محمد بابازاده

This study aims to investigate the impact of the political culture of both the Iranian populace and rulers on the state-nation relationship during the initial decade of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Employing a descriptive approach grounded in qualitative analysis, it draws upon press sources, library works, and relevant studies on political culture and the nation-state gap in Iran from the inception of the Islamic Revolution to the present day (as of writing this article). The central inquiry revolves around the role played by political culture in shaping the dynamics of the state-nation relationship during this pivotal period. By scrutinizing the prevailing political culture within the state apparatus and its interaction with the broader political culture of the Iranian populace, the study elucidates how shifts in political culture directly influence the state-nation gap. In light of the clash between two predominant political cultures in Iran—the culture of Imamate-Ummah and the Western-leaning political culture—the ascendancy of each brings about significant changes in state-nation dynamics. Through a thorough examination and analysis of the status quo during the initial decade of the Islamic Revolution, the study sheds light on the state-nation relationship and the pivotal role of the political culture of Imamate-Ummah. It highlights instances such as the opposition to the guardianship of the jurist (wilayat-i faqih) and the political culture of Imamate-Ummah by the provisional government and Bani-Sadr’s administration, which deepened the divide between the majority of Iranians and proponents of the Imamate-Ummah political culture within the executive branch. Conversely, when proponents of this culture assumed power within the executive branch, the gap diminished.

In the new era, in order to achieve organizational excellence and have a dynamic and growing organizational culture, based on the values that govern that society, organizations have turned to an option called education, and given that this issue has been revealed to everyone for years, but Today, organizations have realized its important role. Since in our country, Iran, the system of the Islamic Republic is ruling and it is necessary to form and strengthen the organizational culture based on Islamic models (not only slogans but also in practice) in organizations, institutions and organs; Therefore, in the present study, the role of education in promoting organizational culture based on Islamic models was investigated. This research is in terms of applied nature and in terms of the type of survey research.For this purpose, 217 people from a population of 500 people in North Khorasan province and its affiliated units have been selected as a random sample based on Morgan table and the desired dimensions have been studied among them. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, the content validity of which was assessed by experts and its structural validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The analysis method used in this research is SPSS22 and 8 LISREL software. The results of the research show that education has a positive and significant effect on reducing costs, providing services to the client, improving the quality of work, self-management and adherence to laws and regulations in the North Khorasan Governorate.

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and ranking the quality gap in educational services from the student’s point of view.
The method of this descriptive study was a survey; The Statistical population was randomly selected and consisted of 706 students of the first semester of the academic year 2015 – 2016. Data were collected by SERVQUAL standard questionnaire which consist of accountability, empathy, guaranteed, Reliability, and physical conditions. Data analysis was performed by the use of Spss.18 software, U-Mann Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, and Pearson-Spearman correlation.the entire six grade 8 books, the component related to mental health with 732 and physical activity with 735 cases allocate the highest frequency, and control and prevention of diseases was the least frequent with 6 frequency.
There is a negative gap in all 5 aspects of service quality from perspective of students. Average for each quality gap aspect was observed respectively in physical conditions (- 0/83), accountability (- 0/82), empathy (-0/78), guaranteed (-0/68) and Reliability (- 0/68). There is no significant correlation between gap, in each of these five aspects, with variables of different academic terms and sex demography. There is a significant correlation between quality gap with the academic study level variable with exception of guaranteed and accountability aspects. The grade variable have an impact of all of aspects except empathy and accountability. There is no correlation between fields of study with quality gap except in physical conditions.
The results shows that students find the quality of educational services insufficient, therefore the Academic policymakers can use these results to increases the quality of educational services in universities.

Natural gas high consumption in home sector is an important issue in Iranian economy. The data confirm that the increase of natural gas consumption in Iran is dramatically high near 9. 9 percent. This paper estimates long run and short run natural gas demand by using ARDL، ECM models during 1999-2009. The results indicate that natural gas can''t be substituted by electricity; there is a long run relationship between the variables; price elasticity of natural gas is -0. 12 and -o. 36 in short run and long run respectively but not statistically significant and income elasticity، in short run and long run، is 0. 627 and 0. 88 respectively.

In this paper، a new three-parameter lifetime distribution is introduced by combining an extended exponential distribution with a logarithmic distribution. This flexible distribution has increasing، decreasing and upside-down bathtub failure rate shapes. Various properties of the proposed distribution are discussed. The estimation of the parameters attained by EM algorithm and their asymptotic variance and covariance are obtained. In order to assess the accuracy of the approximation of variance and covariance of the maximum likelihood estimator، a simulation study is presented to illustrate the properties of distribution.

In consideration of the importance of foreign exchange rate changes in the bank's operations and their profitability, we have attempted to examine the effect of changes in the exchange rates on the bank's operations and their short-term and long-term profitability. In this respect, we have applied Error Correction Model to measure this effect. The related data have also been extracted from exchange rate lists and balance sheets of one of the Iranian commercial banks during 2005-2010. In order to enter and analyze raw data, E-views software has been used. Test results show that changes in exchange rates have a negative effect on the foreign exchange profitability of banks. While, foreign exchange position has a negative effect on profitability. Also, according to the adjustment coefficient, in presence of shock, the model almost takes about 25 days to reach equilibrium.

Given the importance of economic effect of governmental expenditure at the national level, several studies has been done to identify the factors affecting the extent and composition of government expenditure.In the present article, the effect of fiscal corruption on government expenditure along with other factors has been studied. For this purpose, a panel which includes the annual data for years 2000- 2007 for 31 selected developing countries has been considered. In the first stage, stationary properties of variables and long-term relation between them is investigated. Then by using the method of panel data regression, the impact of fiscal corruption on the composition of government expenditure has been investigated.Findings of our econometric models show that fiscal corruption has a meaningful effect on composition of government expenditure. In other words, reduction in fiscal corruption index will lead to increase in the relative share of current expenditure, the share of expenditure on human capital and the share of expenditure on education and health in GDP. Also we have found a reduction in the relative share of military expenditure and capital expenditure in GDP.

The purpose of the present article is to investigate the impact of fiscal corruption on government tax revenues and government expenditure in selected developing countries. To do so, by using from panel data method and statistical information of years (2000-2007) for 31 developing countries, the impact of fiscal corruption and other independent variables on government tax revenue and government expenditure have been investigated. The results show that, following the increase in fiscal corruption reduce government tax revenue relative share of gross domestic product. That means a negative impact on government tax revenues, the results also indicate that because of increase in corruption index (reduced levels of corruption), government expenditure increases as a percentage of gross domestic product.

Chaotic theory suggests a new method for studying trends in markets and reveals the hidden pattern behind the data that common models can not define them. The usual tests for chaos are calculation of the largest Lyapunov exponent (Le) and strange attractors. A positive largest Lyapunov exponent indicates chaos. Positive amount of "Le" shows chaoticness of process and difficulty of predictability and when it is negative, it shows that process in the long run is non chaotic and predicable. If "Le" moves towards positive quantity near zero, chaotic system is weak and middle term predictability is possible. In this article, with regard to test of strange attractor and biggest Lyapunov exponent probability of chaos on several foreign exchange rates vs. IRR (Iranian Rial) from 1992/3/25 to 2007/5/23 and two artificial models with regard to the Takens embedding theorem have been investigated. Results show that data in this market have complex chaotic behavior with big degree of freedom, in addition; trend in Iran Exchange Market is not linear and we can not forecast it with common linear methods.

Nonlinear dynamic systems exhibit different behaviors, that can be utilized to explain many economic phenomena that seems to be stochastic. Chaos theory suggests a new method to study the changes of nonlinear dynamic systems in the financial markets. In this paper, we studied Iran foreign exchange rate sensitivity to initial conditions by chaos theory and maximum Lyapunov exponent against the U.S. and Canadian dollar, British Pound, the Euro and the UAE Dirham during 24/03/1982 to 23/05/2007. For this purpose, we analyze the presence of chaos behavior in the above mentional currencies by strong correlation test and maximum Lyapunov exponent. The obtional result indicate that Iran foreign exchange rate against the U.S. dollar is and fellows a chaos process. Therefore the linear methods are not appropriate for prediction of the variable. In second part of this paper, we predict the Iran exchange rate against the U.S. dollar by nonlinear neural Network model using optimizing self comparative particles group algorithm. Results of neural network algorithm shows that daily exchange prices in a short period are highly predictable based on prior price.

This paper investigates the relationship between public investment in transportation and economic growth using cointegration approach over 1959 to 2005. There is, however, conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the question as to how the composition of government expenditure affects economic growth. In particular, on the relationship between public investment in transportation (infrastructure) and economic growth, there has been a mixed picture. We find that there is a long run relationship between investment in transportation and economic growth and its impact is positive. In comparison with earlier studies, our estimated coefficients are exact.

The present research studies the relationship between commercial policies and economic growth in Iran that is based on Locuas (1988) model of endogenous growth. To avoid of spurious regression the Johansons model are used. The empirical results indicate that there is cointegration balance relation between function of economic growth and its determined elements such as capital, labor force, human power, real export sand tariff import rate.To reach the short time dynamic internal and external models, two model tools of error correction and (VDC s) 1 and (IRF s) 2 are used. The obtained results of (VECM) 3 show that there is causative function from variables in the right side of the model towards variable of local gross domestic production. In other word, it indicates innateness of depandant variable. From the other point of view, the documents resulted from (VDS s) state that real export variable tariff and human power have determind function in explaining (GNP) production. The (IRF s) result also indicates that there is a convergence in long balance relationship.