ماهرو رضایی نژاد

Understanding the prevalence of menstrual disorders has important implications for both health service planning and risk factor epidemiology.

The aim of this review is to identify and collate studies describing the prevalence of menstrual disorders in Iran.

Studies with original data related to the prevalence of menstrual disorders were identified via searching six electronic databases and reviewing citations. All abstracts or titles found by the electronic searches were independently scrutinized by two reviewers. The Meta-analysis was performed with a random effects model, considering the remarkable heterogeneity among studies. A total of 35 eligible epidemiological studies were included in this review.

Overall, the pooled prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 73.27% (95% CI=65.12-81.42). The mean proportion of women with oligomenorrhea was 13.11% (95.5%, 95% CI: 10.04-16.19). We identified 16 studies that reported polymenorrhoea with a random effect of pooled prevalence estimate of 9.94% (95% CI 7.33%-12.56%). The prevalence estimate of hypermenorrhea was 12.94% (95% CI 9.31%-16.57%). Overall prevalence of hypomenorrhea was 5.25% (95% CI 3.20%-7.30%), ranging from 0.9- 12.90%. Pooling six studies that reported estimates for menorrhagia, the overall prevalence was 19.24% (95% CI 12.78-25.69). Overall, 6.04% (95% CI: 1.99-10.08) of the women were shown to have metrorrhagia.

This systematic review suggests that the average prevalence of menstrual disorders in Iran is substantial. It has been neglected as a fundamental problem of women's reproductive health. Diagnosis and treatment of these disorders should be included in the primary health care system of reproductive health.

Morbidity and mortality of preterm babies are important issues in perinatal medicine. In developed countries, preterm delivery is the cause of about 70% of mortality and 75% of morbidity in the neonatal period, respectively.

The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for preterm labor and the outcomes, in terms of perinatal mortality and morbidity at the time of discharge home, among preterm infants at less than 34 weeks gestation.

A retrospective study was conducted and all infants with a gestational age of 24 to 33 weeks and 6 days who were born from November 1st, 2011 to March 31, 2012 were enrolled in this study.

From 1185 preterm infants were born during this period, 475 (40.08%) infants with less than 34 weeks gestational age were included in the study. Our study showed the major obstetrical risk factors for preterm labor were as follows: preeclampsia (21%), premature rupture of membranes (20.3%), abruption of placenta (10%), and idiopathic cases (48.7%). The neonatal mortality rate in less than 34 weeks was 9.05%. Significant perinatal morbidity causesd in less than 34 weeks were as follows: sepsis (46.94%), respiratory distress syndrome (41.47%), patent ductus arteriosus (21.47%), retinopathy of prematurity (3.57%), necrotizing entrocolitis (1.68%), intra-ventricular hemorrhage (9%), and broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (0.84%).

Preterm birth is associated with adverse perinatal outcome. This situation needs to be improved by directing appropriately increased resources for improving prenatal health services and providing advanced neonatal care.