فهرست مطالب محبوبه مختاری

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging of biological tissues using laser diodes instead of conventional Q switched pulsed systems provides an attractive alternative for biomedical applications. However, the relatively low energy of laser diodes operating in the pulsed regime, results in generation of very weak acoustic waves, and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the detected signals. This problem can be addressed if optical excitation is modulated using custom waveforms and correlation processing is employed to increase SNR through signal compression. This work investigates the effect of the parameters of the modulation waveform on the resulting correlation signal and offers a practical for optimizing PA signal detection. The advantage of coherent signal averaging is demonstrated using theoretical analysis and a numerical model of PA generation. It was shown that an additional 5–10dB of SNR can be gained through waveform engineering by adjusting the parameters and profile of optical modulation waveforms. Also Diode lasers are also more intense and have more power output Therefore, the data can be combined quickly and provide more precise control and are absorbed by the pigment cells such as hemoglobin, because of their proximity to the infrared spectrum. And due to the presence of blood flow throughout the body, it is very useful in the treatment of diseases.

One of the important problems of humanity is human trafficking and smuggling¡ which has taken an extensive dimension and every year a large number of people have become victim of this heinous trade. In this regard Iran has also not been immune from this phenomenon; particularly that Iran is a transit point for human smuggling. In Germany also the statistics for human smuggling and trafficking has gone up considerably due to developments in former Eastern bloc and the unrest in the Middle East and North Africa. The purpose of the present article is to compare the laws in Iran and Germany for combating the crime of human smuggling and trafficking. Human smuggling is a profitable trade; therefore for fighting against it¡ besides existence of strong criminal law¡ there should also be special measures for eradicating the factors that prepare the ground for this crime¡ so that human dignity is preserved. In spite of the existence of law in the European Union which binds Germany to fight human smuggling and the laws in Islamic Republic of Iran¡ there still is some inefficiency in fight against this phenomenon¡ which by full implementation of the existing law and joining international conventions like Palermo and the annexed protocols¡ a better result can be achieved in fight against human smuggling and trafficking.