مجتبی قربان زاده

The aim of this study was to compare academic burnout, anxiety sensitivity and psychological vulnerability in students with divorced and normal parents.

The method of this research was descriptive comparative causal. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female high school students aged 15 to 18 years with divorced and normal parents with diploma and higher education in Ghaemshahr city in the academic year 2022. According to the Ghaemshahr Welfare Department, 90 students aged 15 to 18 have divorced parents. According to the number of the target population based on Krejcie and Morgan table, 73 students with divorced parents were selected as the available sample and the same number were considered for the group of normal people according to the peer group with the main group. In this study, three questionnaires including: burnout questionnaire of Bresso et al. (1997), Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire of Floyd et al. (2005), psychological vulnerability Questionnaire Najarian and Davoodi (2001) were used. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance.

Findings showed that there is a significant difference between academic burnout, sensitivity to anxiety and psychological vulnerability in students with divorced parents and students with normal parents at the level of 0.01. Academic burnout, sensitivity to anxiety, and psychological vulnerability are more common in students with divorced parents than in students with normal parents.

This study shows the role of parental divorce in cognitive performance in students with divorced and normal parents, which can suggest practical implications for psychologists to improve the performance of students with divorced parents.

 The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in improving impulsive decision-making and suicide ideation of addicts. 

 The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-post-test design, and follow-up stage with a control group, and its statistical population consisted of 1700 female and male addicts who visited substance abuse treatment centers in Sari. After the purposive screening, 30 individuals were selected as samples and were randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The research tools included Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) by Patton, Stanford, & Barratt (1995), and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (1961). The experimental group received eight sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy based on the treatment package of Hayes et al. (1999), and the control group was put on the waiting list; Data were analyzed using the repeated-measures analysis of variance. 

 The results indicated that acceptance and commitment therapy was effective in reducing impulsive decision-making (F=4.87, P=0.036), and suicide ideation score (F=0.02, P=0.033), and the effects were stable in the follow-up phase (P=0.01). 

 Acceptance and commitment therapy was an appropriate strategy to reduce impulsivity and suicide ideation in female and male addicts and could be used as an effective intervention.

Substance dependence is a significant issue in society and among the most widespread health risk factors examined from the biopsychosocial perspective. Among the consequences of substance use can be the intermingling of thought–action, i.e., the desire and tendency of the individual to combine thoughts and actions. Accordingly, these individuals may become confused with their thoughts. These thoughts are intrusive, unintentional, unpleasant, uncontrollable, and meaningless; thus, they might harm themselves or others. The third–wave cognitive–behavioral therapies can effectively rehabilitate substance–dependent individuals with an emphasis on awareness and attention to psychological resilience. Among these interventions are Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of ACT on the interplay of thought–action and self–harm in substance dependents.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The study's statistical population consisted of all substance dependents referring to Substance abuse treatment centers in Sari City, Iran (N=1700). The study population was vast; it was impossible to compile a list of all community members. Therefore, sample selection was challenging from an administrative point of view. Therefore, simple random sampling and inclusion criteria were used to select the sample. Initially, centers with more experience, cooperation, and diversity in substance–dependent clients were identified (N=10). Then, 6 centers were selected by simple random sampling. The Thought–Action Fusion Questionnaire (TAFQ; Shafren et al., 1996) and The Self–Harm Inventory (SHI; Sanson et al., 1998) were distributed. Thirty individuals from these centers who met the inclusion criteria to enter the research and receive scores greater than 38 from the TAFQ and scores greater than 5 from the SHI were selected as a sample and divided into two experimental and control groups (n=15/group). The inclusion criteria of the study were at least a 5–year history of substance dependence; referring to drug abuse treatment centers in Sari; ages between 25 and 40 years; consent to participate in the research; ability to attend treatment sessions; no acute mental illness, and not attending other interventions, concurrently. Exclusion criteria included absence from more than one ACT session, not participating in the research, and not completing the questionnaire. ACT (Hayes & Strosahl, 2004) was administered to the experimental group in 8 sessions. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean & SD) and inferential statistics, including Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS at a significant level of 0.05.

The obtained results suggested that after removing the pretest effect, ACT was effective on thought–action fusion and its components, including ethical thought–action fusion, probabilistic thought–action fusion for others, and probabilistic thought–action fusion for self (p<0.001). Moreover, ACT effectively declined self–harm behavior in the experiment group (p<0.001).

ACT effectively reduces thought–action fusion and self–harm behavior in substance dependents. Thus, it is suggested to improve the fusion of thought–action and self–harm behavior in this population.

Reorganizations of cyclic variations, depending on fuel type, equivalence ratio, engine load and speed, and engine geometry, are the major purposes and may cause fluctuations of output power and unburned hydro-carbon. During this study, the effects of gasoline and natural gas (NG) as fuel on cyclic variations were investigated utilizing the recorded cylinder pressure of a research SI engine over more than 400 successive cycles. This work was performed at full load, 1800rpm and compression ratio of 8 with 0. 94 equivalence ratio using gasoline-air and NG-air mixtures. ُStatistical analysis of the obtained results showed that at the above conditions the coefficient of variations (COV) of indicated mean effective pressure (imep), peak pressure (Pmax) and the crank angle position of the peak pressure for gasoline-air mixture were 2. 4, 1. 29 and 1. 04 times of those for NG-air mixture, respectively; at the optimum ignition timing, imep of gasoline-air mixture is increasing with rising Pmax and decreasing with enhancing, however, imep of NG-air mixture seems to be independent to Pmax and.