مجید سبک روح

In this article, the effects of normalization heat treatment on girth weld with containing titanium oxide and titanium carbide microparticles (X-65 grade of the gas pipeline) were evaluated. The Charpy test results show that in the normalized sample containing titanium oxide microparticles and titanium carbide microparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample (containing titanium carbide microparticles and titanium carbide microparticles), has been respectively increased by 33% and 18%. Also, the ultimate strength of normalized samples containing titanium oxide microparticles and titanium carbide microparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample (containing titanium oxide microparticles and titanium carbide microparticles) has been increased by 9% and 11%, respectively. The results show that the fatigue life in both normalized micro-alloy samples has been increased. The fatigue life in the normalized sample of titanium carbide microparticles has increased more than the titanium oxide microparticles. The fatigue test results show that the fatigue life (150-N force) has been increased by 36% in the normalized sample containing titanium carbide microparticles compared to the normalized sample containing titanium oxide microparticles. In this loading, the fatigue life (normalized sample containing titanium carbide microparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample) has been increased by 27%. The hole-drilling strain-gage results show that in the normalized sample containing titanium oxide and titanium carbide microparticles, hoop residual stresses have been respectively decreased by 12% and 8%compared to the no heat treatment sample (containing titanium oxide microparticles and titanium carbide microparticles).

Titanium is one of the most important microalloy elements used in the gas transmission industry. In this paper, titanium nano-oxide and titanium nano-carbide were added to two separate samples. Then the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) was performed on high-strength low alloy steel according to welding procedure specification of the national Iranian gas company. The effects of annealing heat treatment on girth weld with containing titanium oxide and titanium carbide nanoparticles (X-65 grade of gas transmission pipeline) were evaluated. The Charpy test results show that in the annealed sample containing titanium oxide nanoparticles and titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample (Containing titanium carbide nanoparticles and titanium carbide nanoparticles), energy absorbed has been respectively increased by %13 and %9. Also, the ultimate strength of the annealed sample containing titanium oxide nanoparticles and titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the non-heat treated sample has been respectively decreased by %8 and %3. The fatigue life in both annealed nano-alloy samples has been increased. Also, the fatigue life in the annealed sample of titanium carbide nanoparticles has increased more than fatigue life in the titanium oxide nanoparticles. The fatigue life (Annealed sample containing titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample) has been increased by %16. The hole drilling strain gage results show that in the annealed sample containing titanium oxide nanoparticles and titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the non-heat treated sample, hoop residual stresses has been respectively decreased by %31 and %19.

The effects of tempering heat treatment on girth weld containing titanium oxide and titanium carbide nanoparticles (X-65 grade of the gas pipeline) were evaluated. The Charpy results show that it has been respectively increased by 26% and 15% in the tempered sample containing titanium oxide and titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample (containing titanium carbide and titanium carbide nanoparticles). Also, the ultimate strength tempered sample containing titanium oxide nanoparticles and titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample (containing titanium oxide and titanium carbide nanoparticles) has been respectively decreased by 6% and 4%. The results show that the fatigue life in both tempered nano-alloy samples has been increased. The fatigue life in the tempered sample of titanium carbide nanoparticles has increased more than the fatigue life in titanium oxide nanoparticles. The fatigue test results show that in the tempered sample containing titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the tempered sample containing titanium oxide nanoparticles, fatigue life (150-N force) has been increased by 30%. In this loading, the fatigue life (tempered sample containing titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample) has been increased by 19%. The hole drilling strain gage results show that in the tempered sample containing titanium oxide nanoparticles and titanium carbide nanoparticles, hoop residual stresses have been respectively decreased by 48% and 45% compared to the no heat treatment sample (containing titanium oxide and titanium carbide nanoparticles).

In this article the effects of carburizing heat treatment on girth weld with containing titanium oxide and titanium carbide nanoparticles (X-65 grade of gas pipeline) is evaluated. The charpy results show that in the carburized sample containing titanium oxide and titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample (containing titanium carbide and titanium carbide nanoparticles), has been respectively increased by 6% and 42%. Also, the ultimate strength carburized sample containing titanium oxide nanoparticles and titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample (containing titanium oxide and titanium carbide nanoparticles) has been respectively increased by 20% and 28%. The results show that the fatigue life in both carburized nano-alloy samples has been increased. The fatigue life in the carburized sample of titanium carbide nanoparticles has increased more than that of titanium oxide nanoparticles. The fatigue test results show that in the carburized sample containing titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the tempered sample containing titanium oxide nanoparticles, fatigue life (150-N force) has been increased by 20%. In this loading the fatigue life (tempered sample containing titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample) has been increased by 31%. The results show that the residual stress in both carburized nano-alloy samples has been decreased The hole drilling strain gage results show that in the tempered sample containing titanium oxide oxide nanoparticles and titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the no heat treatment sample (containing titanium oxide nanoparticles and titanium carbide nanoparticles), hoop residual stresses has been respectively decreased by 9% and 6%.

Shield metal arc welding on the high strength low alloy steels in pipelines to transport natural gas from Iran is of great importance. In this article the effects of annealing heat treatment on properties of multi pass welding in different situations (6-4:30 , 4:30-3 , 3-1:30 , 1:30-12) with 36 in outside diameter is evaluated by chemical,  metallography, tensile, toughness and hardness. Tensile test results showed the lowest yield strength (Vertical to weld and in position 6-4:30) equal to 348 MPa, and the lowest energy impact (Vertical to weld and in position 1:30-3) equal to 108J. The impact energy alignment to weld had a rate of 12 percent increase before the heat treatment. The amount of hardness variation in different areas and positions is negligible (less than 5 percent). Images of metallographic test made by light and electron microscopes demonstrated that the amount of perlite cap pass weld and heat affected zone near the weld metal were decreased compared to main metal to respectively 29 and 8 percent. The elongation weld of was increased ratio than before the heat treatment in base metal respectively 75 and 23 percent. The increase rate of C, V and Ti in the weld zone according to base metal in situation of 3-4:30 are respectively 0.02, 0.003 and 0.006.

In this paper, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of weld residual stress distribution (using the hole drilling strain gage method according to ASTM 837 standard) was investigated (in the hoop and axial direction of the 56-inch gas transmission). The results of ANOVA show that the best distribution curve of residual stress is the third order function (3 degree of freedom) in the distribution diagram of hoop and axial residual stresses. In this order, the p value of the hoop and axial residual stress is 0.044 and 0.001, respectively. This indicates the high reliability of the third order function. Also, the value of F and coefficient of determination of this order has an appropriate value. In addition, due to the high p value and low reliability, the 5-order approximation function is not a suitable residual stress distribution curve compared to the third order function. Order approximation functions (2 and 4) have lower reliability (higher p value) and lower F value than odd order (3 and 5). Despite having the highest freedom with the highest p (lowest reliability), the lowest F, and the lowest coefficient of determination, the second-order function, is the most inappropriate approximation function. Despite the existence of residual stress with respect to the zero experimental residual stress compared to the approximation function, the use of strain test in points far from the weld one and the base metal is not essential.

High strength low alloy steels are widely used in gas industry, so shield metal arc welding in pipelines to transport natural gas from Iran is of great importance. For experimental investigation of seam weld and integrity of girth weld, destructive and non-destructive tests are required. In this article the effects of normal heat treatment on properties of multi pass welding in different situations (6-7:30 , 7:30-9 , 9-10:30 , 10:30-12) with 36 in outside diameter is evaluated by chemical,  metallography, tensile, toughness and hardness. The result shows that normalizing increases ferrite ratio in root pass and weld cap pass respectively 24 and 6 percent than base steel. Also the increase rate of ferrite in root, hot, filler, and the cap pass are respectively 32, 14, 12 and 7 percent before than normalizing. The elongation weld of was increased ratio than before the heat treatment in base metal respectively 65 and 5 percent. The impact energy alignment to weld (9-10:30) had a rate of 70 percent increase before the heat treatment. The increase rate of C, V and Ti in the weld zone according to base metal in situation of 6-7:30 are respectively 0.01, 0.003 and 0.005.

Shield metal arc welding on the high strength low alloy steels in pipelines to transport natural gas from Iran is of great importance. In this paper, mechanical and metallurgical properties of multi-pass weld in weld zone, heat affected zone (HAZ), and base metal (with 36 inch outside diameter) for determination of critical area is investigated. Also Chemical analysis, metallography, tensile, impact and hardness testes in different positions of pipe (hours 12-1:30, 1:30-3, 3-4:30 and 4:30-6) were carried out. Tensile test results showed the lowest ultimate strength (Vertical to weld and in position 3-4:30) equal to 463mpa, and the lowest energy impact (Vertical to weld and in position 1:30-3) equal to 96J that determine 61 percent reduction compared to the base metal. The amount of hardness variation in different areas and positions is negligible (less than 5 percent). Images of metallographic test made by light and electron microscopes demonstrated that the amount of perlite cap pass weld and heat affected zone near the base metal were decreased compared to main metal to respectively 12.5 and 25 percent. The amount of Nb reduction in position (4:30-6) relative to the base metal is 0.025.

Titanium is one of the most important microalloy elements of high strength low-alloy steels used in gas transmission industry. In this paper, titanium nano -oxide and titanium nano- carbide were added to two separate samples in the binding point. Then the Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) was performed on high-strength low alloy (HSLA) steel with high grade of X-65 according to the special welding method of the National Iranian Gas Company. The results show that the percentage of titanium in both nano-alloy samples has been increased compared to the microalloy. The percentage of titanium in the sample of titanium carbide nanoparticles has increased more than that of titanium oxide nanoparticles. The charpy test results show that in the sample containing titanium oxide nanoparticles compared to the sample containing titanium carbide nanoparticles, has been increased by 70%. Also, the final strength (sample containing titanium carbide nanoparticles compared to the sample containing titanium oxide nanoparticles) has been increased by 40%.

The weld residual stresses decrease the design stress in gas transportation pipelines. In this paper, two X70 steel pipes of 56 inch outside diameter were firstly girth welded. Experimental hole drilling test was conducted to evaluate the residual stress distribution in this joint. Then, the finite element simulation of the welding process was performed to evaluate the residual stress distribution precisely. The numerical results were verified by comparison with the obtained experimental measurements. The qualitative results achieved match properly with the experimental results. Simulation results (with a difference about 15% compared to experimental results) evaluated the maximum residual stress in hoop direction of pipe’s external weld metal. The experimental data showed that the maximum tensile residual stress was located on the center line of the weld gap on the pipe outer surface alongside with the pipe hoop direction. Moreover, the maximum compressive (hoop and axial) residual stresses occurred on the pipe inner surface in heat affected zone. The variations of the hoop residual stresses on the inner and outer surfaces of the pipe had similar trend with tensile distribution at the center line of the weld gap. However, these stresses showed different trends (tensile stress on the outer surface, and compressive stress on the inner surface) with distancing from the weld center line.

In this paper, the numerical distribution of residual stresses in the girth weld were determined in two (hoop an axial) direction. Two API X70 steel pipes of 56 inch outside diameter were girth welded first. Hole drilling strain gage test were conducted for strain measurement on the external surface of the pipes. The values of residual stresses were determined then from strain data using ASTM 837 standard. The values of residual stresses were determined. Next, distribution of residual stresses were assessed using spline and approximating polynomials. The well-behaved spline and polynomials, confirm the accuracy of residual stress results from experiment. The result showed lower-order polynomials have more suitable behavior in residual stress distribution. Noting to impossibility of using semi-destructive hole drilling strain gage test in project’s real situations, we can make use of these curves in assessing and estimating residual stresses distribution of similar welding. The most stable polynomial estimation curves for evaluating hoop and axial residual stress distribution are respectively third and second order. The closeness and uniformity of axial residual stress distribution curve compared to the hoop residual stress distribution curve is representative of more balanced behavior of these stresses distribution.

The tensile test in the weld and heat-affected zone of welded structures give global results due to the presence of various metallurgical microstructures in these regions. The best way to estimate the strength of material in these areas is converting the results of hardness test to yield strength (or ultimate strength) by empirical relationships. In this study, the hardness test was carried out in various areas of the girth welded steel pipe used in Iranian natural gas transportation projects. Then, dimensionless parameters Rya (the average residual stress over material yield strength), Rym (the maximum residual stress over material yield strength), Ru2 (the difference in residual stress over material ultimate strength) and Ru3 (the difference between maximum and minimum of three-dimensional residual stresses over the material ultimate strength) were presented to determine the actual mechanical behavior of structure for the first time. Hardness and tensile tests identify the minimum yield strength in the heat-affected zone adjacent to weld gap. The increase in hardness values from the root pass to the next passes is consistent with increase in the carbon content. Identification of maximum Rya criterion and critical mode of reduced static strength (reducing of stress design) in the center of weld gap on the outer surface of the pipe are consistent with tensile test results. The rupture zone in the tensile test with highest Rym criteria represents the effect of residual stresses on the static behavior of structure (in addition to the hydrostatic nature of residual stresses). The sharp decline in Ru2 criteria is consistent with the exponential reduction in impact strength perpendicular to the weld gap. It can be concluded that with regard to the effect of plane stresses (in thin-walled pipes) Ru2 criterion is more appropriate in assessing the impact strength of steel than Ru3.

In this paper، two API X70 steel pipes (with spiral seam weld) of 56 inch outside diameter and 0. 780 inch wall thickness were girth welded first. Next، hole drilling tests were conducted for strain measurement on the surfaces of the pipes. The values of residual stresses on the internal and external surfaces of the pipe were determined، from strain data using ASTM 837 standard. The experimental data showed that the maximum tensile residual stress (318MPa) was located on the centre line of the weld gap on the pipe outer surface alongside with the pipe hoop direction. Moreover، the maximum compressive (hoop and axial) residual stresses (137MPa) occurred on the pipe inner surface at 30mm from the centre line of the weld gap.

The weld residual stresses decrease the design stress in high-pressure large-diameter gas transportation pipelines. In this paper، two API X70 steel pipes (with spiral seam weld) with an outside diameter of 56 inch and a wall thickness of 0. 780 inch were first girth welded (according to NIGC code). Next، hole drilling tests were conducted for strain measurement on the surfaces of the pipes. The values of residual stresses on the internal and external surfaces of the pipe were then determined from the measured strain data. To ensure the integrity of the seam weld، different experiments، including chemical analysis، metallographic observation، tensile، and impact tests were performed. The experimental data showed that the maximum tensile residual stress (of the order of 318 MPa) was located on the centre line of the seam weld on the pipe outer surface alongside with the pipe hoop direction. This was more than 60 percent of the yield strength of the seam weld. In the welded zone، micro-alloys content reduced around 75% and un-tempered martensite was observed on the outer weld pass. The carbon content increase resulted in an increase in martensite volume fraction، and thus reduced the residual stress in this region. On the other hand، this effect reduced the material strength. The reduction in material yield strength in the weld caused the increase in residual stress with respect to static yield strength of the pipe. In addition، the minimum Charpy fracture energy (of the order of 45J) was observed in the pipe hoop orientation in the weld center line. Therefore، the external surface of the pipe (weld center line) in its hoop direction with the maximum residual stress، maximum martensite content، minimum micro-alloyed contents، minimum yield strength، minimum elongation and minimum Charpy energy is the critical point in the structure.

The structural integrity of welded joints in natural gas transportation through large diameter steel pipes requires the experimental determination of material mechanical properties in seam weld via destructive and non-destructive testes. In this paper، the metallurgical and mechanical characteristics of multi-pass girth weld in seam weld، heat affected zone (HAZ)، and base metal of a pipe with 56 inch outside diameter، 0. 780 inch wall thickness is determined. To do this، chemical analysis، standard metallography، tensile and impact tests and hardness experiments were conducted. The metallographic results demonstrated that different sub-zones in welded joint had different microstructure. The existence of different chemical contents in different weld passes and the presence of hard phases (such as martensite due to uncontrolled heat cycles) had direct effects on mechanical properties of the seam weld and HAZ. From the hardness test result، it was found that HAZ and centerline of the seam weld had the minimum and maximum hardness levels، respectively. Furthermore، the minimum Charpy impact energy was found in the seam weld centerline.