فهرست مطالب لیلا گروسی

Today, geomorphic studies are considered as the base of studies on natural resources. Recognizing the processes and active mechanisms on these landforms and their characteristics, as well as understanding the type of use of these units in using the natural environment and sustainable development is important. Many of Iranian towns and villages are on plains and alluvialfans and as a result, exploitation of the plains has become diverse and growing; but there are problems and limitations in the use of these areas. For a successful farming, consideration of climatic and environmental conditions is of tremendous importance. Therefore, the designation of geomorphic units is a suitable method for detailed studies of natural resources planning and management and environmental hazards. According to some experts, the assessment of environmental power is an instrument for identifying a land for activities such as agriculture and forestry (Quang minh et al, 2003). The agricultural sector of Sanandaj Province is especially important among the economic sectors of the province since in terms of production and employment, it is ranked second after the services sector. The geographical and climatic conditions and abundant water resources provide the potential benefits of agricultural production in the city. In  recent years, with the adoption of new software and hardware methods, many efforts have been made to determine the capability and management of land leading to fruitful results.

The purpose of this study is to assess land suitability for agricultural activities in Sanandaj based on hydrogeomorphological parameters. To this end, the research method is based on descriptive-analytic methods. Research data includes statistical information (information on the status of groundwater and climate parameters), information layers, information extracted from satellite imagery (land use), as well as library information. Software used in the research includes ARCGIS (providing information layers, fuzzy, final output), IDRISI (implementation of the OWA model), Google Earth (validation of results), and SuperDecisione (weighting to criteria). The data layers of this research are soil, land type, geology, slope, altitude, precipitation, river, temperature, groundwater status, and groundwater chemical quality. Since the value and importance of the parameters are not the same for the desired purposes, the parameters were evaluated using expert opinion (5 geomorphic experts) by the ANP method and fuzzy by using the fuzzy function in ArcGIS software. Afterwards, standardized layers are entered into the IDRISI software and then combined with the ANP model using the OWA model based on the obtained values. Finally, the final map is made. After drawing up the final map to verify the results, 50 random samples were used to validate the result.

In this research, ten parameters have been used for the development of agricultural lands in Sanandaj. The parameters are assigned in three clusters: Geomorphologic parameters (elevation, slope and geomorphology units), hydroclamite (river, underground water, chemical water quality, temperature and precipitation), and land cover (soil and lithology). In this research, after providing information layers, these layers are standardized using ARCGIS software. The  geomorphological parameters are standardized in such a way that the altitude, the lower height means that the pixel is worth more And also in terms of slope, areas with a lower slope are worth more. In terms of geomorphology units, the lake and mountain units are of the lowest value. In terms of hydro-climatic parameters, regions with higher rainfall and temperatures near the river have lower groundwater depths and areas with lower EC values ​​are of higher value. In addition, the areas with inspetisol are of higher value and lithologically, the areas with alluvial lithology are more valuable. The value of the criteria was then calculated using the ANP model. Finally, the obtained value was applied to the layers and in the end, using the OWA model, the final map is obtained.

Since agriculture makes a major contribution to the economy of Sanandaj, and given the great potential of the city in terms of water resources, it is necessary to make proper planning and location in this area. In the present study, according to studies conducted and hydrogeomorphological survey related to the study area regarding zoning the area for the development of agricultural lands, it has been attempted to identify suitable areas for the desired purposes. The results of zoning using integrated network analysis and sequential weighted averaging model have been verified using integrated network analysis model and random sampling method is verified. The confirmed results indicate that the final map has 86 percent accuracy. The results of the present study indicate that the major part of Sanandaj does not have the proper level of agricultural activities so 1587 km2 of the city area is in the inappropriate class and the relatively suitable and suitable class area is 801 and 579 square kilometers, respectively. According to the results, about 53% of Sanandaj area is not suitable for agricultural activities, especially for water crops.

Todays geomorphological studies is the basis of natural resources studies and scrutiny. Accordingly, the plain one of the most important geomorphological forms in arid and semi-dry that have the potential to embrace human population , as well as sources of soil and groundwater and surface water resources are rich. Understanding the processes and mechanisms that enable the user to determine the type of landforms and features as well as the units are remarkably better use of natural and sustainable development is very important. Through the influence of agriculture on the environment, economic growth and food security as though evolving, but very vital role in the economic development of any country. Any use of the land, regardless of differences in ecological and environmental potential to cause adverse environmental impacts such as soil erosion, desertification, deforestation is. Accordingly, the Qorveh county considerable talent in the field of agriculture, and always as one of the most important centers of agricultural production in the province has been. But due to lack of studies on the development of agriculture and the lack of a coherent and systematic planning of land use in this area is not optimal , and also because of the exclusion of farmers in many services and infrastructure facilities and agriculture, small villages and large villages are sending are collapsing. The aim of the present study the feasibility of development of agricultural lands due to geomorphological features, evaluation of the effect of geomorphological, geological, climatic, hydrological and soil cultivation area on the increase or decrease, as well as geomorphological processes Qorveh and its relationship with cultivated land use and agricultural plain zoning and mapping of it. Qorveh county length and width 47°38'9" & 35°16'5" longitude, an area of ​​2480  is dedicated. The city is located in the south-eastern province of North Bijar, from East to Hamadan from the south to Kermanshah and Sanandaj is limited to the West.

According to the study, this is the way it works after the data collection, extraction and classification to the analysis of data was discussed that parameters, with expert opinion were scored by ANP and a comparison matrix of SUPER DECISION on the application is run and using fuzzy function optimized in ARC GIS software and using the Raster calculator the fuzzy layers on the final score is multiplied and information layers merged together and the final zoning was done FUZZY ANP method. They plan to use overlay zoning and land development feasibility study is prepared. According to studies conducted in this study geomorphological the study area for zoning appropriate in terms of agriculture as well as the results of classification by using FUZZY ANP in view of local experts is the best place for agricultural northern region compared to the other points of interest have been better.

Qorveh range of high altitudes, such as in South Mountain Darvazeh 3162 meters altitude, Ibrahim Attar with a height of 2793 meters and steep valleys such as valley consists of Oriya and Veyhaj that two streams of these valleys and Oriya and Veyhaj shed into plains and it is entered in the northeastern permanent river region Chmshvr. Northern of the region has slowly morphology. Geomorphological feature based on field observations and aerial photographs, elevation profile and slope of the mountains, hills, plains, rivers and hillsides are divided. A large part of the southern surrounded by mountains. Also the central of the studied area covered by the plains and hills scattered. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, data layers (slope, elevation, soil type, geology, land capability, temperature, precipitation, surface water and groundwater quality access) have been studied and analyzed. Water balance of the study area has been investigated then respective map is prepared. For combining layers, with the corresponding parameters of the vector to raster conversion in ARC GIS, the layers were prepared for fuzzy and Fuzzy layers in weight were achieved by the ANP, multiplication and gathered together all the layers and layers of fuzzy merged. As a result of zoning, the area of ​​arable will be 1872/83 kilometer. Also the powers and limitations of the geomorphological and land capability set.

The total annual rainfall in the study area equal to 837/6 million cubic meters that the 631/36 million cubic meters of it in the form of actual evapotranspiration and 1/5 million cubic meters of it to form of the evaporation of surface water is out of reach and taking into account the penetration factor and with low levels of domestic and industrial consumption 63/5 million cubic meters of water, renewable as they can be considered annually for agriculture. Based on these findings, the amount of annual renewable water for agriculture can be considered as well as favorable areas for agriculture in terms of geomorphology and land capacity was determined that very effectively help to determine how to cultivate and select the type of product proportional to renewable water and land available.

The land subsidence is the descending or collapse of the land under the influence of natural and human factors. The land subsidence is one of the issues that are being exacerbated by human factors, including excessive exploitation of groundwater. Subsidence can affect many constructions and facilities, causing problems for the industry, the environment, etc. This phenomenon is one of the most important environmental hazards that have been less considered than other natural phenomena due to the low human losses. The Qorveh plain is considered as one of the plains which have been introduced as a forbidden plain in the province of Kurdistan in recent years due to the over-exploitation of groundwater. Considering the amount of groundwater level drop and its direct impact on the subsidence level of the region, the present study evaluates the subsidence rate of the Qorveh plain during the period of 2017.12.19 to 2016.01.11. In this research, in order to evaluate the status of the groundwater drop, the statistical data from the Regional Water Organization of Kurdistan province has been used, and the Sentinel-1 images and the SBAS method were used (due to the unique capabilities of this method in terms of dimension, cost, time and accuracy compared to other remote sensing techniques) to estimate the subsidence rate of the region.

In this research, first, the status of the groundwater of the Qorveh plain and the drop rate of its level has been investigated. Then, the subsidence rate of the area and its relation with the groundwater drop has been investigated. Radar interferometry and SBAS were used to evaluate the subsidence of the study area. Radar interferometry method is one of the most powerful tools for monitoring the subsidence phenomenon. By comparing the phases of two radar images taken from a region at two different times, this method can determine the land surface changes at that time interval. The phase taken from a feature on the land surface is proportional to its distance to the radar sensor. Therefore, making any changes in this distance affects the measured phase. In this research, the Sentinel-1 images (2017.12.19 and 2016.01.11) have been used to perform the radar interferometry.

The hydrograph of the alluvial aquifer of the Qorveh plain has been provided for the water years of 1966-1676 to 2010-2011. During the 24 yeas, the groundwater level fluctuations in this plain are -13.29 meters, with an annual average of -0.55 meters. The least rate of dropping in the wells is in the wells located south of the Qorveh plain, and the rate increases toward the eastern and northeastern parts. In this research, the subsidence rate of the Qorveh Plain was estimated from 2017.12.19 to 2016.01.11 using the SBAS method. The final map indicates that during this period, the study area subsided between +61 and 216 cm, with the lowest subsidence occurring in the southern areas of the Qorveh plain, which corresponding to the sedimentary heights and slopes of Badr and Parishan and the rate has increased toward the east and west of the Qorveh plain.

The results of this study indicate that Qorveh Plain has witnessed a sharp drop in groundwater level over the recent years. Considering that the southern parts of the Qorveh plain corresponds to the heights and slopes of Badr and Parishan, and the rate of exploiting groundwater in these parts is lower, the rate of subsidence is less. The plain has also subsided further towards theeastern, western and northern parts and the outlet of the Shoor River, due to the growing increase of exploitation. The results indicate that the rate of subsidence is consistent with the rate of groundwater drop so that in the southern part which corresponds to the Badr and Parishan slopes, the rate was less than 10 millimeters during the period of 2017.12.19 to 2016.01.11. The results of the SBAS method indicate that the study area had subsidence of 216 mm during the 2 years and also a 61 mm uplift. Based on the final result, the highest rate of subsidence was related to the eastern and western parts of Qorveh plain and on the outskirts of the city of Dezaj and the villages of Ghasem-Abad, Shokuh-Abad, Avangan, Ganji, and others. A series of the aforementioned factors suggests that the Qorveh plain subsides about 20 centimeters per year. This is due to the over-exploitation of the groundwater. Unlike some areas where the displacement (subsidence and uplift) is due to the tectonic conditions, the results of this study have shown that in the Qorveh plain, the subsidence has a direct relationship to the drop of the groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the use of groundwater, especially in the agricultural sector, and the rate of the exploitation should be proportional to the amount of recharge because in addition to the water shortage problems, the continuous use of the groundwater can lead to the irreversible risks of subsidence.

Geomorphology tourism or geotourismis one of the areas ofmodern studies in geoscience and tourism studies based on the identification of geomorphosites or special geomorphological sites. Geomorphosites are of new concepts that have entered the tourism literature with an emphasis on the location of special sites, therefore, it emphasizes on a set of geographical, geological andgeoarchaeology features. They also havescientific, ecological, cultural and economic values simultaneously and are utilized to understand and exploit human tourism. Geosites, which are a branch of geotourismgive rise to sustainable development in that region, due to their unique attractions. This new economy is completed in a network of cultural heritage and natural resources managements. Geosites of the region must be identified and introduced prior to any planning. Geosites in east Kurdistan province are very less known and only some of them have superficially drawn attentions,therefore, it has been tried to evaluate the capabilities of these geosites in this research while introducing them. This area, along with the attractions of geotourism has also sensitivities and limitations that can be severely damaged, if the red lines are violated. In fact, the purpose of this is to introduce Kurdistan geositeswith the aim of becoming more familiar with the capabilities of this geosite, as well as investigating the geotourist problems of the region in order to pay attention to the planning related to the tourism industry that can be economically effective on areas with geosites. This is an applied research, and descriptive-analytical method was used to analyze information and data. The final analysis has been carried out based on the results obtained from the evaluation of the values and criteria of geotourism. Survey procedure, field visits and field studiesas well as library and documentary studies have been used to collect information. The combination of library and field information will determine the overall value of the region’s geotourism. Two methods of Comanescu and Fassoulaswere used to evaluate the geosites in this research. In addition to evaluating geosites, the areas susceptible to geotourism development in the study area were zoned, and two Fuzzy and ANP models were used for this purpose. The methodology is in a way that the data layers first became fuzzy and comparable, using fuzzy model. Then, the obtained weight was multiplied by each one of the data layers, and thefinal map was obtained by integrating the data layers in Arc GIS. Finally, geosites which are susceptible to geotourism development were selected using the final results obtained from the zoning as well as the results obtained from the geosites evaluation by the use of two Comanescu and Fassoulasmodels. Discussion and results: After identifying the geosites, Comanescu and Fassoulas methods were used to evaluate them. For this purpose, library methods and experts’ opinionshavebeenused. First, the geosites were evaluated according to the criteria of Comanescu method, and based on the final results obtained from the evaluations, the GhalehQomchoqayhas the highestvaluewith a totalof 84 scores. After the GharQomchoqay, SarabQorveh and CheshmehTangzhave the highest valueswith 76 and 69 scores, respectively. Then the geosites were evaluated using the Fassoulas method, and according to the final results, GhalehQomchoqay and SarabQorveh with a total of 17.5 and 13 scores have the highest values, respectively. The results obtained from the evaluation by both Comanescu and Fassoulasmethods indicate the high value of GharQomchoqay and SarabQorveh for geotourism purposes. In the present research, in addition to the geosites evaluation, areas susceptible to development have been identified using the intended criteria and two Fuzzy and ANP models have been used for this purpose. After the evaluation done by the methods of Comanescu and Fassoulas,zoning of the areas susceptible to geotourism development was carried out,using the intended criteria. The results indicate that among the geosites of the study area, 8 geosites including GhalehQomchoqay,SarabQorveh, CheshmehTangz and Baba GoorGoor’sEzhdaha Mount, Badr and Parishan mountains, GharGolestaneh, KoohNesar and SarabBijar have a high Potential for the purposes of geotourism development. In most important of researches done in the country, the evaluation methods have only been used. However, the most important advantage of this research is that all the necessary criteria have been evaluated and the final result has been the outcome of the multi-criteria evaluation. In fact, in addition to the evaluation methods, the zoning methods have also been used. The use of zoning methods has led to taking the environmental factors into consideration in the selection of top sites and the sites selected as sexemplary sites need to meet all the necessary requirements for the development of geotourism infrastructure.