فهرست مطالب مجتبی طاهری

In recent years, many countries in the world have a positive view of population growth, and accordingly, they have moved their policies towards incentive policies. Also, due to the decline in Iran's fertility below the replacement level in the mid-2000s, Iran's peronatalist policies resumed in 2006 after almost two decades. The purpose of this study is to review Iran's population incentive policies and compare it with other countries in the world. European countries are at the top of the list with negative population growth rates Who have tried to change the appearance of their population. Their incentive policies are mostly in the form of financial aid, education facilities, health, even in the form of vacation packages,. But in Iran, barriers to childbearing and even higher barriers to marriage have not yet been removed from young people, and incentives for marriage and childbearing have been written only on paper. Therefore, it is necessary for the authorities in the Iran to solve the necessary conditions as well as the economic problems of families as well as the problems of youth marriage, so that families can increase the generation and youth for marriage, without any economic or social problems, etc. Encourage the issue.

The purpose of present research was to investigate the relationship between principals' reflective leadership with teachers' self-efficacy. The research method was descriptive – correlational. The population consisted of the whole high schools’ teachers nearly 2165 people in the academic year of 1395-96. 327 teachers were selected as a sample using Krejcie and Morgan table through proportionate Stratified random sampling method. The tools used in this research were researcher-made Reflective Leadership Questionnaire based on Castelli’s (2012, 2016) integrated model of RL and the Teachers’ Efficacy Questionnaire (Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk Hoy,2001). Their face and content validity was confirmed by experts. The instruments’ reliability coefficients were estimated 0/96 and 0/92 respectively. The data, at the descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics level (Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis, t-Test, ANOVA and Tukey Test) were analyzed by SPSS 23. The findings showed a positive and significant relationship between principals' reflective leadership and teachers' self-efficacy (r = 0.81, p≤0.05). Moreover 77 percent of teaching strategies, 28 percent of classroom management and 71 percent of student engagement were predicted by principals' reflective leadership. And finally, education and work experience on principals' reflective leadership and teachers' self-efficacy were significant. The principals' reflective leadership can raise the teachers’ self-efficacy belief through the knowledge and experience connection.

Due to the world's remarkable changes and today's social needs, the excellence and quality of education in the educational organization is undeniable. So, the school principals have to strive to achieve it. Excellence means organizational commitment to sustainable development, participation in customer satisfaction, and continuous increase of profitability of the organization in a comprehensive and supportive national environment for achieving total quality. Applying total quality management to organizations requires managers and staff who have the potential to move towards transcendental goals and also have an appropriate level of intelligence. One of the important types of intelligence in humans is spiritual intelligence. Spiritual intelligence is an instrument that integrates the external aspects of intelligence with the inner aspects of spirituality and creates an extraordinary capacity in person to use spirituality in an applied way. However, the individual efforts are not sufficient by themselves to optimize the organization's work, especially at schools, which requires teamwork. To organize their teams, the principals must be able to strengthen the cooperation and create a spirit of trust. There are mutual expectations in social relations, but the structure of unequal power against the subordinate usually causes distrust. The school principals need to create a climate of trust and benevolence among teachers, students and parents so that the effective and efficient education in Schools will be achieved. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and organizational excellence with the mediating role of organizational trust among the high school principals in Isfahan. In this context, the paper also examines the research model underlying the variables of the study. Research A descriptive-correlation research method was utilized. The statistical population included all 222 principals of high and secondary schools in 2015-2016 academic years. The sample size (128 participants) was selected based on Krejcie & Morgan (1970) table through multiplecluster random sampling. The research instruments included: King (2008) spiritual intelligence questionnaire with four dimentions of critical existential thinking, personal meaning production, transcendental awareness, conscious state expansion,Bruce (2008) organizational excellence and Sztompka (2002) organizational trust respectively. Their face and content validity was confirmed by a number of respondents and five experts in educational administration area. The reliability of the tools was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.93, 0.81 and 0.88 for Bruce's Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (2008), King's Excellence Questionnaire (2008), and Ztompka's Organizational Trust Inventory (2002). To analysis the data’s SEM, correlation coefficient and regression were utilized. Data analysis was performed using statistical methods of structural equation model, regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship generally between spiritual intelligence, organizational trust and organizational excellence. Also, among the components of spiritual intelligence of principals, only transcendental awareness predicted organizational excellence. Moreover, the finding showed a significant relationship between organizational trust and organizational excellence, and the obtained data fits the presented model through direct and indirect effects (p≤0/05, t≥1/96). The results of the coefficients of direct effects of variables on each other show that spiritual intelligence with the effect coefficient of 0.22 and 0.75 directly affects organizational excellence and organizational trust. Also, organizational trust with the coefficient of 0.35 directly affects organizational excellence. The indirect effect of spiritual intelligence on organizational excellence is significant and the role of mediator of organizational trust is confirmed. Spirituality makes life meaningful as long as rational behaviors and trust in others are flourished based on the mutual respect and equality. Therefore, it is possible to say that principals who have high spiritual intelligence at school may lead to the formation of a sense of trust and a healthy and logical environment in the organization, using the rational existence in order to thought awareness about the nature of the realities, the purpose and the reason for schools’ existence, and lead people in a conscious and purposeful way for its excellence. So, it can be concluded that relying on creating group relationships and using the spiritual intelligence of principals in its development can increase the sense of trust and also the sense of responsibility of individuals to the work and organizational tasks. This process follows by the principal's efforts in achieving the goals of the school and, consequently, the pursuit of excellence and the growth of the organization. School principals can focus on the excellence of the organization and the concept of quality through the demonstration of the usage of the spiritual intelligence capacity in understanding the meanings of collaboration, participation and collective work, and establishing group communication in its portfolio. Spiritual intelligence strengthens the basis of individual beliefs and influences its performance and school principals who have enough of it, in their beliefs, relationships and behaviors enhance the aspects that affect the level of organizational trust and strengthen them. According to the findings of the main hypothesis and the research model as well as the relationship between spiritual intelligence of principals and organizational excellence and trust, the practitioners, policy makers and senior administrators in educational organization are suggested: - Hold workshops on customer-orientation, organizational decision making, goal-recognition and organizational ethics for school principals and other staff. - School principals, while establishing meaningful relationships in schools, especially with teachers, should strengthen the competencies of teachers and promote their critical thinking in different ways, such as holding creativity and self-awareness courses. They can explain the nature of the reality of education, the purpose and reason of its existence, and the responsibility of different people to excel in the education system. - Finally, it is suggested that, while emphasizing the discussion and gathering sessions for the principals and staff of the organization, hold workshops on job skills training, human relationships, teamwork and participation, in order to increase the organizational trust and the organization will be on the path of excellence. Also, by strengthening the parents and teachers’ community, connecting with cultural and social institutions as well as student councils, the interactions and relationships between the organization, school staff, students, parents ae well as related social and cultural institutions will be flourished with the goal of education excellence. In brief, the organizations should focus on training principals, by understanding the complexities of the environment and establishing friendly rational relationships in schools especially with teachers, strive to strengthen their competencies and promote their critical thinking.

Background and Escherichia coli enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) causes diarrhea, hemolysis colitis, and uremic hemolytic syndrome. Due to the dangers of antibiotic treatment in the EHEC O157: H7 infection, vaccines offer a promising way to prevent infection. The recombinant proteins can create immunity against bacterial infections. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunity of recombinant proteins Intimin, EspA and Stx2b against infection of E. coli O157 H7.
Material and In this descriptive-laboratory study, recombinant Intimin, EspA and Stx2b proteins were expressed in E.coli BL21 DE3 under the influence of IPTG. The expression of recombinant proteins was examined by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot. The recombinant proteins were purified using the affinity Ni-NTA chromatography. Immunization was performed in mice with pure protein and the antibody titer was determined by ELISA. After immunization, the mice were infected with bacteria and the bacterial loss and mortality of the mice were examined. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software.
The recombinant proteins were expressed in host E.coli BL21 (DE3), and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed expression of recombinant proteins. The recombinant proteins were confirmed by Western Blot. ELISA results showed that Immunization induced a humoral response to EspA, Intimin and Stx2b. The loss of bacteria in mice was 102 cfu / ml and Mortality rate were reduced to 60 Percent.
The results showed that recombinant proteins produced an intense humoral response and also protects animals against live challenges using E.coli O157: H7.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) cause a wide spectrum of infections, such as diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic–uremic syndrome. Considering the risks associated with antibiotic therapy against EHEC infection, vaccines can be a promising method for prevention of infections. Recombinant chimeric proteins containing multiple immunogens could induce immunity against bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate immunogenecity of trivalent chimeric antigen EspA -Stx2b -Intimin against E.coli O157 H7 infection.
Material and In this descriptive-laboratory study,recombinant chimeric protein was expressed in E.coli BL21 DE3 by use of IPTG. The protein expression was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and western blotting analysis. The recombinant protein was purified using Ni–NTA affinity chromatography. The immunization was conducted in mice with purified protein and antibody titers were determined by ELISA. Following immunization, mice were infected with E.coli O157:H7 and evaluated for bacterial shedding and mortality. Using SPSS software, statistical analysis was performed by Duncan's test and T-test.
The protein was expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) and SDS-PAGE analysis showed expression of recombinant protein with molecular weight of 63kD. Western blot analysis confirmed presence of chimeric protein. ELISA results showed that immunogenic properties of chimeric protein induced humoral response to EspA, intimin and Stx2b. Bacterial shedding in immunized mice decreased to 102 cfu/ml and mortality rate was reduced to 60%.
The results showed that the chimeric protein induced humoral response and protected the mice against E.coli O157:H7.

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the reflective leadership assessment instruments at schools. Literature review suggests, although reflective learning is not new knowledge, reflective leadership is a novel approach at school management and leadership, and in few studies in this field have not established valid tools for revealing this concept at schools. Extensive research literature review, the dimensions and statements of the principals’ reflective leadership scale were stablished based on Castelli’s (2012) reflective leadership model, and the data was compiled with the participation of 327 secondary teachers. Along with the face and content validity assessment of the itemsand dimensions by educational management practitioners, teachers and applying their views, participant's comments on the ambiguity, repetition, and relationship of the statements with the concepts and dimensions through the implementation of the scale in pilot study were applied. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis show that 29 items are in five factors: sense of safeness, openness, purpose, challenging beliefs and feedback provide reflective leadership measurement tools. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated for each factor and the total reliabilityy was estimated 0.97. This study is a pioneer research in measuring principals’ reflective leadership at schools. Reflective leadership is a fundamental factor in the positivist paradigm shift to interpretation at Iranian schools. Research findings for education practitioner will be useful in assessing and deploying reflective leadership at schools.

Regarding increasing traffic accidents and major surgery in this region the number of patients who need intensive cares is increasing too. Determinants of outcome in patients admitted to the Intensive care unit are varied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the determinants of outcome in patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit of Shahid Beheshti hospital (Babol, Iran). This cross sectional study was carried on patients who were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit of Shahid Behishti hospital during 2009-2010. Information including gender, age and cause of admission, treatment process and length of stay extracted from files. Out of 334 patients, 170 (50.8%) patients recovered completely, 102 (30.5%) with partial recovery discharged or transferred to other wards, 5 (1.5%) referred to other hospitals for further evaluation and treatment and 57 (17.2%) were died. There were meaningful correlation between outcome of patients and age (p=0.049), cause of admission (OR=0.52, 95%CI: 0.28-0.97) and length of stay (p<0.001). There was no meaningful correlation between outcome of patients and level of consciousness and intubation, mean arterial pressure and level of consciousness. Knowledge of determinants of outcome in patients of intensive care units may help to recognize high risk patients, optimum care planning and decreasing the mortality rate.

Providing realistic economic analysis requires that we take into account limitations and complications of human behavior. In this paper، we show that one can''t explain the economic behaviors، only relying on rationality assumption، which is the basis of conventional economic analysis. In conventional economics، the rationality presumption has been defended on numerous grounds. Some claims that rationality-based models are easier to formalize and implement. Others believe that a set of market and non-market factors such as competition، evolution and learning، leads economic decision-makers to a rational behavior. However، in this paper we would show that، a realistic analysis of economic behavior can''t be provided just relying on rationality presumption، and ignoring human behavior limitations. Some economists combine economics and psychology to analyze the behavior of economic institutions. We will discuss the evolution of approaches regarding to this integration and will have a look on latest results in this field. Then، we will explain three basic behavioral limitations، which must be considered in economic analysis: bounded rationality، bounded willpower، and bounded selfishness. Then، as practical evidence، we will mention examples of irrational behaviors in financial markets. These examples indicate that there are numerous cases in which human behavior deviates from conventional models expectations.