لیلا تابش فر

The purpose of this paper is an introduction of a new approach into morphology as “construction and interpretation”. To achieve this goal, some parts of Role and Reference Theory has been extended to inflectional morphology; it has integrated with a new approach and constructed new perspective as “construction and interpretation”. This new approach has been provided to analyze how conceptualization in language is and how the function of correlate between polysemy and synonymy is and what causes this correlation. It has been performed in three steps: in the first step, different morphological approaches about polysemy have been reviewed, in the second step, the proposed approach has been presented and in the third step, problematic samples of previous approaches within the proposed approach have been analyzed. The results suggest that usage is different with meaning and it is the basis of language and axis of conceptualization. Usage simultaneously and continuously is in interaction with both meaning and form. This simultaneous and permanent interaction causes correlative and competitive formation of polysemy and synonymy. Pragmatic competence is in the mind of the speaker, so the speaker refers by creating interaction among usage, meaning and form inside cultural cognition and context, and the listener interprets and infers the reference unit or “construction”, in this way, conceptualization of form takes place.

The aim of the present article is to investigate morphological diversity in nominative adjective in Persian. To reach this purpose, morphological patterns of nominativeadjective in the previous researchers’ works were gathered and criticized.To remove the weaknesses, they were presented within a new approach of “construction and interpretation”, because it was revealed the cause of morphological diversity in nominative adjective is the role of usage as the basis of conceptualization in language; In other words, by usage and interaction of it with meaning, speaker updates and creates new constructions; the listener interprets the new construction in a verbal communication and in this way, conceptualization takes place. In all patterns, nomination is central meaning but each time the speaker links some of his illocutionary force to it and creates a form with a new meaning as a different construction; so while keeping its central meaning, the new construction finds a new usage.

Undoubtedly, mental and conceptual complexities are reflected in the language, as well. Relative clauses are a sample of mental and conceptual complexities which in recent decades,many studies have tried to decode their perception and representation patterns. This topic becomes even more important when it is concerned with teaching language. In the present research, in order to facilitate the teaching of relative clauses, especially to non-native Persian language learners, four kinds of relative clauses including: subject-subject, subject-object, object-object, and object-subject were studied. Perception speed of several forms of each pattern was measured through a computer-based test and twosoftware programs calledMulti Timer Ultimatespeedometerand Snagitscreen capture. The results of the two groups were compared. The data were analyzed through SPSS software (Version 23) and the results indicated that there was no significant difference betweenfour types of relative clauses in terms of perception speed; that is, there wasno relationship between perception speed and the type of relative clause, and both native Persian speakers and Persian language learners can understand these four types of relative clauses at a relatively similar time frame; but the choice of the type was related to being a native Persian speaker or a Persian language learner. Extended Abstract</strong>A reflection of the various mental and conceptual complexities can be found in language. Relative clauses are known as one of the mental and conceptual complexities in various languages around the world. Research on the importance of relative clauses and their typology has received a great deal of attention during the past few decades. Research on relative clauses aimed to decode and reveal linguistic perception patterns in various languages around the world. This type of research is an inseparable part of teaching a language and its results greatly impact the approaches, methods, and techniques used by teachers around the world. In the present research, in order to improve the quality and simplicity of teaching relative clauses to non-native Persian learners, four kinds of relative clauses including: subject-subject, subject-object, object-object, and object-subject were studied.  In order to conduct the research, perception speed regarding several forms of each pattern were investigated through a researcher made computer-based test. This computer-based test was designed through the use of two computer softwares, namely, Multi Timer Ultimatespeedometer and Snagitscreen capture. This study utilized a comparative method in order to compare the two groups of participants. The two groups included 32 university students who were studying at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and 32 advanced non-native Persian learners studying at the International Center for Teaching Persian to Non- Persian Speakers at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The advanced non-native Persian learners were all international students who had applied to the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and had to learn and pass the Persian language courses before gaining admission into their post graduate studies. Each participant was given a written consent form which included the aims of the research and the purpose of investigation, a general description of the study, the task each participant was expected to perform, confidentiality of the test results, and also the right of the participants to withdraw from the study at any point in time. One of the researchers was also present to answer any possible questions that the participants might have. After the consent forms were signed by both the participants and the researchers, a copy of the consent form was given to the participants. The computer test included 8 sentences containing relative clauses 4 of which were the main samples and 4 were confirmatory ones to check the overall perception of the participants. Each participant was asked to sit in front of a computer screen and answer the questions which were displayed on a Microsoft Word file. Multi Timer Ultimate speedometer and Snagitscreen capture were used to pace and monitor the participants’ responses. The speedometer software recorded the time lapse while participants selected the order of sentences and the time difference between comprehending one sentence and moving onto the next sentence was calculated through the use of the recorded times. The Snagitscreen capture was used in order to record the participants’ performance during the test so that each reaction of the participant could be studied further and in more detail after the test.  The test included two parts: first, the participants were asked to read each of the 4 sentences in order and to tick which one they understood faster. Multi Timer Ultimate speedometer was used to record how long it took the participant to comprehend the sentences.  In the second part of the test, the participants were asked to reorder the sentences based on their understanding, and also elaborate on the reason behind their selected order of sentence placement. The directions in the second part of the computer test pointed out that the order of sentence placement did not have to be the same one as the original sequence selected by the researchers. The collected data was analyzed through the use of SPSS software (Version 23). The most prominent results of the present study included the following: A positive correlation was found between the main and the confirmatory tests regarding all 4 types of relative clauses, namely, subject-subject, subject-object, object-object, and object-subject. This affirms the validity of the collected data. Based on the obtained t-test results, the average speed of perception regarding all 4 types of relative clauses under study, namely, subject-subject, subject-object, object-object, and object-subject The results also indicated that there was no significant difference regarding the perception speed of these four relative clauses; that is, both native Persian speakers and non-native Persian learners can understand these four relative clauses in a relatively similar time frame. 

motion and causative verbs have great capacity in creating honorific. Current article has examined the impact of these verbs on such structure according to historical and fiction sources and Google within the framework of grammaticalization approach. The results show that these verbs maintaining lexical meaning will be grammatical in the imperative mood. Then changed to general indicator for honorific issue with participating in serial verb constructions and forming single proposition. These verbs have two meanings such as primary and secondary which lose their meanings to be changed into a general indicator of imperative for polite imperatives.The resulting structures at first used as indirect imperative action and then interpreted as more direct actions, due to frequency of application. Frequency of application of motion verbs compared with causative verbs creates imperative patterns and forms more productive structures than causative verbs.

This research is specifically about the function of inflectional "-i" suffix in new Persian. The objective of the article is to recognize some concepts and changes which are encoded by this morpheme in New Persian. Additionally, it follows up the reason of change or recognition of the linguistic elements. The results suggest that the so-called morpheme is changed in the cases that it was expressing two categories of frequentative aspect and modes, including subjunctive, conditional, optative, and imagined. The alternative sign in the category of aspect is prefix "mi-", which has taken a new frequentative aspect other than imperfect, and because of taking a new grammatical function, the auxiliary of "dɑʃtæn" is grammaticalized for its primary function, as well. The alternative sign in the category of mood is the abstract form of subjunctive mood, which means that a literal and phonemic function of an affix is titled to an abstract category. The reason of such changes should be found in the process of grammaticalization. That is, through this process, in aspect form "mi-" has taken a new function in addition to its primary one and has become more grammatical, and in mood form, a grammatical category has become more grammatical and more abstract.