مجید جعفری زاده

The first case of HIV-infection in Iran was a hemophilic child who was infected by imported blood products in 1989. Since then, the HIV epidemic in Iran has undergone significant changes. This study investigated the time variations of the epidemiology of reported HIV/AIDS -infections during 2011-2017 in Yazd, Iran. This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out using the data recorded in health centers of Yazd province from 2011 to 2017. The data were collected from the records of 98 patients using a researcher-made checklist. The rate of newly reported HIV/AIDS by gender per 100,000 people was calculated. Out of 98 reported HIV/AIDS cases, 56.1% were men, and 43.9% were women; 55.1% of cases were infected through sexual contact, 30.6% through the infected needle while injecting for drug use, 1.6% through mother-to-fetus transmission, 1.3% through tattooing, and 5.1% through the unspecified mechanism. During these years the rate of newly reported HIV/AIDS in Yazd was declining, and the predominant mode of HIV transmission was through sexual contact. Although the rate of newly reported HIV/AIDS -infection in Yazd province has decreased, we believe that the primary mode of HIV transmission has shifted from drug injection to unsafe sex.

Maintenace and promotion of health are the duties of governments. For suitable resource allocation decisions in health sector, we need measures that combine information on mortality and non-fatal health outcomes. Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) have above mentioned features. Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women. It is the first cause of death in 40-44 years old women. Breast cancer has the highest age standardized incidence rate (ASR) in Yazd province in Iran. The aim of this study was to estimate burden (DALYs) of breast cancer in Yazd province to determine of its significance and also provide a base for evaluation of its control programs in Yazd. In this cross-sectional study the burden (DALYs) of breast cancer in Yazd province in 2006 was measured by the use of specific cancer modeling software. Software input data consisted of province population, mortality rate of all causes, incidence rate, survival rate and mortality rate of breast cancer. The data were gathered from 2006 census, death registration system, cancer registry and expert panel, respectively. The total burden of breast cancer for women in Yazd province was 580.6 years (DALYs), 461 years of which was due to premature death and 119.6 years of which to its disability. The burden of breast cancer for every 1000 Yazdian women was 1.22 (DALYs/1000). The age specific peak of burden was in 45-69 years women. The burden of breast cancer in Yazd province was higher than the other parts of Iran, probably for its higher ASR in Yazd. It seems that breast cancer is one of the health sector priorities in Yazd but definite judgment needs measuring the burden of all other cancers diseases and injuries and their ranking in this province.

Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most preventable causes of mental retardation. Worldwide, incidences vary from 1:3000 to 1:4000 and mean incidence in Iran is estimated to be 1:1000. Neonatal screening and early treatment within first 2 weeks of neonatal period can prevent neurocognitive deficits. We aimed to study the incidence of CH and increased levels of TSH in Yazd province and collect data describing the disease status and designing first and second levels of preventive interventions.

This descriptive analytic study was performed by census cross sectional method on 13022 neonates in Yazd province in 2006-2007(March 2006- March 2007) including 6495 females and 6527 males. Sampling was done (within the first 3-5 days of life) by lancet sticking of neonatal heel. After transfer of 3 blood drops over filter papers, the TSH level was measured. If the TSH level was equal or higher than 5 mu/l, additional confirmation tests were done. Neonates were diagnosed according to serum confirmation test (TSH10 mu/l or T4<6.5g/dl) and underwent treatment according to national guidelines. Data was analyzed by SPSS software.

Total number of patients was 45, including 25 males (55.5%) and 20 females (44.5%). Prevalence in males, females and overall was consecutively, 1:261, 1:325 and 1:289, but this difference was not statistically significant. Prevalence in urban and rural areas was 1:315 and 1:216, but the difference was statistically not significant. The prevalence during spring, summer, autumn& winter was 1:95, 1:250, 1:1934 and 1:369, respectively, that was statistically significant. Mean age at sampling was 7.2 days, mean TSH level 2.3 mu/l and mean age of mothers was 25.8 years.

Incidence of CH and transient increased levels of TSH in Yazd province is significantly higher than national and worldwide levels that necessitate the constancy and reinforcement of neonatal screening program. On the other hand, complementary studies for recognizing relevant factors, particularly iodine deficiency are one of the priorities of health system research in Yazd.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between television viewing and academic achievement of male students in Kennan secondary schools. Using cluster sampling g' technique, 600 male students selected randomly from the students of high schools in Kennan (N=18760). A questionnaire was used to gather data. A pilot administration showed considerable reliability (a=0.72). 7 experts in education examined the validity of gathering data tool. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (eg. Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-square and One-sample Test). Results indicated that there is no significant relationship between television viewing and student academic achievement. Also there is not a significant relationship between favorite programs and student academic achievement and it was revealed that the students prefer more to watch adult programs than specific children programs.