محمد امیر امیرخانی

Nowadays, skin grafts use to replace lost or damaged skin around the world. Natural contaminants can exist on the skin and this contamination can be a threat to graft recipients. In this study, after obtaining human full thickness skin graft sample and culturing it in-vitro condition, skin samples were evaluated for cell viability and the presence of bacterial contamination during 72 hr. The amount of microbial contamination in the presence and absence of antibiotic gentamicin 0.02% was also investigated by standard methods. High cell viability during 72 hr in normal skin tissue samples was confirmed by the acridine orange staining. Electron scanning microscope observations, hematoxylin-eosin, and Masson's trichrome staining images clearly showed the difference between the two experimental groups. Skin graft samples lost the layers of dermis and epidermis (except the stratum corneum layer), in the absence of gentamicin due to contamination with bacteria which can be seen in the obtained images. Finally, the obtained results clearly showed the effect of high microbial contamination on the skin tissue structure, which can be caused by various factors.

Visual impairments affect child development and limit their social activity, education and future life. In this study, the prevalence of visual impairments was determined among school-aged children in a screening program. All first and third grade students in primary schools, first grade students in secondary and high schools related to Iranian universities of medical science were selected. The data were gathered by universities in 2007. The prevalence of visual impairments was 4.7% and 3.8% in first grade and third grade students in primary schools. It was 5.8% and 4.1% in first grade students in secondary and high schools respectively. The highest prevalence (10.59%) was reported from Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. It is considered more detailed interventions are necessary, especially in high prevalence regions, to determine the different types of visual impairments and their risk factors.

Anemia affects child development and limits their social activity, education and future life. In this study, the prevalence of anemia is determined among school aged children in a screening program.All first and third grade students in primary schools, first grade students in secondary schools related to Iranian universities of medical science were selected. The data were gathered by universities in 1386.The prevalence of anemia was 1.8% and 2.4% in first grade and third grade students in primary schools. It was 1.6% in first grade students in secondary schools. The high prevalence was reported from Tehran, Shahid beheshti and Iran Universities of medical science.ConclusionIt is considered more detailed interventions are necessary especially in high prevalence regions to determine the different types of anemia and their risk factors.

School readiness evaluation before entering elementary schools is now accepted in many of countries. Various methods has been used also evaluated factors are different. School readiness pays attention to children ability for accommodation with educational necessities and learning of their contents. In this study the mean of score obtains by Iranian children before entering elementary schools and some related factors assessed.

Study sample were 899035 children with 6 years of old that registered for elementary schools in 800 stations in 565 cities in 31 provinces in all over Iran. Sampling methods was census. They were examined for physical, psychological and social fitness, language and cognitive skills and general information's knowledge. Every of 5 sections had 20 scores and total score was 100 in sum.

From these 899035 children the most frequency was in Tehran (88735) and the lowest from Kohkilooye-va-Boyer Ahmad (7516). Mean of total score for all of children was 58.19. Mean of score in girls were more than boys. The most referral rate for special examinations was in Hamedan (15.9%) and the lowest rate was in Ghazvin (3.2%). In this study 63198 children were referred to more specific centers for detailed ruled out.ConclusionEarly detection of disorders and diseases in children is a priority for each program that intended to reduce them and promote towards better situation. Finally we can hope for better future on health, education and school successful.

Abstract Intrudaction: Health management education is one of ways for health achievement and an absence effective education method is partly accounted for underdeveloped health. Health management education is a noticeable topic in health promotion and The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of health managers about health managing before and after education in 2007. This is a descriptive analytical study carried out to determine the knowledge and attitude of health managers about health management in health deputy managers personnel in the year 2007.Fourty five people from 60 managers of health have been recruited for our study. The data were obtained by a valid questionnaire in three parts including: demographic information, manager's knowledge, and attitude about health management. We conducted pre-test before education and post-test after education. Twenty five questions were designed to assess knowledge, 13 to assess attitude. Data were analyzed using SPSS. There was no significant correlation between knowledge, attitude and education of managers about health management before and after education.. According to the above findings, it is necessary to change the educational program with respect to manager's needs and education about health management in the country is important. We need promotion for educational planning.

Health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services required for making appropriate health decisions. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of health literacy and to determine the factors influencing it using valid instrument. In a Population-based household survey in 5 cities and 5 villages of Boushehr, Mazandaran, Kermanshah, Ghazvin and Tehran provinces, 1086 adults aged 18 and older were enrolled into the study. Health literacy was measured by the questionnaire designed for test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) after validation. Regression analysis was used to determine the association of demographic factors and level of health literacy. The average response rate was 70.8% in the studied clusters. From all participants, 61.4% were female and the rest were male. Mean age of participants was 38.1 years. Seventeen percent of the study population was illiterate and 36% had diploma or higher education. The level of health literacy was adequate in 28.1%, borderline in 15.3% and inadequate in 56.5% of the subjects. Mean score of health literacy was 45.3 in males and 41.1 in females (P=0.057). However, after adjustment for educational level in the regression model, health literacy was found to be higher in females (P=0.14). Limited health literacy was also associated with lower economic status (P=0.004). This study indicates that the level of health literacy is low in Iran. Educational level was the most important determinant of health literacy and the most increase was seen in subjects with more than 8 years education. Lower health literacy in women, older people and rural inhabitants was mainly due to lower educational levels in these groups.