فهرست مطالب مجتبی ملک

Very little research has been conducted on the content analysis of studies related to the elderly. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research landscape and offer structured insights into this area. The research focuses on the content analysis of Iranian journals of physical education in the context of elderly individuals. This quantitative, applied research is based on content analysis and adopts a descriptive approach. The statistical population includes geriatric research published in Iranian physical education journals from 1993 to 2021. The research tool is a researcher-developed checklist, validated by ten professors, with a reliability coefficient of 0.97 using the Holsti formula. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software. The findings revealed 213 relevant studies, with the majority published in the Motor Behavior journal. The most prevalent topic, constituting 30% of the articles, pertains to sports physiology, while biomechanics and management topics are less frequently addressed. Nearly all articles (99%) have a practical purpose and predominantly feature quantitative data. The quasi-experimental method is the most commonly used (76.05%), with training protocols being utilized in 81.22% of cases. Non-random sampling is the most frequently employed method, accounting for 53.52% of cases. Geographically, Tehran, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, and Isfahan provinces have the highest publication shares. SPSS software (73.23%), one-factor analysis of variance, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical methods are the most prevalent analytical tools used by researchers. The research conducted in Iranian physical education journals regarding the elderly does not comprehensively cover the literature in this domain. Consequently, to advance knowledge in this area, it is crucial to conduct diverse research across all regions, as well as to employ descriptive and qualitative methods more extensively. It is anticipated that over time, publications will increasingly address the challenges and opportunities faced by the elderly, adopting a more forward-looking approach in this field.

High prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus results in deleterious complications and morbidities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess nutritional and anthropometrical risk factors in progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic patients.

Totally, 133 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients (CAP score > 270) and 67 controls (CAP score < 270) were selected from the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a clinic. Dietary phytochemical index was calculated via data from a validated 147-item FFQ. Body composition were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Other anthropometric indices and laboratory assays were used as well. Logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariable ORs.

After adjustment for potential confounders, risk of progression for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in participants with higher dietary phytochemical indices significantly decreased (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.12–0.98, p = 0.048). After fully adjustment of covariates and independently from body mass index, positive associations were seen between the highest tertile of TLR (OR = 7.99, 95% CI: 2.43–26.26, p = 0.001), METS-VF (OR = 4.55, 95% CI: 1.46–14.2,
 p = 0.009) and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Findings of this study have demonstrated that phytochemical components of diet play protective roles against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.  Moreover, TLR and METS-VF are addressed as novel estimators of central obesity as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetes.

 The aim of the research is to develop a model for implementing the strategies of the General Administration of Sports and Youth of Golestan Province in the field of sports for the elderlies with a balanced scorecard method.

Design/ methodology/ approach:  

 Research is applied and descriptive and the data type is mixed. The conceptual model of the research is based on the Kaplan and Norton scorecard model. Statistical population in the quantitative section: The managers of the head department, the officials of the public sports board and university professors, which is over 44 people, and sampling was done by whole number method. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, the validity of which was approved by ten professors. Data were entered into SPSS software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-square tests were used. In the qualitative part, the meetings of the Strategic Council were used.

  Findings showed that the General Department of Sports and Youth of Golestan Province in the field of sports for the elderlies has four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes and growth and learning. Based on this, 28 strategic goals, 82 measures, 82 quantitative goals and 106 actions and initiatives were prepared and the strategic plan and its implementation model were designed.

Limitations & Consequences: 

 To set quantitative targets, researchers needed accurate information about the current state of the General Administration and the Board of Public Sports, but in some cases, due to the novelty of the measures, the correct information was not available.

Practical Consequences:

  The designed model will facilitate achieving the vision and the ability to implement strategies in senior sports.

Innovation or value of the Article:

  The value of the research is in providing a management solution for the implementation of sports development strategies for the elderlies that leads to their health.

Patients with diabetes often suffer from psychological distress (symptoms of depression, stress, and anxiety) that causes malfunctions and impairments in their performance and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on resilience of women with type 2 diabetes.

This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with two intervention and control groups. From women with diabetes who referred to a laboratory in Tehran, after an exclusive interview with a clinical psychologist, 27 subjects were selected by convenience sampling and then randomly divided into two groups of control (n=13) and intervention (n=14). The intervention group underwent 12 sessions of 90 minutes of training. Both groups answered the Connor-Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2003) in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there was no significant difference in the total resilience score between the experimental and control groups in the three stages of study. In the subscale of spirituality, a significant difference observed between the two groups (p<0.05).

According to the results, it is suggested that this training be used only to improve the spirituality of resilience along with other cognitive therapies for patients with diabetes.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that with many limitations has many negative consequences for the individual. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of “Affect Regulation Training” on cognitive emotion regulation and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in women with type 2 diabetes.

The design of the present study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and follow-up and with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all women with type 2 diabetes who referred to the Resalat Laboratory located in Tehran in the summer of 2019. Among the volunteer patients to participate in the study, 30 were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control (15 people in each group). Demographic characteristics questionnaire, "Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire" and glycosylated hemoglobin test were used to collect data. In the present study, the convergent validity of the "Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire", the reliability of the internal consistency method by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the reliability of the glycosylated hemoglobin measuring device were calculated. The intervention of “Affect Regulation Training” was performed in 12 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were analyzed in SPSS. 22.

“Affect Regulation Training” was significantly effective in improving cognitive emotion regulation in women with type 2 diabetes (P <0.05).

“Affect Regulation Training” is an effective intervention in improving cognitive emotion regulation in women with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is suggested that in designing and implementing programs related to diabetes treatment “Affect Regulation Training” be used as an effective intervention in cognitive emotion regulation and also controlling glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with diabetes.

The American Medical Association (AMA) defines "disease" based on three features, including a defect in the normal function of any part of the body associated with specific signs and symptoms and leading to morbidity. Obesity can be considered a disease because there are some abnormalities in the regulation of appetite and function of the endocrine system, leading to abnormal energy balance and the accumulation of adipose tissue manifested as higher levels of body mass index (BMI) and central obesity indices. This condition is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, sleep apnea, arthralgia, walking disability, and many other complications. Obesity results from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors leading to energy imbalance and fat deposition. This condition eventually promotes abnormal endocrine and inflammatory responses and arouses severe complications. Obesity is a debilitating disease that, other than metabolic complications, would emerge as gastrointestinal reflex, osteoarthritis, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, decreased physical activity, and decreased quality of life. On the other hand, about 5-10% weight loss decreases many obesity-related complications; hence, obesity seems to be a real, complex disease that occurs in the context of a person's genetic predisposition and a combination of inflammatory, hormonal and behavioral factors. Similar to other chronic diseases such as diabetes, a fundamental plan is necessary to prevent its increasing incidence and treat it with effective medications.This article is the counterpart of another article (Whether obesity is a disease? It is too early to say yes) in this issue.

This research aimed at determining and comparing the precision and recall of general search engines to retrieve images of important diseases in the field of endocrinology.

An analaytical survey was conducted in this applied research, for which 50 keywords in the field of 5 endocrine diseases were selected, and the 30 top images retrieved by each search engine were stored and analyzed, using precision and recall measurement formulas and excel software.

This research show that Google search engine has the most percision (35%) followed by the Bing and Yahoo search engines. Images retrieved for adrenal diseases had the most percision (42%) in google while it was (16%) in yahoo. The Bing search engine had the most recall (77%), followed by the google and yahoo search engines. Diabetes mellitus had the most recall (97%) in the google and bing search engines. Adrenal diseases had the least recall (30%) using yahoo search engine.

Results show that Google and bing search engines were in competition with each other and professionals of endocrinology and other researchers can use these search engines, Google and bing in particular, to retrieve the best medical images. Librarians also can use and recommend these two search engines to related professionals for retrieving medical images of adrenal, pituitary, thyroid, diabetes and para-thyroid diseases.

Diabetic foot ulcer is the complication of diabetes that commonly led to lower limb amputation. Pentoxyphylline is one of the systemic drugs suggested in the healing of different wounds. In the present study, its effect on healing of the diabetic foot ulcer was evaluated. In a double blind randomized clinical trial, patients with diabetic foot ulcer referred to diabetes clinic of Fatemieh hospital, Semnan, Iran, evaluated. In one group oral Pentoxyphylline 400 mg, three times a day and in the control group placebo prescribed. Reduction of the wound size and the incidence of complete wound healing considered as the indicators of wound healing. From 110 patients enrolled in the study, 30 patients excluded because of unbearable dizziness, retinal hemorrhage, need to debridement and loss to follow up. At the end, 80 patients in two groups (each with 40 patients) evaluated. In Pentoxyphylline group, the percentage of wound healing at the end of the first and second months was significantly higher. The rate of complete wound healing was higher but not statistically significant. In addition, the prevalence of nausea and dizziness in Pentoxyphylline group, was significant. Pentoxyphylline is effective in the healing of diabetic foot ulcer by decreasing the wound size in patients without peripheral vascular diseases. However, because of the probable adverse effects, it should used with caution.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) and the role of physical examination for neuropathy diagnosis in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

A cross-sectional study was carried out from 2009 to 2010. A total of 107 patients with type 2 diabetes were evaluated using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). MNSI consists of two parts: History and physical assessment. History was focused on positive (burning, tingling) and negative (numbness) sensory symptoms, cramps and muscle weakness, foots ulcers or cracks, and prior diagnoses of diabetic neuropathy by a physician. Physical assessment was determined from foot appearance, ulceration, ankle reflexes, vibratory perception and monofilament testing.

A total of 72 women and 35 men were participated in this study. The frequency of neuropathy diagnosed based on physical assessment was 78.5%. The mean age was 57.6 (± 10.2) and the mean duration of diabetes was 10.2 (± 7.3) years. Ankle reflexes were not observed in both both foot in 67% of patients. Vibration perception was absent in 25% of patients. Monofilament testing was normal in 86% of patients in both feet.

The results showed a key role of physical examination in diagnosis of DSP in diabetic patients. The high frequency of DSP among diabetic patients demonstrated the importance of annual screening, further evaluations, planning and management of patients in diabetic foot clinics. However, considering the results of this study, the sensitivity of monofilament test in screening of DSP is questionable.

Type 2 diabetes melitus (DM) is highly prevalent worldwide. Evidence supports a role for royal jelly in reduction of serum glucose and lipids. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of royal jelly intake on serum glucose، HbA1c، and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in type 2 diabetic patients. Fifty patients with type 2 DM participated in a double-blind، placebo-controlled، 8-weeks study. The patients with type 2 DM were divided randomly into placebo and royal jelly groups of 25 each. Both groups received the treatment for 8 weeks. In royal jelly group participants received three 1000 mg royal jelly capsules daily and placebo group received three 1000 mg placebo capsules daily. Blood samples were taken after 12 hours of fasting at the beginning and the end of the study. Serum glucose، HbA1c، and TAC were evaluated. Forty six participants completed the study. Royal jelly intake reduced FBS levels (p=0. 006) and increased TAC (p=0. 016) significantly after 8 weeks compared with placebo. Royal jelly did not affect serum HbA1c levels. This study shows that royal jelly has some benefits in type 2 diabetic patients.

Several investigations have been conducted on the effects of Islamic Ramadan fasting on blood glucose levels and lipid profile of type two diabetic subjects. However، this matter remained to be controversial. This study was designed to investigate the effect of Ramadan fasting and structured SMBG on blood glucose control in this group of subjects. Forty type two diabetic subjects on oral agent were selected. These subjects were randomly divided into two equal groups and matched based on their age and sex. Group A monitored their blood glucose level using structured SMBG method and group B monitored their blood glucose level in a traditional way. Fructosamine level، total cholesterol، LDL، HDL and TG were measured in all subjects before and after Ramadan. Fructosamine level raised from 363 (±53. 55) to 400. 29 (±73. 25) (P < 0. 003) in group A and from 388. 52 (±61. 89) to 411. 10 (±68. 37) (P < 0. 04) in group B. Total chol، LDL and TG levels were increased and HDL level was decreased in both groups; however، these changes were not statistically significant. Poor metabolic control despite structured SMBG method is observed in this study. This might be due to have high caloric diet and less physical activity during Ramadan in order to prevent hypoglycemic attacks.

Catheter related infection is one of the most important complications of vascular access devices. Treatment of these complications is important and life saving. The most common causative organisms are gram-positive bacteria especially staphylococcus. Vancomycin and teicoplanin are two antibiotics which widely used for invasive beta-lactam-resistant Gram-positive infections. In this study, we aimed to compare efficacy of vancomycin and teicoplanin in treatment of catheter related infection. In this clinical trial, 43 patients with catheter infection were enrolled. Diagnosis was based on clinical criteria. 22 patients were received teicoplanin 800mg intra-venous loading dose and 400mg at days 2th, 3th,5th,12th,19th and 21 patients received vancomycin 1gr intra venous loading dose and 500mg every 5 days and for 3 weeks. A criterion for treatment response was absence of fever after 72 hours. %57.1 patients who received vancomycin and %68.2 patients who received teicoplanin had clinical response (p=0.454). In patients who received vancomycin, one case developed red man syndrome and one case developed diarrhea (9.5%) and in tiecoplanin group one patient developed rash (9.1%). Our findings show that there is no significant difference between two groups in treatment of catheter related infection in hemodialysis patients

Metabolic syndrome is a collection of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL level, hyperglycemia and HTN. With regard to the development of CVD disease in recent years, the present study was completed to determine the degree of metabolic syndrome prevalence in the adult population of Semnan province.

This epidemiological cross-sectional study was carried out in the province of Semnan (Iran) on 3799 individuals between 30 and 70 years of age. In the study, multi-stage individuals were randomly selected from urban and rural environments and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was determined according to ATPIII and IDF criteria.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to ATPIII and IDF was 28.5% and 35.8% respectively, and increased with age in both sexes. The highest degree of prevalence was seen in the above-60-years age group. The Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in women on basis of both definitions; it was higher among non-smokers on basis of the IDF definition (P<0.05). Decrease in the prevalence of the syndrome had significant relation to literacy. There was no significant difference of metabolic syndrome prevalence between urban and rural settings. Among the risk factors of metabolic syndrome according to ATPIII and IDF, high triglycerides (40.8%) and abdominal obesity (70.8%) had the highest prevalence respectively.

The findings show the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the 30 to 70 year-old population. Therefore, the identification of the risk factors should be attempted to prevent syndrome acquisition.

Verbal memory and executive function might be disturbed in subclinical hypothyroidism. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of levothyroxine treatment on the memory quotient of Anti-TPO-Ab positive subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism. Sixty Anti-Tpo-Ab positive subjects (51 female, 9 male) with subclinical hypothyroidism with a mean age of 34 were enrolled in this randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Subjects were randomized into two groups, i.e. the case (26 females- 4 males) and the controls (25 females, 5 males) groups. Using the Weschler memory test, memory quotient was assessed at the beginning and three months after initiation of levothyroxine treatment. The mean age of subjects was 34.22±10.75 y and the mean TSH level was 8.25±3.64 mIU/l. There was no difference between two groups in relation to the memory quotient at the beginning of the study (10.5.70±11.66 vs 105.87±11.49, P=0.83). Following treatment the mean for the memory quotient rose by 9.9±8.01 in the cases and 3.23±7.63 in the controls (P=0.002). In this study we observed an increase in the memory quotient after treatment with levothyroxine in individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism, demonstrating that levothyroxine treatment could be recommended to improve verbal memory and executive function in this group of subjects.

An epidemiologic cross-sectional study was conducted among 3799 persons who were 30-70 years old in Semnan Province, Iran. Multistage cluster sampling was performed, and subjects were selected from urban and rural populations of Semnan, Shahroud, Garmsar and Damqan. Data were collected through questionnaires, then a blood sample was collected from selected patients with 12 hours fasting for evaluation of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) levels in urban and rural communities. Totally, 3799 persons enrolled in this study with mean age 41± 10.2 years that 44.6% of them were male. High TG was seen in 29.1%, high LDL in 11.8% and low HDL in 30.7%. Prevalence of all kinds of dyslipidemia was higher in Shahroud. In conclusion, prevalence of dyslipidemia among 30-70 years old was higher than expected. So that, comprehensive preventive and educational programmes on lipid disorders and related diseases are necessary.

Cigarette smoking is a known cause of systemic disorders such as bronchogenic carcinoma and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to estimate prevalence of smoking in 30-70 year old men in Semnan province in Iran.

This survey was conducted in a sample population of 1695 men 30-70 years old, in October 2005 to February 2006 in both rural and urban areas of Semnan province. A multistage clustered sampling was performed with, first, 760 clusters (households) selected randomly using a systematic sampling technique. Then one or two more households in the neighborhood of each of the former households were also selected. Finally, in each household a 30-70 year old person was randomly selected and asked to complete a questionnaire.

The overall prevalence of current cigarette smoking in men 30-70 years old was 24.1% (95% confidence interval: 22.1-26.1%).18.3% of them were daily and 5.8% occasional smokers. 26.8% of rural and 23.0% city resistant adults were cigarette smokers (P=0.053). Prevalence of cigarette smoking in under 40, 40-49, 50-59 and ≥ 60 years were 21.1%, 32.6%, 25.1% and 11.9%, respectively (all, P<0.001). 19.7% of illiterates, 24.9% of primary, 30.8% of intermediate, 25.4% of high school and 11.8% of university level education were cigarette smokers(P<0.001). 46.6% of them before, and 39.2% between 21-30 years have started cigarette smoking. Mean (±SD) age for starting cigarette smoking was 24.1±8.0 years. Prevalence of cigarette smoking in Semnan, Damghan, Garmsar and Shahrood were 22.5, 23.2, 27.6 and 23.4% (P=0.554), respectively. Only 0.1% and 1.6% of them were pipe and tobacco smokers, respectively. 0.4% tobacco smoking was simultaneously with cigarette smoking. 15.2% non-cigarette smokers were passive smokers. Overall, 39.3% of Semnan province adults, aged 30-70 years, were active or passive cigarette smokers.

Findings showed that prevalence of cigarette smoking in Semnan province in adults aged 30-70 years is high. Therefore, a community-based multiple strategies are required to combat with increasing rate of cigarette smoking and its complications.

Considering the importance of quality of life (QoL) affected in chronic diseases including diabetes, this study conducted to evaluate health-related quality of life in patients with type 1-diabetes.

In this cross-sectional study, 150 patients with type 1 diabetes were enrolled from the Institute of Endocrinology & Metabolism. A quality of Life questionnaire validated previously for assessment of QoL in people with type-1 diabetes in Iran was used. The questionnaire included 20 questions in five areas of social relationships, emotional, daily activity, academic performance and treatment.

Mean age of the subjects and duration of disease were 22.14±6.84, 8.97± 7.14 years respectively. The mean score for general quality of life was 70.70±13.95 in men and 67.27±11.87 in women. There was no significant difference in general quality of life between men and women. However, regarding treatment, the quality of life in men (65.64±16.65) was higher than in women (P<0.05). General quality of life was significantly correlated with duration of diabetes and type of insulin. In patients treated with insulin-analogues, general quality of life and areas of emotional, social relationships, academic performance and treatment were better.

To conclude, comprehensive diabetes care, including mental health counseling and structured patient education programs might improve QoL in Iranian patients with type 1 diabetes.

Using anti-inflammatory medicine injection such as dexamethasone acetate (DXA) is a common treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Iontophoresis and phonophoresis of DXA are two other ways which may help to introduce DXA locally to inflammated tissues. This study has been deigned to compare the effect of iontophoresis and phonophoresis of DXA on the CTS treatment. 35 mild or moderate CTS patients (51 affected hands) were randomly assigned in one of the two experimental: iontophoresis (25 affected hands) and phonophoresis (26 affected hands) groups. Subjects in iontophoresis group received 10 sessions of iontophoresis of %0.4 DXA solution (DC, 0.2 mA/cm2, 20 min) over the wrist of the affected hands while the other group received 10 sessions of phonophoresis of %0.4 DXA jell with pulsed ultrasound (1 MHz, 1 W.cm-2, 5 min). The strength of hand and thumb grips, paresthesia, pain, motor and sensory distal latency and evoked potential of median nerve were measured before and after intervention and after 4 weeks follow-up. Comparisons of the mean changes showed more increase in hand grip (P=0.006) and thumb grip (P=0.0002), less pain perception (P=0.001), shorter sensory (P=0.0001) and motor (P=0.0008) distal latency and higher sensory and motor (P=0.0001) action potential in the phonophoresis in compared with the iontophoresis group. Our results show that using phonophoresis of DXA is more effective for CTS treatment, than the iontophoresis method. More studies are needed to investigate the role of different parameters used during phonophoresis of DXA in the CTS treatment.

Type II diabetes is a metabolic disorder. Environmental factors and patient awareness have major roles on chronic complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of patient's perception of t the importance of diabetes and metabolic- control and pursuing of chronic complications. 194 patients with diabetes enrolled from diabetes clinic of Institute Endocrinology & Metabolism in a cross-sectional study, from February to March 2010. Data were collected using a questionnaire to assess the personal demographics, individual approach in pursuit of complications, and glycemic control, as well as patient perception and attitude toward the importance of disease process and follow-up. Level of perceptions was determined as well, moderate and weak. Out of 194 patients, 77(39.7%) were male and 117(60.3%) female. Mean age was 52.18±10.17years. 69.2% did not know what the glycosylated hemoglobin was. In 71.4%, willing to participate in decisions making on medical treatment was good and they knew that with initiation of insulin therapy, they would have better metabolic control. 68.9% of patients had regular follow-up for eye complications, and 51% for cardiac complications. Follow-up for diabetic foot complication was poor. Patients with good perception had regular follow-up regarding cardiac, eye and renal complications. These results indicate that better perception of diabetic patients might improve their compliance for regular follow- up regarding the pursuit of chronic complications, especially cardiac, eye and renal problems. Although, the metabolic- control of patients had not the association with patient perception about the importance of diabetes

Precise control of diabetes mellitus, one of the most prevalent endocrine diseases, is important for prevention of serious vascular complications. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in the world and data reveals that diabetic patients with concomitant H. pylori infection require higher doses of insulin, despite which they have higher levels of HbA1c than their uninfected counterparts. Our study was hence designed to assess the effect of H. pylori eradocatopmon hyperglycemia control in diabetic patients.

Between January and June 2005, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and positive urea breath tests, were randomly allocated into two groups, the first treated for H. pylori infection (cases) and the second served as controls. HbA1c and FBS were measured in all patients at initiation of study and three months later.

The study included 19 cases and 22 controls. Mean decrease of HbA1c and FBS in the two groups showed no significant differences.

Study results indicate that treating H. pylori in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has no role in short-term control of the disease. In most studies numbers and types of evaluated cases have limitations, and results differ. More extensive studies, using long term randomized clinical trials-term are recommendated.

Smoking is a known cause of systemic disorders such as bronchogenic carcinoma and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to estimate prevalence of smoking (cigarette, water pipe and pipe) in women aged 30-70 years in Semnan province in Iran. This epidemiologic cross-sectional study was conducted among 2104 women who were 30-70 years old in province of Semnan, Iran between October 2005 and February 2006. Multistage cluster sampling was performed and subjects were selected from rural and urban populations. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test and p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of smoking in women aged 30-70 was 2.0% (95% Confidence Interval: 1.4-2.6%). 2.5% of rural and 1.8% urban were smokers (P=0.270). Prevalence of smoking in under 40, 40-49, 50-59 and ≥ 60 years were 0.4, 2.4, 2.8 and 4.2, respectively (P= 0.001). 4.1% of illiterates,1.6% of primary,1.5% of intermediate,0.4% of high school were smokers (P=0.001). Prevalence of smoking in Semnan, Damghan, Garmsar and Shahrood were 1.3, 3.2, 0.7 and 2.4% (P=0.034), respectively. None of them were pipe smokers. 26.9% non-cigarette smokers were passive smokers. Overall, 28.9% of Semnan province adults, aged 30-70 years, were active smokers or passive cigarette smokers. The findings showed that prevalence of active or passive smoking in Semnan province in women adults aged 30-70 years is high. Given the strong positive relationship between smoking and various diseases, a comprehensive community-based health educational and interventional program is essential for reducing smoking and its detrimental consequences among woman population in Semnan province. Given the essential information about the harmful effects of passive and active smoking to woman with old ages and low educational levels, particularly who living in Daemghan, would be a valuable way for reducing destructive consequences of smoking.