لیلا مونسان

It is difficult to run current organizations without delegating some of the authority to management levels. Despite the importance of delegating authority to managers, this seems to have been neglected in organizations. The aim of this study was to identify effective strategies for delegation of authority in Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

The present study was conducted in 2019 in two stages. In the first stage, existing strategies to increase the willingness of managers to delegate authority were extracted through a review study. In the second stage, by conducting 18 semi-structured face-to-face interviews and holding a focused group meeting, effective and appropriate solutions were identified to increase the desire of managers to delegate authority at the university from the perspective of stakeholders. At this stage, data were analyzed by thematic analysis method by 2 people.

The review of studies showed two groups of strategies at the organizational and individual levels to increase the willingness of managers to delegate authority. The effect of implementing the solutions has not been fully investigated in previous studies. In the analysis of qualitative findings, three themes (including the importance of delegation at the university management levels, barriers to delegation at university and effective strategies for delegation to administrators at the university) and four sub-themes (including clarification of the delegation process, teaching how to delegate, establishing methods Correct monitoring and evaluation and the use of motivational methods appropriate to the performance of managers) were identified.

with regard to the most important barrier to delegation at the managerial level is process-related, it is suggested that the training method and process of performance appraisal and organizational reward be reviewed to increase skills and motivate further delegation. So that, measure the effectiveness and implementation considerations, it is recommended to conduct further studies on the effective implementation of strategies and to monitor and evaluate the effects of the implementation of strategies.

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between organizational health and empowerment of primary school teachers in Kanarak city in the 2-7 academic year. The method of the present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study includes all primary school teachers in the city of Konarak in the number of 400 people and its sample size was determined using the Cochran's formula of 196 people. Data collection tools in this study are two standard questionnaires of organizational health (Hui and Feldman, 1996) and empowerment (Hasanlu and Velayi Maleki, 1396) whose reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.790 and 0.764, respectively. To analyze the research data in the descriptive statistics section using frequency tables and bar graphs, a description of the demographic characteristics of primary school teachers in Konarak city was presented and in the inferential statistics section to examine the research hypotheses of Pearson torque correlation coefficient. Multiple linear regression tests as well as distribution diagrams were used to show linear relationships between variables. According to the results of this study, there was a significant relationship between organizational health and empowerment of primary school teachers in Kanarak city. It was also observed that there was a significant or non-significant positive and negative relationship between the dimensions of organizational health and empowerment, and a direct and significant relationship between the dimensions of organizational health (institutional unity and consideration) and empowerment (empowerment) with the empowered. There was an inverse and significant relationship; But there was no significant relationship between the dimensions of organizational health (manager influence, resource support, morale and scientific emphasis) with empowerment.

Lack of exercise is inconsistent with healthy lifestyle. In recent years, it has increased in different age groups, particularly in children and adolescents. To implement any health program, we should have a deep understanding of the health program. This study aimed to recognize characteristics of a school-based program for promoting physical activity in adolescents from the perspective of experts and health authorities, as well as student and parent’s overviews. Also, implementation and integration of this program was investigated by faculty members and connoisseur's perspectives.
The qualitative study was performed through in-depth interviews and Focus group discussion (FGD) on faculty members, experts of different ministries and students and parents. Overall, 24 experts, and 6 faculty members and connoisseurs participated in the study. Also, four FGD were held with students and parents. The findings were examined using content analysis.
The results were divided in two parts: A) Existing problems and characteristics of a school-based intervention program for promoting physical activity from the perspective of students, parents and experts of different Ministry B) implementation and integration of the program by faculty members and connoisseur's perspectives. Totally, we identified 3 categories and 28 themes for the section A, and 2 categories and 22 themes for the section B. The following three domains were extracted for the section A including management problems, shortage of resources, and approaches of increasing physical activity. Two domains for the section B were barriers to intersectorial coordination and characteristics of a school-based program. The results of the interviews with faculty members and health authorities led to identify a twentieth-stage framework for implementing the program.
The results indicated a severe lack of human and financial resources, and a coherent and systematic program to promote physical activity in schools. The identified framework can be used for implementing other health interventions.

Reward system program is an investment tools in order to improve quality of services. Accordingly, this study was conducted aimed to identify the challenges of the reward system and the solutions for improving that based on the views of stakeholders in Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals.
This directional content analysis qualitative study was performed in Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2014and 2015 using content analysis method. Targeted sampling was done and in-depth semi structured and face to face interviews were performed with a wide variety of experts and professionals including managers, faculties and hospital staffs. After word by word transcripting and extracting codes (meaningful phrases), these codes was reviewed again in order to achieve subcategories. Based on subcategories, information was classified to assossiated categories. For validity and reliability checking, stakeholders and faculties member check and peer debriefing were used.
Eventually, a total of 29 interviews were held. The comments were classified within 6 main categories, 19 subcategories and 1100 codes. The main categories included existing arrangements in hospitals in order to improve staff motivation; reward system challenges; derived opportunities from rewarding experiences; rewarding systematic actions; types of appropriate rewards and making infrastructure for better rewarding system implementation.
Regarding multiple aspects of a reward system which could have an effective role in increasing staff motivation or a contradictory effect when it is inefficient, implementation of an effective reward system in hospitals by designing an appropriate model based on identified key factors in this study, is recommended.

Due to the lack of sufficient and valid studies on STD surveillance system problems, evidence based decision-making is impossible. Therefore, using a qualitative approach to evaluate the system in terms of its weak points, strengths, threats and opportunities as well as finding appropriate solutions is necessary. A Mixed Method approach was conducted. For a reciprocal evaluation of STD surveillance, participants were selected from two mutual groups of AIDS and STD experts and STD related practitioners through targeted and convenient sampling respectively. In-depth interview and filling checklist were applied for the first group while an open structured questionnaire was used for the second group. Qualitative data was classified and summarized through content analysis methods. Quantitative data was analyzed by descriptive statistics. A great number of patients did not seek care because of stigma, taboo, over the counter drugs, dissatisfaction with the services, and the cost of tests. STD surveillance in Iran is mostly affected by threats and weak points. Low participation of the private sector on one hand and mismanagement and budget constraints in the health system on the other hand were the most important weak points. Weakness in the current reporting system was the common weak point of the two groups. In order to empower and promote STD surveillance and to follow WHO recommendations, designing a road map based on the opinions and experiences of experts and stakeholders and systematic review of studies is suggested.

Community involvement is the most important strategy in development. In health program planning, community assessment is a process in which society members get a thorough understanding of all matters, problems, resources, weaknesses, strengths, needs, and surveillance related to health by collecting, analyzing, and publishing relevant data and information. This study was conducted to identify and prioritize problems of the Chahestani region, a poor region in Bandar-Abbas city, Iran, with active participation of the people.

The study was based on a model designed in North Carolina, US. In this model, the assessment process is performed in eight steps. In the first seven steps problems are identified and prioritized, and in step 8 a plan of action is developed to deal with the problem selected.

A total of 60 problems were identified, of which the following were considered to be top priorities: lack of responsibility of the authorities, insecurity, unemployment, poverty, sewerage disposal, insufficient water, insufficient electricity, unpaved roads, lack of green space, and dirty streets and passages.

Most of the problems identified were non-health problems, including social, cultural, and economic issues.