محمد امرایی

Economic systems, from the perspective of legal origin, are generally of two kinds or a combination of these two; the free market or private ownership system or state-controlled or public ownership system. But the drafters of the 1358 Constitution, speak of a third type of economic system called the Islamic economy. An attempt has been made in the present research, to examine and analyze with an analytical-descriptive approach, the various viewpoints of the drafters of the Constitution regarding these three types of economic systems within the framework of the principles of the Constitution. The main question in the present research is what the experts who played a role in drafting the Constitution thought concerning the economic system of the country and the rules governing it. It seems that free economic competition and private economic freedoms have been minimally accepted by the Council of Experts under the auspices of the government and of Islam.Moreover, the main discourse governing the Assembly of Experts of that period was a type of state-controlled or public ownership economy that was combined also with a form of revolutionary-Islamic economy. For this reason, authors, using the method of genetic interpretation, have called the economic system intended by experts drafting the Constitution as a public ownership system. Economic systems, Socialist economic, private economic, Islamic economic system. The results of this study revealed that, the inference that can be drawn from the discussions of the Assembly of Experts and also the final ratified principles (especially the current Article 44) is that free economic competition and private economic freedoms were minimally accepted within the founding institution. Second, at times, the goals and foundations present in individualistic or collectivist economic systems were expressed differently by the Assembly of Experts; however, they negated these economic systems in their entirety. Third, it can be deduced from the overall discourse of the constitutional legislators that there was no unified, precise, consistent, and clear theory of the concept of an Islamic economy in the Assembly of Experts, and even the term "Islamic economy" was not used in the text of the Constitution. They often confined themselves to mentioning general viewpoints regarding Islamic economy or discussed the economy in Islam or the Islamization of the economy. Fourth, the content of the Constitution should be organized in such a way that by stating fundamental rules and rights, it has the function of being up-to-date and adaptable to customary and contemporary situations and conditions. This is particularly applicable concerning the economic principles of the Constitution.

Alawi Management is the overall title of this article, with special emphasis on the political structure of this type of management. The paper also explores this conceptual construct in a new way in the context of a sociological theoretical framework known as structural functionalism. The ideal type is the text of Imam Ali's commands to Malik al-Ashtar (letter 53 of Nahj al-Balagheh), which is examined through a content analysis method and with a glance at the Alawi community or state, the principles and structure of Alawi management. Especially the role and place of the political structure in this management has been analyzed.The conclusions show that according to organism view, policy in Alawi system, the political subsystem as a governor agency acts on relationship with other subsystems particular values system. Also in Alawi view point concept of state is too close to concept of society. Because the state arise from the society and society divided to four subsystems includes: social, cultural, economic and political ones.

Based on some hadith and historical texts, in a few cases of meting out jurisprudentially fixed punishments (ḥudūd) to exaggerators in veneration of the Muslim Prophet and his family (ghulāt), apostates, and infidels, Imam Ali (PBUH) ordered that some criminal individuals be burned, and at times he personally exerted the punishment. Shiite and Sunni sources have disagreements over some details and themes of, and facts related to the hadiths. Hadiths about burning of human beings in Imam Ali (PBUH)’s conduct include both immolation and cremation, but being choked to death by smoke from the fire should also be considered due to confusions in the texts of the hadiths. In the present study, an attempt has been made to extract all the relevant hadiths from the historical and hadith sources, and to examine and analyze their documentation. To this aim, all those hadiths with their different chain of narrators will be quoted and then critiqued

The general purpose of this study was to explain the mediating role of social loafing in the effect of abusive supervision on the club turnover intention in professional athletes. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in a sample including 317 men from professional athletes. To collect data, the Eschleman et al. abusive supervision, the Høigaard et al. Social Loafing, and the Bothma & Roodt club turnover intention questionnaires were used. Analyze of data and confirmatory factor analysis were done in PLS and descriptive statistics were done in SPSS software's.The results showed that abusive supervision directly and significantly explained changes in social loafing (64%) as well as the club turnover intention (54%); and also, the social loafing directly and significantly explained changes in the club turnover intention (61%). Also, the abusive supervision indirectly and significantly-through the mediation of social loafing variable- explained changes in the club turnover intention (39%); it is concluded that the social loafing variable mediates the relationship between abusive supervision and the club turnover intention in professional players. According to the results of the present study, the style of leadership and management of sports clubs have a significant impact on the players' behavior. Therefore, paying attention to the style of the club's supervision can prevent the players from having unfavorable behaviors such as social loafing, improve their performance, and prevent them from leaving the club.

In the religion of Islam, special emphasis has been placed on learning science and its importance, and as a result, scholars and scientists will have a high position in the Islamic system. In this research, an attempt has been made to explain the position and importance of science and scholars in the perspective and life of Imam Ali (P.B.U.H).

The present research has been written in a descriptive-analytical method using library resources.

Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (P.B.U.H) is one of the greatest scholars who tried to honor the status of scientists and scholars and valued them and always encouraged the public to learn and provided the ground for them. Some scholars and founders of various sciences in the early days of Islam are considered as immediate students or with one generation of difference, of that Imam. Among the immediate students of that Imam, who was also one of his special companions, are Abu al-Aswad Du'ali and Obaidullah Ibn Abirafa. In employing government agents, Ali (P.B.U.H) selected the individuals who were among the elites and first-rate scholars of his time. Among these people we can mention Abdullah Ibn Abbas, who was known as the "Scientist of the Ummah" and also Malik Ashtar, who, in addition to his political and military genius, was one of the reciters of Kufa.

The Dome of the Rock is one of the oldest surviving historical monuments from the Umayyad period, which was built in 66 AH by the order of Abdul Malik bin Marwan (d. 86 AH). It is known that Abdul Malik's main purpose in building the dome on the honorable Rock was to prevent the people of Syria and Egypt from contacting Abdullah Ibn Zubayr, who ruled in Mecca and called on the people to pledge to him. The present study shows that Abdul Malik had other motives for building the Dome of the Rock, in addition to the mentioned reason; These include: capturing the hearts of the Jews of the Sham, countering the civilization-cultural supremacy of the Christian Romans, keeping alive the event of the Prophet's ascension, protecting the rock from climate change, and commemorating a trace of his reign. This article seeks to examine the reasons and motives of Abdul Malik for building the Dome of the Rock with a descriptive-analytical approach and criticizes them.

The aim of study is identification the current state of development in the faculty members of the faculties of physical education and sports science. Methodology This research is non-experimental and descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of the study included all faculty members from all faculties of physical education and sport sciences throughout the country in the academic year of 96-95. The sample size was estimated to be 161 by Cochran formula. The sampling method was a complex random probability. The data gathering tool was a standard questionnaire identifying the components of faculty members of ijtehadi et al (2011), in 5 dimensions and 41 items. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS, Excel, and AMOS software. The significance level for all analyzes was considered as P <0.05. The findings showed that all five components of research, educational, organizational, individual and ethical growth are the main components that make up the faculty members of faculties of physical education and sports science. In current situation, educational, organizational, individual and moral development is significantly higher than average. However, the current status of research development is moderate.higher than the average. All faculty improvement programs require attention and support; and in faculty upgrading programs, attention should be paid to all aspects of improvement, in particular research improvement.

as regards, one of the indicators of the development of a country, the security of the country from different aspects of economic security, political, social, and health. Support of criminal - policing Protection of intellectual property rights can be effectively indicator of the security of any country upgrade makes . In order that the regulations of the country in full support of all instances of intellectual production does not take place. Therefore, the present article, by using Documentation and library resources, Descriptive- analytical method and practical, survey the impact of criminal protection - policing of intellectual property on the index of the important security and explain the place of police in the implementation of this important. To make the results of this research, authorities need to strengthen the protection of intellectual property, in both the Legislation and the execution, Take action to criminalization some risk behavior and creation of organizations in police.

Badr al-Din Ibn Jamaeh (639-733A.H) was Qazi al-Qozzat (the Islamic title for the judge of judiciary) in Damascus and Cairo, living the time when the Mongol invaded the Islamic lands and overthrew the Abbasid’s caliphate in Baghdad. This event created a great deal of concern among the Muslim scholars and jurisprudents. It was for the first time that the large part of Islamic land came under the non-Muslim domination. Under the circumstances, it was only natural that the supporters of caliphate institution, considering the religious thought take account of the theory of political system in Islam in order to find out the religious justification for the new political situations. The Sunni thinkers supporting the caliphate institution, tried for justifying the religious and theoretical of the political system of current condition. The present research attempts to clarify the political theories and thoughts by Ibn-Jamaeh through the descriptive-analytical method. The current article shows that the political and social changes of the era in which Ibn Jamaeh lived, were the motivations leading him to render his political views and despite the fact that the institution of Islamic caliphate literally vanished away, took the issue of Islamic caliphate into his consideration and presented his ideas and thoughts about it.

Medical measures performed by the medical staff, are in fact a kind of intervention, subject to legal provisions mentioned in various laws (e.g. Articles 158 and 495 of the Iranian Civil Law). Given the legal andjurisprudential backgraound of these articles, patient’s consent relates only to legitimacy of the “physician’s deed” (i.e.treatment) and not to its consequences (either incidental or intentional), and that is the reason for having the patient to sign a disclaimer (to relieve the physician from legal liabilities). All shia’a Faqihs (jurisprudence experts) believe in the necessity of obtaining patient’s consent, except in cases of emergency, for initiating treatment, while there is disagreement regarding the issue of disclaimer, and a majority of Faqihs recommend obtaining disclaimer from the patient in case treatment-induced harms occur. However, the Islamic Penal Code of 2013, does not mention various kinds of consent (i.e.explicit, implicit, informed) and sanctions of not obtaining it, and considers it, by altering the bases, a vain deed, since it depends on non-guiltiness of the physician. The present article discusses various kinds of consent, disclaimer and sanctions of not obtaining it, load of proof, timing of obtaining consent, from legal as well as jurisprudential viewpoints.

The purpose of this study was to assess the level of "knowledge management system" and its regression equation with the "Quality of work life" in employees of Ministry of Sport and Youth.
245 employees of the ministry were randomly selected as sample of this study. Two questionnaires of Walton quality of work life, and Salys and Jones Knowledge Management were used for collecting data. Based on Cronbach's alpha, the validity of Knowledge Management (0.88) and quality of work life (0.91) questionnaires were calculated. Data analysis was done using single-sample t-test, Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression and ANOVA.
level of "knowledge management" and "quality of work life" in the Ministry of Sport and Youth was assessed as "poor to average" and "average", respectively. The results also indicate a significant and positive relationship (0.766) between the knowledge management system and the quality of work life in Ministry of Sport and Youth (p=0.001). In addition, the variables of "knowledge utilization", "knowledge management", “knowledge creation” and "Storing and Organizing Knowledge" have had the highest regression effect on quality of work life, respectively. This result proves that the dimensions of knowledge management system are significant predictors of work life’ quality (p Promoting the knowledge level of employees of Ministry of Sport, can not only impart them from new knowledge and thus improve their job performance, but also improve their quality of work life, more than before.

Open channel confluences occur in many natural and artificial waterways. Several hydraulic and geometric parameters such as discharge ratio، Froude number، junction angle، channel bed slope and bed roughness can affect flow pattern at channel junctions. Study of flow pattern in rigid boundary channels can help prediction of morphological changes in fluvial natural channels. In this research، the effect of discharge ratios and side channel junction angles on flow pattern for angles 30০، 45০، 60০ and 90০ using Fluent CFD model have been studied. Results showed that in =90০ junction angle، dimensions of separation zone disappear near bed (z*=0. 05) for discharge ratio of Q*=0. 917. Also in 45০،the dimensions of separation zone near bed are negligible. The maximum dimensions of separation zone are take place near water surface (z*=0. 95) for discharge ratio of Q*=0. 917 and 90০ degree junction channel. Increase in discharge ratio will lead to form uniform a flow downstream of junction area and so decrease in separation zone dimension. Also Maximum and minimum values (16% and 4%) of surface water level occur in highest and lowest discharge ratios of 0. 83 and 0. 917 respectively.

Open channel confluences are present in many man-made and natural waterways; such as irrigation and sewage networks and river systems. In this research، it has been attempted to simulate the junction flow in rectangular channels by utilizing، Volume of Fluid (VOF) scheme and RSM based turbulence models of FLUENT software. The effect of branch channel angle on flow behavior pattern and free surface water level for angles 30০،45০، 60০ and 90০ are studied The results show that reduction of branching angle leads to a decrease in water level at the upstream of the cross point and to an increase in water level at the downstream of it. Upstream depths of water at the cross point are found 2%، 4. 3%، 6% and 9% higher than the junction depths of water at the downstream for the angles of 30০،45০، 60০ and 90০، respectively. A separation zone and a stagnation point are formed in the main channel at the downstream and upstream corner of the junction، respectively. The decrease of cross angle causes the reduction of separation zone dimensions and flow turbulence. Simulation of the shear stress distribution illustrates high shear stress concenteration on the opposite wall of the junction point and it increases with increase of the junction angle. With increase of channel junction angle، the separation zone dimensions increase and the effective width of the channel for the transition of the flow to downstream reduces. Reducing the junction angle and consequently reduction of the separation zone dimiensions helps to reduce the crossing problems of the two flows confluence.