on miRNAs was greater than HIIAT, these exercises can be a good alternative to HIIAT.

 Today, the consumption of caffeinated beverages such as coffee has increased among athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of consuming two different doses of coffee on fluid balance, electrolytes and VO2max in active men.

In quasi-experimental studies, 54 trained men (Age: 20.89±1.31 y; Weight: 70.10±8.43 kg; Height: 174.7±5.65 cm; VO2max: 52.16±5.99 ml/kg/min) were randomly selected and  divided  into three equal groups (N=18). All subjects consumed equal amounts of 3 cups of coffee per day for 5 days (balancing stage), on the sixth and seventh day (test stage) subjects of three groups consumed 0, 3 and 8 cups of coffee per day (equivalent to 0, 258 and 688 mg caffeine per day, respectively). with no other dietary caffeine intake, for 7 days. Before and after the intervention, subjects 'body weight was measured, blood samples were taken to examine blood factors, and subjects' VO2max was assessed using the Fox protocol. The measuring of indices changes in subject's body fluids, electrolytes and VO2max in 3 levels of controlled coffee ingesting, were analyzed by multivariate test (MANOVA) and Tukey post hoc in (P≤0.05).

Percent plasma volume changes in ingestion level of 0 (cup / day) was increased significantly (P = 0.013), compared to ingestion level of 3 (cup / day). The mean body weight of subjects at the ingestion level of 0 (cup / day) showed a significant increase (P = 0.001), compared to the other two levels. Concentration of the serum sodium at the ingestion level of 3 (cup / day) showed a significant increase (P≤0.05), compared to the other two levels. There was no changes in the concentration of serum potassium between different levels of caffeine ingestion. Estimated VO2max in the two forms of absolute and relative at the ingestion level of 8 (cup / day), showed a significant decrease (P= 0.003) compared to the other two levels .

Consumption of coffee in different doses reduces body fluids, increases serum sodium concentration and possibly increases sodium excretion and decreases VO2max in active people. Accordingly, considering the importance of maintaining body fluids on the performance of athletes, it seems that coaches and sports professionals have the necessary care in the amount or time of consumption of this drink.

The present study investigates the effect of 8 weeks of continuous and high intensity interval training on serum GH/IGF-1 indices and performance of active young men. In this quasi-experimental study, 20 young men (18-25 years old) were selected and randomly assigned into two homogenous groups of continuous training (n=10) and HIIT (n=10) and participated in an eight-weeks training course. The main activity of the continuous training group consisted of 30-50 minutes of continuous running with an intensity of 50-70% of heart rate reserve (HRR). HIIT group training were three sets of four repetitions and 15-30 seconds of running with an intensity of 85-95% HRR in each repetition. Blood samplings were taken from all subjects in three stages of pre-test, immediately after the first session and 48 hours after the last training session. Investigations showed that after a session of continuous training or HIIT, the amount of total IGF-1 decreased significantly in both groups (P = 0.0001), while the serum concentration of GH significantly increased in both group (P=0.04). Moreover, after 8 weeks, none of the training methods caused a change in total IGF-1 concentration (P=0.78); But GH concentration increased in both groups (P=0.001). Also, free IGF-1 concentration increased significantly after 1 session and 8 weeks of training in both groups (P=0.001). On the other hand, ALS has decreased significantly in the third stage test in both groups (P=0.001) and IGFBP3 values ​​did not change in any of the two groups (P=0.64). Also, the increase in VO2max was significant in both groups (P=0.001), but this increase was greater in the HIIT group (P=0.032, F=5.49, 1.17). It seems that the use of both continuous and interval training methods can create positive adaptations toward improving participants’ cardiovascular endurance and health, but considering factors such as increasing free IGF-1 and VO2max, HIIT training is a more appropriate method.

Genetics, nutrition and lifestyle interact to cause type 2 diabetes and obesity. On the other hand, there are conflicting reports about the effect of strength training on cardiovascular health and metabolic factors in professional heaviest-weight-class athletes. The aim of this article was to report single nucleotide changes in some genes associated with muscle strength and type 2 diabetes in an elite heaviest-weight-class athlete using the WES method.

After obtaining written consent from one of the athletes in the men's national weightlifting team, 5 cc of blood was received. After DNA extraction from blood sample, the WES method was used to examine the genes.

Single nucleotide changes in KCNJ11 (rs5213, rs5215, rs1800467, rs5219) and PCK1 (707555) genes were observed in the athlete's genome. New variants (230845794A> G and 230845977G> A) were also observed in the AGT gene and (61564052A> G and (61573761T> C) in the ACE gene. New studies with larger sample sizes are needed to determine the exact association of these variants with muscle strength or type 2 diabetes in elite heaviest-weight-class in weightlifters.

Genetic factors play an important role in athletic performance and its related phenotypes such as strength, power and aerobic capacity. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) has great potential to explore all possible deoxiribnucleotide (DNA) variants associated with physical performance. However, this new technique has not been used in sports genetics research. Therefore the aim of this case study was to report new variants in genes involved in skeletal muscles strength in an elite weightlifter using WES. After obtaining an informed contest participated in this study from a 32-year-old man, who is a member of the Iranian national weightlifting team, 5 cc of blood was taken and then DNA was extracted. DNA samples were analyzed using the WES method. WES analysis of this elite weightlifter revealed missense mutations (230845794A>G and 230845977G>A) in AGT and (148206440G>A and 148206473G>C) in ADRB2 genes. Results of WES analysis revealed missense mutations in Power/Strength related genes in this elite athlete. However more studies with larger sample sizes are needed to reveal the relationship between these variants and performance of strength athletes.

Insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) has a variety of roles, but the abundance of scientific evidence indicates that it is a metabolic biomarker associated with physical fitness and health. The present study investigates the effect of eight weeks of polarized exercise training on serum GH / IGF-1- indices in active young men.

In this double-blind experimental study, 20 young males were allocated randomly into polarized training group (N=10) and a control group (N=10). The polarized training group performed 80-70% of the main workout volume (30 minutes) with light to moderate with 50-60% reserve heart rate (RHR) intensity and the remaining 20-30% at 85-95% RHR intensity; in a way that they ran two periods consisting 3 repetitions of 15-30 seconds, with 30-60 seconds of active rest after each repetition and 3 minutes of active rest after each period. Blood samples were taken from all subjects in three stages, including: pre-test stages, 24 hours before the start of the post-test, and after 12 hours overnight fasting. Post-test samples were collected, one sample immediately after the first session and the another 48 hours after the end of the last exercise session.

The results of the present study showed that bipolar training significantly increased growth hormone and free IGF-I levels after one training session, and after eight-week bipolar training program. However, total IGF-1 levels decreased significantly after one exercise session and after eight-week bipolar exercise program. Also, no significant change was observed in IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 levels after one training session and eight-week training program. Acid-labile subunit levels did not change significantly after one training session, but decreased significantly after eight weeks of bipolar training.

Based on the results of the present study, it seems that the use of bipolar exercises, training may be a good way to improve the hormonal function and assess the level of health and physical fitness of active young men.

In the past few decades, exercise has been promoted with increasing interest for the treatment of back pain. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of rehabilitation exercises with medicine beta balls on the directional and general contraction of ankle joint muscles in patients with low back pain during walking.

The present study was a clinical trial. The statistical population was patients with low back pain in the age range of 20-30 years in Ardabil in 1399.  Twenty men with low back pain were randomly divided into exercise and control groups. The intervention group performed 12 sessions of strengthening exercises of the central muscles of the body with the beta medicine ball. The activity of selected muscles was recorded during walking pre-and post-test in two groups. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis.

The results showed that the interactive effect of time and group on the directional contraction values of the ankle joint during the middle phase was significant (P = 0.020). Post hoc test showed that the values of all directional contraction of the ankle joint increased significantly during the middle phase in the experimental group.  

Increasing the values of directional contraction after the training period during the middle phase of reliance in the experimental group can be associated with more joint stability and less vulnerability

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and curcumin supplementation on cardiomyocyte miR-208, miR-499 and HSP60 expression level in rat model of isoproterenol induced acute myocardial infraction (AMI). 40 male rats (200-250 gr, age: 16 weeks old) were randomized into four groups of Training, Curcumin, Concomitant (HIIT+ Curcumin) and Control following intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol (100 mg/kg) for two consecutive days to induce myocardial infarction. HIIT were done for eight weeks, 5 sessions a week for 60 min. Each session was included to 10 intervals (each interval for 4 min) of running at 85-90% of v VO2 peak with 2 min of active recovery at 50 to 60% of v VO2 peak. Curcumin was administrated through oral gavage 15 mg/kg a day. Expression levels of miR-208, miR-499 and HSP60 genes was evaluated using Real-Time PCR method. All three interventions of training, curcumin and their combination (HIIT+Curcumin) significantly elevated cardiac miR-499, HSP60 expression level as well as Vo2max improvement; meanwhile, miR-208 expression was reduced (p=0.001 under any circumstances). Moreover, the expression levels of miR-208 in the concomitant group were significantly lower than HHI (p=0.03) or curcumin (p=0.049) either. All three interventions are likely associated with alleviation of MI complications e.g. oxidative stress, ischemia/reperfusion injury and tissue remodeling, through modifications in microRNAs expression level. Moreover, a further reduction in miR-208 expression level in the concomitant group could imply on a lesser mortality rate or recurrent AMIs as well as a better cardiac structural remodeling following to infraction; emphasizing on better results with curcumin plus HIIT co-prescription. However, more investigations are warranted because of no straight measurement of many factors and also limitations in this study.

Both hypoxia and hypocapnia can cause broncho-constriction in humans, and this could have a bearing on performance at high altitude. This can be a problem for non-natives and non-professional climbers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one-week stay at a height above 3600 m of sea level on the pulmonary indexes of men non-professional climber.

Ten non-professional climbers from Ardabil Red Crescent Society (with an average age of 28.6±4.78) voluntarily participated in this semi-experimental study. Pulmonary function indices, blood pressure and heart rate were measured at the baseline level of 1400 m, after climbing to an altitude of 3600 m and then after a week of staying at an altitude. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance with repeated measures at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results of the study showed that Peek Expiratory flow (p=0/04) and blood pressure decreased significantly after ascent to 3600 m and one week living at high altitude.   In addition, FEV1/FVC had a significant increase after ascent to high altitude (p = 0.04). No significant change was observed in other measured indices (p>0.05).

These findings might underlie “live high” strategy prescription for ergogenic aids as well as hypertension control.  However, more firm conclusion warrants to be verified in future studies.